The document discusses the need for a national policy on the conservation and sustainable management of below ground biodiversity (BGBD) in Kenya. It provides justification for such a policy by explaining how reduced BGBD decreases agricultural productivity and resilience. It notes that over 90% of crop varieties and 5% of animal breeds are lost each year. The document outlines gaps in existing policy and the benefits a new policy could provide. It analyzes situational factors and proposes a strategic framework with the vision, mission, goals and specific objectives for a BGBD policy in Kenya.
This document discusses issues management and defines it as the process of identifying, monitoring, and analyzing emerging trends and public opinions that could mature into constraints for an organization through public policy or legislation. It notes that 44% of companies with public affairs functions have full-time staff dedicated to issues management. The document provides various definitions of issues management from literature and outlines a 5-step process for issues management: issue identification, analysis, developing strategy options, creating an action plan, and evaluating results. It contrasts issues management with crisis management, noting issues management is proactive while crisis management is reactive.
This document discusses public issues and issue management. It defines public issues as trends or conditions that can affect a company's operations. Issues can present threats or opportunities. There are three categories of issues: current issues being debated, emerging issues likely to be debated in 2-5 years, and societal trends involving changing attitudes. The document outlines how issues are identified, screened for impact, and evaluated to determine if management action is needed to shape the issue or mitigate threats. Effective issue management allows a company to influence issues early rather than just reacting later in the issue lifecycle.
Issues management best practice approach for effective corporate prThe Quadrant Company
Issues management is a proactive process that involves identifying potential issues, analyzing their impact, and developing strategies to shape public policy and stakeholder expectations in a way that benefits the organization. It encompasses techniques like lobbying, public affairs, and two-way communication with stakeholders to address issues early before they escalate into crises. Effective issues management follows best practices like continuous monitoring, acknowledging all stakeholder groups, and evaluating strategies over the long-term.
This document discusses issues management and risk perception for scientists. It provides guidance on how scientists should [1] demonstrate expertise to restore lost confidence during a crisis, [2] manage expectations for future applications of science to avoid issues, and [3] build and maintain relationships with third parties. The document also explains that public risk perception is driven by a lack of understanding, a lack of control, low trust, and disagreement or inconsistent messages from experts. Scientists are advised to acknowledge uncertainty, accept the public as partners, and meet media needs to maintain trust and shape risk perception.
This document discusses public and stakeholder participation in decision making processes. It provides background on democracy and decision making. It outlines 20 years of experience with stakeholder participation projects related to nuclear emergencies and risk management. It discusses issues and concerns with participation, including Arrow's theorem, cultural theory, and Fischhoff's stages of participation. Design of participation processes is also covered, including levels of participation, objectives, and instruments/mechanisms for participation. Research questions are posed about structuring participation processes and evaluating mechanisms.
The document provides an overview of issue management and outlines the key steps in the issue management process. It discusses identifying issues, analyzing them, developing response plans with goals and strategies, executing the plans, and evaluating the results. The document also covers types of issues, who creates issues, the typical lifecycle of issues, and dimensions to consider when analyzing issues.
1) The document discusses issues with how development aid projects are designed, implemented, and evaluated. It argues that the systems aid seeks to change are complex and dynamic, so rigid plans and measures of success often fail.
2) Common problems include overly mechanistic project design that does not adapt to local needs, defining objectives and targets focused on donor priorities rather than beneficiary needs, and over-engineering monitoring and evaluation tools that miss important impacts.
3) The key message is that development work requires humility, experimentation, and a focus on adaptive learning rather than rigidly implementing pre-determined plans. Metrics and targets should support learning about improving local conditions, not just meeting donor reporting needs.
The document discusses issues, crises, and reputation in public relations. It addresses topics such as issue identification, crisis planning and management, and the role of media and lobby groups. While covering many aspects, the main topic is reputation - not only of an organization but of PR practitioners. It provides definitions of issues as important topics that can prevent effective operations, and crises as times of intense difficulty. Issues tend to be longer-term factors while crises are sudden events. The document also gives examples and discusses the PR role in managing outcomes during a crisis to lessen damage and protect reputation.
This document discusses issues management and defines it as the process of identifying, monitoring, and analyzing emerging trends and public opinions that could mature into constraints for an organization through public policy or legislation. It notes that 44% of companies with public affairs functions have full-time staff dedicated to issues management. The document provides various definitions of issues management from literature and outlines a 5-step process for issues management: issue identification, analysis, developing strategy options, creating an action plan, and evaluating results. It contrasts issues management with crisis management, noting issues management is proactive while crisis management is reactive.
This document discusses public issues and issue management. It defines public issues as trends or conditions that can affect a company's operations. Issues can present threats or opportunities. There are three categories of issues: current issues being debated, emerging issues likely to be debated in 2-5 years, and societal trends involving changing attitudes. The document outlines how issues are identified, screened for impact, and evaluated to determine if management action is needed to shape the issue or mitigate threats. Effective issue management allows a company to influence issues early rather than just reacting later in the issue lifecycle.
Issues management best practice approach for effective corporate prThe Quadrant Company
Issues management is a proactive process that involves identifying potential issues, analyzing their impact, and developing strategies to shape public policy and stakeholder expectations in a way that benefits the organization. It encompasses techniques like lobbying, public affairs, and two-way communication with stakeholders to address issues early before they escalate into crises. Effective issues management follows best practices like continuous monitoring, acknowledging all stakeholder groups, and evaluating strategies over the long-term.
This document discusses issues management and risk perception for scientists. It provides guidance on how scientists should [1] demonstrate expertise to restore lost confidence during a crisis, [2] manage expectations for future applications of science to avoid issues, and [3] build and maintain relationships with third parties. The document also explains that public risk perception is driven by a lack of understanding, a lack of control, low trust, and disagreement or inconsistent messages from experts. Scientists are advised to acknowledge uncertainty, accept the public as partners, and meet media needs to maintain trust and shape risk perception.
This document discusses public and stakeholder participation in decision making processes. It provides background on democracy and decision making. It outlines 20 years of experience with stakeholder participation projects related to nuclear emergencies and risk management. It discusses issues and concerns with participation, including Arrow's theorem, cultural theory, and Fischhoff's stages of participation. Design of participation processes is also covered, including levels of participation, objectives, and instruments/mechanisms for participation. Research questions are posed about structuring participation processes and evaluating mechanisms.
The document provides an overview of issue management and outlines the key steps in the issue management process. It discusses identifying issues, analyzing them, developing response plans with goals and strategies, executing the plans, and evaluating the results. The document also covers types of issues, who creates issues, the typical lifecycle of issues, and dimensions to consider when analyzing issues.
1) The document discusses issues with how development aid projects are designed, implemented, and evaluated. It argues that the systems aid seeks to change are complex and dynamic, so rigid plans and measures of success often fail.
2) Common problems include overly mechanistic project design that does not adapt to local needs, defining objectives and targets focused on donor priorities rather than beneficiary needs, and over-engineering monitoring and evaluation tools that miss important impacts.
3) The key message is that development work requires humility, experimentation, and a focus on adaptive learning rather than rigidly implementing pre-determined plans. Metrics and targets should support learning about improving local conditions, not just meeting donor reporting needs.
The document discusses issues, crises, and reputation in public relations. It addresses topics such as issue identification, crisis planning and management, and the role of media and lobby groups. While covering many aspects, the main topic is reputation - not only of an organization but of PR practitioners. It provides definitions of issues as important topics that can prevent effective operations, and crises as times of intense difficulty. Issues tend to be longer-term factors while crises are sudden events. The document also gives examples and discusses the PR role in managing outcomes during a crisis to lessen damage and protect reputation.
PK13:Trophic interactions among soil organisms in contrasting land‐use system...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1. The document describes two stable isotope studies conducted in Kenya to analyze trophic interactions among soil organisms under different land use systems.
2. The first study analyzed the natural isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in soil microarthropods sampled from a natural forest and a fodder grass site to understand how disturbance affects food chain length and species feeding niches.
3. The second study enriched a growing crop with carbon-13 in a field experiment to trace the isotope through the soil food web and study feeding relationships from plants to various consumers.
OP12:Enhancing SNB populations and crop yield through inoculation in a soybea...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
The document summarizes a study on enhancing soybean nodulation and crop yields through inoculation in a soybean-maize rotation in Uganda. Inoculation with compatible rhizobia strains increased soil rhizobia populations over three seasons compared to the control. Inoculation also improved nodulation attributes like nodule number and color. While inoculation did not significantly increase yields, it was found to be economically and environmentally beneficial. The study recommended further research to optimize the benefits of inoculation technology for smallholder farmers in Uganda.
1. The case study analyzed the economic impact of legume nodulating bacteria (rhizobia) on groundnut production in Karnataka, India.
2. Results showed that farmer using rhizobia realized higher yields (14% increase) and net incomes (56% increase) than non-users.
3. Total factor productivity analysis found the incremental contribution of rhizobia to increased groundnut output was over 77%, demonstrating its significant economic benefits.
A presentation by Dr. Fredrick Ouma Ayuke : Soil Macrofauna functional groups and their effects on soil structure, as relatwed to agricultural management practices accross agro-ecological zones of Sub Saharan Africa
The document summarizes a study on the ecosystem services of earthworms in agroecosystems in semi-deciduous forest areas of central western Ivory Coast. The study included demonstration plots on 10 smallholder farms and pot experiments. The demonstration plots tested the effects of different earthworm species (Hyperiodrilus africanus and Millsonia omodeoi) on maize yields, biomass, and other variables. The pot experiments similarly tested different earthworm treatments and their impacts on soil properties like structure, carbon sequestration, and maize cob biomass, finding a significant increase in some treatments. The goal overall was to demonstrate the potential of using earthworm biostimulation to
OP01:Dung beetle communities and ecological services in a mixed-use Amazon la...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes research on dung beetle communities and their ecological services across a gradient of land use intensities in the Amazon. The study aims to evaluate how dung beetle community structure and functions like dung removal, soil pedoturbation, and seed dispersion are affected from primary forests to degraded pastures. Methods include sampling dung beetles and measuring their services in various habitats. Results show differences in community structure and reduction of services from natural to intense human-used areas, with primary forests supporting the most diverse and functionally active dung beetle communities.
This document discusses a project to raise awareness of below-ground biological diversity through educational outreach. The project involves developing publications in multiple languages about soil biodiversity and its importance. These publications have been distributed to schools and indigenous communities. The project aims to educate both the scientific community and general public on soil biodiversity and its role in ecosystem services like plant productivity and nutrient cycling. It highlights the work of various scientists studying different aspects of soil biodiversity, from microbes to insects to fungi. The ultimate goals are to increase understanding of soil biodiversity's complex roles and foster its conservation through informed stewardship.
OP09:Enhancement of soil biota and soil biological health through inoculation...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) Soil biota play an important role in nutrient supply, soil structure, and resilience of below-ground systems. Meso- and microfauna are important due to their abundance, diversity, and ecological functions.
2) The study evaluated the effects of microbial inoculants, forest soil, farmyard manure, and fertilizers on soil invertebrates, microbes, enzymes, and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in an agricultural ecosystem.
3) Treatments that included both microbial inoculants and farmyard manure showed the highest abundance of soil invertebrates and microbes as well as enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass.
OP15:Isolation and selection of rhizobia strains, from soils of the western A...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1. The document describes a study evaluating the effects of different land use systems (LUS) on soil biodiversity and chemistry across sites in Rondônia and Acre, Brazil.
2. Soil samples were collected from different LUS including forest, fallow, pasture, agroforestry, and crop systems and analyzed for microbial biomass, mycorrhizal fungi, nematodes, rhizobia, and soil chemical properties.
3. Rhizobia strains were isolated using trap legumes and showed differences in diversity and symbiotic effectiveness across LUS, with some strains from less disturbed systems improving cowpea yields when used as inoculants.
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic characteristics, impact assessment, and policy analysis of belowground biodiversity (BGBD) conservation projects in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The study examined 160 farmers over two surveys in 2007 and 2009. It analyzed changes in farming practices, knowledge of BGBD conservation, and perceptions. Key findings include improvements in knowledge of BGBD benefits but minimal increases in household incomes. The conclusions call for more landscape-level land use practices and awareness raising to increase economic welfare while conserving soil biota and scaling up BGBD conservation efforts.
OP13:Eco-friendly Measures to Control White Root Disease of Rubber in Lampung...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
The document discusses potential eco-friendly measures to control white root disease in rubber plantations in Lampung, Indonesia caused by Rigidoporus lignosus. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate antagonistic plants (Maranta arundinacea, Alpinia galanga, Sansevieria auranthii), Trichoderma species, organic matter, and natural sulfur. The experiments found that these measures, especially the antagonistic plants, significantly decreased white root incidence compared to the control and were comparable to Trichoderma in efficacy. The antagonistic plants also maintained high soil fungal diversity and abundance.
OP04:Relating BGBD to soil quality along an agricultural land use gradientCSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) The document discusses a study of soil biota in the Mabira forest ecosystem in Uganda along a gradient of agricultural land use types.
2) The land use types examined include forest, fallows, grasslands, mixed cropping, tea, and sugarcane fields.
3) The study found reductions in the richness of ants and abundance of earthworms corresponding to increased agricultural intensification and conversion from forest to other land use types.
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses approaches for valuing the soil biota and its diversity. It argues that an economic valuation is needed to 1) give reality to the soil biota that society and decision makers will accept and 2) properly assess optimal agricultural management practices. It lays out a framework to link agricultural interventions to impacts on soil organism abundance, diversity, and processes, and the resulting agricultural and environmental benefits. This framework aims to establish rules of proof for valuing managing the soil biota as an economic option. It also discusses requirements for applying an economic value, like demonstrating and measuring benefits, and examples of valuing outcomes from direct or indirect management.
This document provides steps to configure Microsoft Outlook to access an XL Mail email account using IMAP, including enabling IMAP in XL Mail settings, running Outlook and entering email account settings with the username and password, configuring advanced settings such as changing the IMAP port number, and testing the account settings.
The document discusses how technology has changed lives and society. It notes life was different before technologies like computers, medical equipment, telephones and more. The document outlines a survey of people's views on technology and environment. People were asked if they could live without electricity, about combining old and new tech, fossil fuel use, and recycling. The survey found technology has positively and negatively impacted learning, with both benefits and drawbacks to laptop use in schools. While technology simplifies tasks, people may rely on it too much and waste resources. The conclusion suggests using past knowledge and modern science to develop efficient, eco-friendly solutions.
The document discusses various chemicals found in food packaging that can negatively impact human health, specifically Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates. BPA is used to coat the inside of cans and bottles and can interfere with hormone systems. Phthalates are found in many household items and food packaging and also affect the endocrine system. Plastics like plastic wrap and containers may leach BPA into food. The document urges people to be more aware of these chemicals and their health impacts like cancer and reduced fertility, and to make an effort to reduce unnecessary waste through recycling.
Facebook has over 400 million users who share personal information that marketers can access. This document discusses privacy issues on Facebook and provides alternatives like SaveFace, ReclaimPrivacy, OpenBook, Defensio, and Diaspora that aim to give users more control over their data and increase privacy when using social networks.
Tackling wicked problems A public policy perspective Ple.docxperryk1
Tackling wicked problems : A
public policy perspective
Please note - this is an archived publication.
Commissioner’s foreword
The Australian Public Service (APS) is increasingly being tasked with solving very
complex policy problems. Some of these policy issues are so complex they have
been called ‘wicked’ problems. The term ‘wicked’ in this context is used, not in the
sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution.
Successfully solving or at least managing these wicked policy problems requires
a reassessment of some of the traditional ways of working and solving problems
in the APS. They challenge our governance structures, our skills base and our
organisational capacity.
It is important, as a first step, that wicked problems be recognised as such.
Successfully tackling wicked problems requires a broad recognition and
understanding, including from governments and Ministers, that there are no quick
fixes and simple solutions.
Tackling wicked problems is an evolving art. They require thinking that is capable
of grasping the big picture, including the interrelationships among the full range of
causal factors underlying them. They often require broader, more collaborative
and innovative approaches. This may result in the occasional failure or need for
policy change or adjustment.
Wicked problems highlight the fundamental importance of the APS building on the
progress that has been made with working across organisational boundaries both
within and outside the APS. The APS needs to continue to focus on effectively
engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in
involving them in identifying possible solutions.
The purpose of this publication is more to stimulate debate around what is
needed for the successful tackling of wicked problems than to provide all the
answers. Such a debate is a necessary precursor to reassessing our current
systems, frameworks and ways of working to ensure they are capable of
responding to the complex issues facing the APS.
I hope that this publication will encourage public service managers to reflect on
these issues, and to look for ways to improve the capacity of the APS to deal
effectively with the complex policy problems confronting us.
Lynelle Briggs
Australian Public Service Commissioner
1. Introduction
Many of the most pressing policy challenges for the APS involve dealing with very
complex problems. These problems share a range of characteristics—they go
beyond the capacity of any one organisation to understand and respond to, and
there is often disagreement about the causes of the problems and the best way to
tackle them. These complex policy problems are sometimes called ‘wicked’
problems.
Usually, part of the solution to wicked problems involves changing the behaviour
of groups of citizens or all citizens. Other key ingredients in solving or at least
managing complex policy problems include successfu.
Tackling wicked problems A public policy perspective Ple.docxssuserf9c51d
Tackling wicked problems : A
public policy perspective
Please note - this is an archived publication.
Commissioner’s foreword
The Australian Public Service (APS) is increasingly being tasked with solving very
complex policy problems. Some of these policy issues are so complex they have
been called ‘wicked’ problems. The term ‘wicked’ in this context is used, not in the
sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution.
Successfully solving or at least managing these wicked policy problems requires
a reassessment of some of the traditional ways of working and solving problems
in the APS. They challenge our governance structures, our skills base and our
organisational capacity.
It is important, as a first step, that wicked problems be recognised as such.
Successfully tackling wicked problems requires a broad recognition and
understanding, including from governments and Ministers, that there are no quick
fixes and simple solutions.
Tackling wicked problems is an evolving art. They require thinking that is capable
of grasping the big picture, including the interrelationships among the full range of
causal factors underlying them. They often require broader, more collaborative
and innovative approaches. This may result in the occasional failure or need for
policy change or adjustment.
Wicked problems highlight the fundamental importance of the APS building on the
progress that has been made with working across organisational boundaries both
within and outside the APS. The APS needs to continue to focus on effectively
engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in
involving them in identifying possible solutions.
The purpose of this publication is more to stimulate debate around what is
needed for the successful tackling of wicked problems than to provide all the
answers. Such a debate is a necessary precursor to reassessing our current
systems, frameworks and ways of working to ensure they are capable of
responding to the complex issues facing the APS.
I hope that this publication will encourage public service managers to reflect on
these issues, and to look for ways to improve the capacity of the APS to deal
effectively with the complex policy problems confronting us.
Lynelle Briggs
Australian Public Service Commissioner
1. Introduction
Many of the most pressing policy challenges for the APS involve dealing with very
complex problems. These problems share a range of characteristics—they go
beyond the capacity of any one organisation to understand and respond to, and
there is often disagreement about the causes of the problems and the best way to
tackle them. These complex policy problems are sometimes called ‘wicked’
problems.
Usually, part of the solution to wicked problems involves changing the behaviour
of groups of citizens or all citizens. Other key ingredients in solving or at least
managing complex policy problems include successfu ...
PK13:Trophic interactions among soil organisms in contrasting land‐use system...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1. The document describes two stable isotope studies conducted in Kenya to analyze trophic interactions among soil organisms under different land use systems.
2. The first study analyzed the natural isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in soil microarthropods sampled from a natural forest and a fodder grass site to understand how disturbance affects food chain length and species feeding niches.
3. The second study enriched a growing crop with carbon-13 in a field experiment to trace the isotope through the soil food web and study feeding relationships from plants to various consumers.
OP12:Enhancing SNB populations and crop yield through inoculation in a soybea...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
The document summarizes a study on enhancing soybean nodulation and crop yields through inoculation in a soybean-maize rotation in Uganda. Inoculation with compatible rhizobia strains increased soil rhizobia populations over three seasons compared to the control. Inoculation also improved nodulation attributes like nodule number and color. While inoculation did not significantly increase yields, it was found to be economically and environmentally beneficial. The study recommended further research to optimize the benefits of inoculation technology for smallholder farmers in Uganda.
1. The case study analyzed the economic impact of legume nodulating bacteria (rhizobia) on groundnut production in Karnataka, India.
2. Results showed that farmer using rhizobia realized higher yields (14% increase) and net incomes (56% increase) than non-users.
3. Total factor productivity analysis found the incremental contribution of rhizobia to increased groundnut output was over 77%, demonstrating its significant economic benefits.
A presentation by Dr. Fredrick Ouma Ayuke : Soil Macrofauna functional groups and their effects on soil structure, as relatwed to agricultural management practices accross agro-ecological zones of Sub Saharan Africa
The document summarizes a study on the ecosystem services of earthworms in agroecosystems in semi-deciduous forest areas of central western Ivory Coast. The study included demonstration plots on 10 smallholder farms and pot experiments. The demonstration plots tested the effects of different earthworm species (Hyperiodrilus africanus and Millsonia omodeoi) on maize yields, biomass, and other variables. The pot experiments similarly tested different earthworm treatments and their impacts on soil properties like structure, carbon sequestration, and maize cob biomass, finding a significant increase in some treatments. The goal overall was to demonstrate the potential of using earthworm biostimulation to
OP01:Dung beetle communities and ecological services in a mixed-use Amazon la...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes research on dung beetle communities and their ecological services across a gradient of land use intensities in the Amazon. The study aims to evaluate how dung beetle community structure and functions like dung removal, soil pedoturbation, and seed dispersion are affected from primary forests to degraded pastures. Methods include sampling dung beetles and measuring their services in various habitats. Results show differences in community structure and reduction of services from natural to intense human-used areas, with primary forests supporting the most diverse and functionally active dung beetle communities.
This document discusses a project to raise awareness of below-ground biological diversity through educational outreach. The project involves developing publications in multiple languages about soil biodiversity and its importance. These publications have been distributed to schools and indigenous communities. The project aims to educate both the scientific community and general public on soil biodiversity and its role in ecosystem services like plant productivity and nutrient cycling. It highlights the work of various scientists studying different aspects of soil biodiversity, from microbes to insects to fungi. The ultimate goals are to increase understanding of soil biodiversity's complex roles and foster its conservation through informed stewardship.
OP09:Enhancement of soil biota and soil biological health through inoculation...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) Soil biota play an important role in nutrient supply, soil structure, and resilience of below-ground systems. Meso- and microfauna are important due to their abundance, diversity, and ecological functions.
2) The study evaluated the effects of microbial inoculants, forest soil, farmyard manure, and fertilizers on soil invertebrates, microbes, enzymes, and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in an agricultural ecosystem.
3) Treatments that included both microbial inoculants and farmyard manure showed the highest abundance of soil invertebrates and microbes as well as enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass.
OP15:Isolation and selection of rhizobia strains, from soils of the western A...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1. The document describes a study evaluating the effects of different land use systems (LUS) on soil biodiversity and chemistry across sites in Rondônia and Acre, Brazil.
2. Soil samples were collected from different LUS including forest, fallow, pasture, agroforestry, and crop systems and analyzed for microbial biomass, mycorrhizal fungi, nematodes, rhizobia, and soil chemical properties.
3. Rhizobia strains were isolated using trap legumes and showed differences in diversity and symbiotic effectiveness across LUS, with some strains from less disturbed systems improving cowpea yields when used as inoculants.
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic characteristics, impact assessment, and policy analysis of belowground biodiversity (BGBD) conservation projects in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The study examined 160 farmers over two surveys in 2007 and 2009. It analyzed changes in farming practices, knowledge of BGBD conservation, and perceptions. Key findings include improvements in knowledge of BGBD benefits but minimal increases in household incomes. The conclusions call for more landscape-level land use practices and awareness raising to increase economic welfare while conserving soil biota and scaling up BGBD conservation efforts.
OP13:Eco-friendly Measures to Control White Root Disease of Rubber in Lampung...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
The document discusses potential eco-friendly measures to control white root disease in rubber plantations in Lampung, Indonesia caused by Rigidoporus lignosus. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate antagonistic plants (Maranta arundinacea, Alpinia galanga, Sansevieria auranthii), Trichoderma species, organic matter, and natural sulfur. The experiments found that these measures, especially the antagonistic plants, significantly decreased white root incidence compared to the control and were comparable to Trichoderma in efficacy. The antagonistic plants also maintained high soil fungal diversity and abundance.
OP04:Relating BGBD to soil quality along an agricultural land use gradientCSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) The document discusses a study of soil biota in the Mabira forest ecosystem in Uganda along a gradient of agricultural land use types.
2) The land use types examined include forest, fallows, grasslands, mixed cropping, tea, and sugarcane fields.
3) The study found reductions in the richness of ants and abundance of earthworms corresponding to increased agricultural intensification and conversion from forest to other land use types.
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document discusses approaches for valuing the soil biota and its diversity. It argues that an economic valuation is needed to 1) give reality to the soil biota that society and decision makers will accept and 2) properly assess optimal agricultural management practices. It lays out a framework to link agricultural interventions to impacts on soil organism abundance, diversity, and processes, and the resulting agricultural and environmental benefits. This framework aims to establish rules of proof for valuing managing the soil biota as an economic option. It also discusses requirements for applying an economic value, like demonstrating and measuring benefits, and examples of valuing outcomes from direct or indirect management.
This document provides steps to configure Microsoft Outlook to access an XL Mail email account using IMAP, including enabling IMAP in XL Mail settings, running Outlook and entering email account settings with the username and password, configuring advanced settings such as changing the IMAP port number, and testing the account settings.
The document discusses how technology has changed lives and society. It notes life was different before technologies like computers, medical equipment, telephones and more. The document outlines a survey of people's views on technology and environment. People were asked if they could live without electricity, about combining old and new tech, fossil fuel use, and recycling. The survey found technology has positively and negatively impacted learning, with both benefits and drawbacks to laptop use in schools. While technology simplifies tasks, people may rely on it too much and waste resources. The conclusion suggests using past knowledge and modern science to develop efficient, eco-friendly solutions.
The document discusses various chemicals found in food packaging that can negatively impact human health, specifically Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates. BPA is used to coat the inside of cans and bottles and can interfere with hormone systems. Phthalates are found in many household items and food packaging and also affect the endocrine system. Plastics like plastic wrap and containers may leach BPA into food. The document urges people to be more aware of these chemicals and their health impacts like cancer and reduced fertility, and to make an effort to reduce unnecessary waste through recycling.
Facebook has over 400 million users who share personal information that marketers can access. This document discusses privacy issues on Facebook and provides alternatives like SaveFace, ReclaimPrivacy, OpenBook, Defensio, and Diaspora that aim to give users more control over their data and increase privacy when using social networks.
Tackling wicked problems A public policy perspective Ple.docxperryk1
Tackling wicked problems : A
public policy perspective
Please note - this is an archived publication.
Commissioner’s foreword
The Australian Public Service (APS) is increasingly being tasked with solving very
complex policy problems. Some of these policy issues are so complex they have
been called ‘wicked’ problems. The term ‘wicked’ in this context is used, not in the
sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution.
Successfully solving or at least managing these wicked policy problems requires
a reassessment of some of the traditional ways of working and solving problems
in the APS. They challenge our governance structures, our skills base and our
organisational capacity.
It is important, as a first step, that wicked problems be recognised as such.
Successfully tackling wicked problems requires a broad recognition and
understanding, including from governments and Ministers, that there are no quick
fixes and simple solutions.
Tackling wicked problems is an evolving art. They require thinking that is capable
of grasping the big picture, including the interrelationships among the full range of
causal factors underlying them. They often require broader, more collaborative
and innovative approaches. This may result in the occasional failure or need for
policy change or adjustment.
Wicked problems highlight the fundamental importance of the APS building on the
progress that has been made with working across organisational boundaries both
within and outside the APS. The APS needs to continue to focus on effectively
engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in
involving them in identifying possible solutions.
The purpose of this publication is more to stimulate debate around what is
needed for the successful tackling of wicked problems than to provide all the
answers. Such a debate is a necessary precursor to reassessing our current
systems, frameworks and ways of working to ensure they are capable of
responding to the complex issues facing the APS.
I hope that this publication will encourage public service managers to reflect on
these issues, and to look for ways to improve the capacity of the APS to deal
effectively with the complex policy problems confronting us.
Lynelle Briggs
Australian Public Service Commissioner
1. Introduction
Many of the most pressing policy challenges for the APS involve dealing with very
complex problems. These problems share a range of characteristics—they go
beyond the capacity of any one organisation to understand and respond to, and
there is often disagreement about the causes of the problems and the best way to
tackle them. These complex policy problems are sometimes called ‘wicked’
problems.
Usually, part of the solution to wicked problems involves changing the behaviour
of groups of citizens or all citizens. Other key ingredients in solving or at least
managing complex policy problems include successfu.
Tackling wicked problems A public policy perspective Ple.docxssuserf9c51d
Tackling wicked problems : A
public policy perspective
Please note - this is an archived publication.
Commissioner’s foreword
The Australian Public Service (APS) is increasingly being tasked with solving very
complex policy problems. Some of these policy issues are so complex they have
been called ‘wicked’ problems. The term ‘wicked’ in this context is used, not in the
sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution.
Successfully solving or at least managing these wicked policy problems requires
a reassessment of some of the traditional ways of working and solving problems
in the APS. They challenge our governance structures, our skills base and our
organisational capacity.
It is important, as a first step, that wicked problems be recognised as such.
Successfully tackling wicked problems requires a broad recognition and
understanding, including from governments and Ministers, that there are no quick
fixes and simple solutions.
Tackling wicked problems is an evolving art. They require thinking that is capable
of grasping the big picture, including the interrelationships among the full range of
causal factors underlying them. They often require broader, more collaborative
and innovative approaches. This may result in the occasional failure or need for
policy change or adjustment.
Wicked problems highlight the fundamental importance of the APS building on the
progress that has been made with working across organisational boundaries both
within and outside the APS. The APS needs to continue to focus on effectively
engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in
involving them in identifying possible solutions.
The purpose of this publication is more to stimulate debate around what is
needed for the successful tackling of wicked problems than to provide all the
answers. Such a debate is a necessary precursor to reassessing our current
systems, frameworks and ways of working to ensure they are capable of
responding to the complex issues facing the APS.
I hope that this publication will encourage public service managers to reflect on
these issues, and to look for ways to improve the capacity of the APS to deal
effectively with the complex policy problems confronting us.
Lynelle Briggs
Australian Public Service Commissioner
1. Introduction
Many of the most pressing policy challenges for the APS involve dealing with very
complex problems. These problems share a range of characteristics—they go
beyond the capacity of any one organisation to understand and respond to, and
there is often disagreement about the causes of the problems and the best way to
tackle them. These complex policy problems are sometimes called ‘wicked’
problems.
Usually, part of the solution to wicked problems involves changing the behaviour
of groups of citizens or all citizens. Other key ingredients in solving or at least
managing complex policy problems include successfu ...
Stakeholder engagement is the process of involving stakeholders to discuss and direct efforts towards a specific outcome. The level and nature of engagement depends on the project goals. For simple projects, engagement may only require fact sheets and brief meetings, while more complex projects require greater collaboration over time to build relationships. There are different levels of engagement, from simply informing stakeholders to co-deciding with them. Effective stakeholder engagement follows key principles like setting clear goals, defining stakeholders, managing expectations, using group discussion, providing varied information formats, allowing mutual influence, and maintaining feedback.
CPA MGT 300Last Name _______________________ First Name ___.docxvanesaburnand
CPA MGT 300
Last Name: _______________________ First Name: ____________________________
After watching “Open-book Management at New Belgium Brewery” relate what you see in the video back to at least three topics we have discussed in class throughout the semester. Your responses should be in-depth explanations of the connection from the video to the material in the class. I expect to see sections of the book cited. Vague concepts such as “leadership” or “teams” are not sufficient. Get specific. As usual, tell me why – support your point of view. That demonstrates your understanding.
Chapter Five Policy Entrepreneurship and the Common Good
The quintessential problem of politics [is] how to judge rightly the lesser evil, the relatively best, the ends that justify the means and the means themselves….
Mary Dietz
The common good … is good human life of the multitude, of a multitude of persons; it is their communion in good living.
Jacques Maritain
We now turn to policy entrepreneurship, or coordination of leadership tasks over the course of a policy change cycle. Leaders who are policy entrepreneurs—such as Marcus Conant, Stephan Schmidheiny, Gary Cunningham, Jan Hively, and many of their colleagues—are catalysts of systemic change (Roberts and King, 1996). Policy entrepreneurs “introduce, translate, and implement an innovative idea into public practice” (1996, p. 10). Like entrepreneurs in the business realm, they are inventive, energetic, and persistent in overcoming systemic barriers. They can work inside or outside government organizations; unlike Nancy Roberts and Paula King (1996), we do not reserve the term policy entrepreneur for nongovernmental leaders.
The essential requirements of policy entrepreneurship are a systemic understanding of policy change and a focus on enacting the common good. This chapter offers an overview of these two requirements; subsequent chapters are devoted to individual phases of the policy change cycle.
Before going further, we should note that public policy has both substantive and symbolic aspects. It can be defined as substantive decisions, commitments, and implementing actions by those who have governance responsibilities (including, but going beyond government), as interpreted by various stakeholders. Thus public policy is what the affected people think it is, and based on what the substantive content symbolizes to them. Public policies may be called policies, plans, programs, projects, decisions, actions, budgets, rules, or regulations. Moreover, they may emerge deliberately or as the result of mutual adjustment among partisans (Lindblom, 1959; Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Exhibit 5.1 presents brief definitions of public policy and other key terms in this chapter.
Understanding Policy Change
The policy change process can be described as a seven-phase cycle (Figure 5.1), in which a shifting set of change advocates work in multiple forums, arenas, and courts to remedy a public problem. The phase.
Policy adoption is the stage in the policymaking process where proposed policies are legitimized and chosen for implementation by government bodies. It involves deciding which policy alternative, including maintaining the status quo, will be used to address a particular issue. Scholars define policy adoption as the choice among generated alternatives and their estimated effects. Factors like crises, interest groups, and media coverage can influence which policies are adopted. Approaches to decision making in policy adoption include top-down, rational, incremental, mixed scanning, and garbage can models.
This document describes the Problem Tree Analysis method for project planning. It involves 3 stages: [1] analyzing problems through stakeholder participation to create a "problem tree" diagram; [2] translating problems into objectives to create an "objective tree"; [3] analyzing strategies by clustering objectives and selecting a scope. The method results in a shared understanding of the situation to inform project design that has stakeholder commitment and addresses real needs.
Participatory approach in development.pptxKechaTaye
Community participation is about ensuring meaningful engagement with our communities.
For Watershed development promotion to work well, it must be carried out by and with people, not on or to people.
This means that at all stages of the Watershed development intervention, communities are involved with and retain ownership of any Watershed development action.
Kerry Allen: Lessons for health care from decommissioning of older people’s s...Nuffield Trust
The document discusses lessons learned from local authorities' experience in decommissioning older people's care home services. Key lessons include:
1) Developing clear, transparent decision-making processes is important to legitimize difficult disinvestment decisions and defend against challenges.
2) Open communication and evidence-based justification of decisions is crucial for managing stakeholders.
3) Involving stakeholders while also implementing decisions in a timely manner requires balancing their input with the need for action.
4) Leadership from senior management is essential to guide policy development and oversee the transition, while middle managers also play an important role in implementation.
There are two Discussion Boards and a Reflection Discussion for a .docxrandymartin91030
There are two Discussion Boards and a Reflection Discussion for a total of three things to complete, must be answered thoroughly. Must be APA format, answer thoroughly, must have at least 1-2 verifiable legitimate sources per discussion post and reflection discussion.250+ words needed per discussion and reflection post answering thoroughly. Due Thursday November 7, 2019. By8 AM EST. 36 hours. Plagiarism Free.
Discussion #1
Describe how you believe a "problem-solving culture" is established in a public safety organization.
Discussion #2
Read:
http://patimes.org/considerations-public-administrators-rainbow/
Blessett states "Whatever your reason is for being drawn to this profession, please consider that the work you do does not just affect you, but informs the interactions, impressions and expectations of public servants overall."
How do we reflect this goal in the day-to-day administration of a public safety organization?
#3
Program Outcome Two Reflection Discussion
Discussion Topic
The Program Outcome Reflections project requires you to reflect on each of the five Public Safety Administration Program Outcomes demonstrating a comprehension of the concept(s), and indicating how the PSAD curriculum provided you the knowledge and skills (process or application of knowledge) to master the outcome.
You will address each outcome individually in a 250-word reflection posted as a discussion topic. You should respond to the postings of at least two fellow students. Reflections on the individual program outcomes will include:
· Your understanding of the concept;
· How you feel the curriculum provided you with the knowledge and skills to meet the outcome;
· What courses and activities in the curriculum addressed the concepts of the outcome.
The outcome for this assignment is:
· Use informed decision making, goal orientation, teamwork, ethical behavior, enhanced technology, and communications to ensure effective leadership in public safety administration.
Class Material
"Problem Solving and Decision Making" http://www.studygs.net/problem/
· "Defining the Problem/Gathering Information" http://www.studygs.net/problem/problemsolvingv1.htm
· "Identifying and Structuring Problems" http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/problem-solving2.html
Module 2: Identify Issues or Challenges
Each public safety administrator needs to evaluate his or her environment to determine the major issues. Once identified, each issue must be analyzed, recommendations determined, and solutions implemented and reviewed. Your comprehensive case study capstone project will focus on each area.
Your first paper is an individual project where you will identify an issue or challenge. We have looked at issues facing public safety leaders. The most important point is to identify an issue or problem before it becomes an even bigger problem.
Many problems can be solved on an individual basis. For example, let's say the fire station doors are leaking. Possible solutions include patching the lea.
1) David Jago and Neil Davidson offer facilitation services to help organizations tackle "wicked problems", which are complex issues resistant to usual solutions.
2) They use participatory processes and systems thinking to ensure all stakeholders' perspectives are incorporated into collaborative analysis and solutions.
3) Their approach aims to develop a collective understanding of the interconnected factors underlying wicked problems, enabling effective tailored interventions to be devised.
Policy process presn-12feb13- rebecca hanlin [compatibility mode]The Scinnovent Centre
Presentation by Dr. Rebecca Hanlin of The Open University UK, on getting knowledge into policy, during the training on The Art of Influencing Policy Change: tools and strategies for researcher, held by The Scinnovent Centre on 12th -14th February 2013 in Nairobi
Chapter Five Policy Entrepreneurship and the Common GoodThe qui.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter Five Policy Entrepreneurship and the Common Good
The quintessential problem of politics [is] how to judge rightly the lesser evil, the relatively best, the ends that justify the means and the means themselves….
Mary Dietz
The common good … is good human life of the multitude, of a multitude of persons; it is their communion in good living.
Jacques Maritain
We now turn to policy entrepreneurship, or coordination of leadership tasks over the course of a policy change cycle. Leaders who are policy entrepreneurs—such as Marcus Conant, Stephan Schmidheiny, Gary Cunningham, Jan Hively, and many of their colleagues—are catalysts of systemic change (Roberts and King, 1996). Policy entrepreneurs “introduce, translate, and implement an innovative idea into public practice” (1996, p. 10). Like entrepreneurs in the business realm, they are inventive, energetic, and persistent in overcoming systemic barriers. They can work inside or outside government organizations; unlike Nancy Roberts and Paula King (1996), we do not reserve the term policy entrepreneur for nongovernmental leaders.
The essential requirements of policy entrepreneurship are a systemic understanding of policy change and a focus on enacting the common good. This chapter offers an overview of these two requirements; subsequent chapters are devoted to individual phases of the policy change cycle.
Before going further, we should note that public policy has both substantive and symbolic aspects. It can be defined as substantive decisions, commitments, and implementing actions by those who have governance responsibilities (including, but going beyond government), as interpreted by various stakeholders. Thus public policy is what the affected people think it is, and based on what the substantive content symbolizes to them. Public policies may be called policies, plans, programs, projects, decisions, actions, budgets, rules, or regulations. Moreover, they may emerge deliberately or as the result of mutual adjustment among partisans (Lindblom, 1959; Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Exhibit 5.1 presents brief definitions of public policy and other key terms in this chapter.
Understanding Policy Change
The policy change process can be described as a seven-phase cycle (Figure 5.1), in which a shifting set of change advocates work in multiple forums, arenas, and courts to remedy a public problem. The phases are interconnected and build on each other, but policy entrepreneurs are seldom able to march through them in an orderly, sequential fashion. In the case of a highly complex public problem such as AIDS or global warming, the cycle (and “re-cycling”) may extend over decades. The effort to enact solutions for less complex problems, such as homelessness in a particular city, may be successful in a much shorter period. No matter what, the same set of leaders and constituents who began a change effort may not be able to see the effort all the way through the cycle. Moreover, new leaders and constitue ...
Why social policy needs more than the behavioural economics bandwagonTNS
1. Behavioural economics provides useful insights but is not a "magic bullet" solution for changing human behaviour. Lasting change requires a holistic approach that considers psychological, social, cultural, and deliberative factors beyond just unconscious triggers.
2. An integrated approach is needed that combines insights from behavioural economics with traditional behavioural sciences. Sustainable behaviour change stems from addressing most or all influences in a "behavioural web" that includes costs/benefits, efficacy, habits, heuristics, morality, and legitimacy.
3. Both traditional research methods and newer techniques attuned to unconscious influences are important for fully understanding human behaviour. A balanced approach using diverse methods can provide insights needed for effective social policy
The document discusses dispute resolution and crisis management. It defines dispute as an argument between two parties, and dispute resolution as techniques for settling conflicts. Crisis is defined as a negative event that threatens harm, interrupts operations, or damages reputation. Crisis management aims to minimize damage from a crisis through preparation, response, and post-crisis resolution. It also discusses identifying community problems and analyzing them before determining solutions. Common alternative dispute resolution methods include arbitration, mediation, and conciliation.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
Sustainability Awareness and Expertise - December 2014Anthony Perrone
This document discusses structuring cognitive processes to address "wicked problems" like sustainability. It proposes that sustainability awareness and expertise, achieved through an integrated approach, can help address these complex issues. This approach includes influence modeling, sustainability assessments, decision analysis, data visualization, and social capital building. Rather than seeking single solutions, it aims to establish an adaptive, resilient state through ongoing learning and better - not right - decisions. Achieving sustainability awareness requires developing knowledge of current conditions and trends, understanding uncertainties, recognizing challenges, and reflecting on values to consistently apply them over time.
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OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
1. 5/27/2010
POLICY MAKING PROCESS
Policies are developed in response to the existence of a perceived problem or
an opportunity; they never exist in a vacuum.
The context is extremely important because it will shape the kinds of actions
POLICY BRIEF
considered. For example: Who has identified the problem? Is it widely
recognized by society as a whole or is limited in scope to a local pressure group
In the case of the former there may be a greater willingness to intervene than in
the latter, depending on the political power exerted by the pressure group.
PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL Do the public authorities have the interest or will to respond? There are
usually many more problems than th policy makers are willing t address.
ll bl th the li k illi to dd
STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP Many issues remain unaddressed.
Do the public authorities wish to wield the instruments necessary to carry out
a policy response? The problem may be recognized, but public authorities may
have little ability to effect change. Such is the problem of many environmental
problems that require global solutions.
What is the timescale? How pressing is the problem, and how long would a
response take? Policy makers are notoriously prone to attempt only short-term
interventions, since their mandates are usually of relatively short duration. Long
term issues may not attract policy makers because the results of any policy
intervention may be decades away.
POLICY FORMULATION Policy Making process
Who has identified the problem, and why should it be seen to be a problem? Many problems
exist, but few are taken up because they are not brought before a wide audience.
Is there agreement on the problem? If there is no agreement that a problem exists, it is unlikely
that a strong policy response will be forthcoming. Effective policies are more likely to be
formulated if there is widespread recognition of a problem and its causes. Policy-making must be understood as a
Is it an issue that can be addressed by public policy?.
Is it too soon to develop a policy? This argument was used by the lobby in California that
opposed stricter emission controls on vehicles in the early 1990s, based on the argument that the
political process as much as an analytical or
technology of alternative energy for vehicles was not sufficiently advanced.
Is the problem seen differently by groups with different values? Environmentalists see many
problem solving one.
transport issues differently than many other interest groups. Divergence of opinions may affect
how the problem is addressed.
Is the problem fully understood? Do we know the causal relationships that may be necessary to
‘The policy-making process is not always a
The policy making
provide a solution? Can the relationships between the factors that make up the problem be
quantified? Problem definition is better when it is possible to measure the scale and scope of the
issues involved.
rational activity Indeed, policy making
In defining the problem or opportunity and to help address the questions above, background studies
are required. The state of affairs needs to be provided which will identify the actors, the issues and the
process can be rather messy, with outcomes
possible means that are available. It is also important to forecast trends in order to identify whether the
issue is likely to change.
occurring as a result of complicated political,
social and institutional processes which are
best described as ‘evolutionary’’,
The role of interest groups in the Reactions to change
policy process
The policy process is influenced by a range of People react against change for a wide range
interest groups that exert power and authority over of reasons, including fear of the unknown,
policy-making. These influences affect each stage of lack of information, threat to status, there
the process from agenda setting, to the identification being no perceived benefits, fear of failure,
of alternatives weighing up the options choosing
alternatives, options, low trust in the organisation, strong peer
organisation
the most favourable and implementing it. groups norms and being bound by custom.
A crucial aspect of all policy process is to determine When faced with change people perceptions
the interest groups in order to manage their range from negative reaction which perceive
participation in the process. change as a threat, to positive reactions,
which see it as an opportunity.
1
2. 5/27/2010
Reactions to change Managing Change
Identifying ‘change agents’ (policy champions)
It is important to identify individuals who will lead
change. These are the people who will give direction and
momentum to the implementation of new policies and methods.
In some situations it is difficult to identify a single individual or
agency to lead the change. In such circumstances reform
change
leadership may be embodied in special task forces,
commissioner co-ordinating committees.
Recognizing barriers to change
It is important to predict the reaction of individuals and groups to
proposed changes and manage them
Managing change Ownership of the policy process
Ownership of the development policy process tends to be drawn away from
local and indigenous groups to policy experts or outsiders.
‘Policy-making tends to become the mystique of elites. And these elites are
separated from [local] people ... these mysteries and separations put policy-
making processes in rural and agricultural development into a privileged
position’,
An important tool by which policy discourses ‘control’ or marginalise the
interests of indigenous groups is by labelling and categorising them. Target
groups are l b ll d (
labelled (such as ‘l dl
h ‘landless’ or ‘
’ ‘women’) and as a result can b
’) d lt be
conceived as passive objects of policy rather than as
active subjects with projects and agendas of their own. This has been referred
to as the ‘disarming of labelling’.
It is important to ensure that local people be guided by the stewardship of
techno-managerial elites, be they experts in host country governments,
international donor agencies,or transnational NGOs
PHASES TITLE
The phases are:
Recognising and defining the nature of the issue to National policy on the conservation and
be dealt with
Identifying possible courses of action to deal with sustainable management of below Ground
the issue Biodiversity
Weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of
each of th
h f these alternatives
lt ti
Choosing the option which offers the best solution
Implementing the policy
Evaluating the outcome
The national stakeholder workshop was the beginning
of this process
2
3. 5/27/2010
JUSTIFICATION JUSTIFICATION
Agriculture is the main livelihood activity for the majority of Kenyans and the soil Below-ground biodiversity is dramatically reduced when forests
is a major component of agricultural productivity.
Soil fertility has been declining gradually in Kenya as a result of agricultural
are converted to agricultural land, and when agricultural land use
practices adopted earlier in the century as a means of increasing crop is intensified Reduced BGBD decreases agricultural productivity
production such as scientifically tested agricultural technologies, including the and reduces the "resilience" of agricultural systems, which then
use of fertilizers, pesticides and mono cultural practices, have resulted into a
backlash of the ecosystem. become more vulnerable to adverse climatic events, erosion,
Below-ground biodiversity is dramatically reduced when forests are converted to pests, diseases, and other threats.
agricultural l d and when agricultural l d use i i t
i lt l land, d h i lt l land is intensified R d
ifi d Reduced BGBD
d It is estimated that more than 90 per cent of crop varieties have
decreases agricultural productivity and reduces the "resilience" of agricultural
systems, which then become more vulnerable to adverse climatic events, been lost from farmers’ fields in the past century and animal
erosion, pests, diseases, and other threats. breeds are disappearing at the rate of 5 per cent per year.
It is estimated that more than 90 per cent of crop varieties have been lost from
farmers’ fields in the past century and animal breeds are disappearing at the The rate of loss is exacerbated by global trade rules, intellectual
rate of 5 per cent per year. property rights regimes, the concentration of agricultural research
The rate of loss is exacerbated by global trade rules, intellectual property rights and development of inappropriate technological ‘solutions’, and
regimes, the concentration of agricultural research and development of
inappropriate technological ‘solutions’, and introduction and promotion of introduction and promotion of genetically engineered organisms.
genetically engineered organisms.
POLICY GAP
No existing policy on BGBD yet it is an important Despite empirical evidence on the loss of Below Ground
natural resource; Biodiversity in Kenya and the resultant decrease in agricultural
productivity, the Government has not developed a specific policy
It is a vital resource for agricultural production; on sustainable conservation and management of Below Ground
Helps on control of plant diseases; Biodiversity.
It is therefore imperative to develop a policy that will among other
Necessary for soil fertility improvement;
y y p ; reasons guide appropriate land use systems, provide guidelines
Natural reservoir for biotechnological products; on commercial exploitation of BGBD materials.
This will assist farmers and other stakeholders to conserve,
It is a vital resource for plant growth and production manage and develop agricultural biodiversity leading to
in natural ecosystem; sustainable livelihoods and national food security. Similar to
Crucial link in carbon cycle and mitigation in climate other Government policies, the BGBD policy will be anchored
and guided by Vision 2030, which is the Government’s
change; overarching policy framework for attaining economic
For integration of natural resource policy aspects development, as well as other related sector policies including
touching on BGBD. agriculture, environment, water, forestry etc.
BENEFITS OF THE POLICY Critical success factors
The proposed policy will ensure: -
The sustainable conservation and management of BGBD How do we measure the success of the new
The regulation of BGBD bio-prospecting. policy?
Further research and development of BGBD.
Development of guidelines for the ex-situ breeding and en mass production of
specific BGBD components.
Rate of adoption by stakeholders
Long term monitoring and evaluation of the CSM-BGBD Kenya benchmark sites
Development of BGBD export and i
D l t f t d import regulations.
t l ti
Increased yields due to improvements in soil
y p
Development of regulation to conserve BGBD by controlling threatening fertility
agricultural practices and processes.
Development and use of appropriate technologies for the maintenance of soil Food security and poverty reduction
fertility in agro-ecosystems.
Identification of instruments for use in raising funds for BGBD management. Reduction of government Expenditure on
Creation of a national BGBD institute (e.g. expand the Nairobi MIRCEN to
incorporate BGBD) or other appropriate body. agricultural inputs
Allow for incorporation of BGBD curricula into our Education system
Enhanced environmental quality and services
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Situational analysis Economic
Political environment Opposition from fertilizer pesticides companies;
Bring them on board at the initial phase-to see the
Performance of the individual politician given economic benefit of using bio resources not just
more prominence; chemical ones;
Partisan political interests at national level; Nationally BGBD is an immense economic resource
but economic value in numbers need to be provided
Political shortsightedness; first-exports, savings etc;
Fear of opposition by politicians if BGBD will Fear of funding-budget but if well packaged
make farmers produce more food and supported;
therefore become more independent. At international level-the financial melt down may be
a threat to private section participation.
Socio-Cultural Technology
Eroding strong cultural beliefs held by people Young scientists interests in BGBD hence
regarding fertilizers& other BGBD; generational gap;
Gender age dimension .Farm managers not Curriculum in University to study BGBD vis
the right ones with BGBD information; avis existing research technology;
Land fragmentation-threat to BGBD- Utilize technology-Sms, ICT centres,Tv,
Intensification. Radio, Print Media, Discussion panels etc
Institutional arrangements for
implementation of BGBD
Environment Home Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture,
Resistance by regulatories in the use of bio control methods vis Institutional home: A parastatal (Establishment of a Board and
workforce) in the Ministry of Agriculture-Under agricultural sector
avis the environment e.g.KEPHIS, KEBS, NEMA; coordinating unit (ASCU)-
Lack of participation by key Environmental bodies in Kenya Justification:
e.g.KEPHIS, KEBS, NEMA. BGBD Outputs immediate and tangible in Agriculture;
Legal Geared towards food security;
Baseline data for agriculture;
Many laws about environment and potential that BGBD may be
Project launched by Assistant Minister for Agriculture;
captured under current laws;
Powerful Ministry-A Key economic ministry;
Many institutions Legally in the area of environment; Has supported BGBD from the beginning;
Open ended ness of the legal procedure for policy formulation A major beneficiary of BGBD;
with no time frame. This can lead to delays before the policy is Finding show significant contribution to food security and sustainability;
eventually formulated. Structure Organization to the grassroots;
Monitoring and evaluation system.
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5. 5/27/2010
Other complimentary institutions:
Private sector Players:
Ministry of Environment-NEMA; Agro based industries;
Ministry of forestry and wildlife-have an impact of
BGBD; KENFAP-Kenya federation of agricultural
Ministry of Heritage-NMK National centre for producers;
biodiversity;
Ministry of higher Education science &Technology; Consumer information network;
Ministry of water and Irrigation-Contributes to Community based organization;
Agriculture;
Ministry of Finance; Nature Kenya.
Ministry of Planning;
AG Office (Draft to legal document).
STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK Specific Objectives
Vision To develop and establish a long term BGBD
‘To ensure efficient conservation and sustainable management of research and monitoring programme.
soil organisms for soil fertility improvement in agricultural
ecosystems’. To create a BGBD institution or body.
Mission
‘To promote research utilization and management of soil
To develop BGBD bioprospecting policy and legal
organisms i all K
i in ll Kenyan ecosystems th
t through th establishment
h the t bli h t frameworks.
frameworks
of accountable and transparent laws, institutions and systems To mainstream BGBD concerns in agricultural
dealing with BGBD’.
Goal extension services.
The policy shall offer a framework of policies and laws designed To mainstream BGBD concerns in the education
to enhance comprehension of the soil organisms and provide for sector.
fair and equitable sharing of benefits accruing from their
utilization in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity Build capacity in our local farmers to better manage
(CBD) principles.
BGBD.
Financial Arrangements Sustainability of the policy:
Budget item-budget allocation in the ministry Education and training
of agriculture; Information Education and communication(IEC)
Participating institutions sponsoring; Curriculum training on farmers, schools ,colleges
Awareness education(public)
(p )
Donor community;
Pressure groups
Taxes and levies-impose BGBD levies,
Demonstration to the farmers and presentations
penalties; PPP (Public private partnership)
Incentives to the farmers for access to the Legal regulatory framework
inputs Sensitization of policy makers especially politicians
Resource mobilization
5