The document discusses Islamic medical ethics, raising questions about consent, communication of diagnoses, and treatment for terminal illnesses. It reviews historical perspectives, including the Code of Hammurabi and the Hippocratic Oath, and outlines the principles of medical ethics: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Additionally, it examines specific ethical issues such as women's consent, breaking bad news, CPR decisions, and the permissibility of abortion within Islamic guidelines.

1. ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬
Dr. Mohamad Al-Gailani FRCS
Consultant Surgeon
Medical Education &Training Director
RIYADH ‫الرياض‬
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
ISLAMIC

2. ETHICAL QUESTIONS?
• Could a woman give consent by herself to an operation?
• Is it ethical to inform a patient of his/her diagnosis of cancer?
• Should an arrest in a terminally ill cancer patient receive
resuscitation ?
• Is it ethical for a doctor to initiate interventions in incurable patients
when they are futile with no expected benefit?
• Is abortion ethical?
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 2

3. THE EVOLUTION
OF
MEDICAL ETHICS

4. Hammurabi Code 1750 BC
‫حمورابي‬ ‫شريعة‬
• The Code of Hammurabi (King of Babylon) is the First Ever recorded
Legislation or rules governing the practice of medicine
• The code highlights the fact that physicians perform a service to the
society treating ailments & sickness
• In return physicians are paid money but also were punished if the results of
the surgery / treatment ended up killing the patient!
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 4

5. Hippocratic Oath 450 BC
‫ابقراط‬ ‫قسم‬
•“ I will use treatments for the benefit of the ill in
accordance with my ability and my judgment, but
from what is to their harm and injustice I will keep
them”
• "First do no harm"
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 5

6. ISLAMIC SCHOLARS
‫المسلمين‬ ‫علماء‬
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 6

7. Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi )9th Century)
‫علي‬ ‫بن‬ ‫إسحاق‬‫الروحاوي‬
“Adab al-Tabib” ‫الطبيب‬ ‫أدب‬ ”Ethics of a Physician”
The First ever Book dedicated to Medical Ethics
• Great importance of a physician’s faith in God & personal health & hygiene
as well as his manner with his colleagues nurses and patients.
• Fees charged for rich patients should be enough to cover the expenses of
poor patients
• Doctors should keep records of the patient's symptoms, treatments and
progress so that it may be reviewed by peers should the patient die under
his care
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 7

8. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
‫زكريا‬ ‫بن‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫الرازي‬ (854 – 925)
• "The doctor's aim is to do good even to our enemies so much
more to our friends
• My profession forbids us to do harm to our kindred
• God imposed on physicians the oath not to compose mortiferous
remedies."
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 8

9. MEDICAL ETHICS
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 9

10. Medical Ethics ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬
• A system of moral principles that apply
values and judgments to the practice
of medicine
• ‫تاريخ‬ ‫مدار‬ ‫على‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫المتعارف‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬
‫والت‬ ‫وأخالقية‬ ‫وفلسفية‬ ‫دينية‬ ‫لقيم‬ ‫استنادا‬ ‫الطب‬‫ي‬
‫المنظمة‬ ‫واللوائح‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫تدعمها‬
‫الطبي‬ ‫للعمل‬.
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 10

11. MISCONCEPTIONS!
“As long as the physician is a knowledgeable and skillful
clinician, ethics doesn’t matter.”
“Ethics is learned in the family, not in medical school.”
“Medical ethics is learned by observing how senior
physicians act, not from books or lectures.”
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 11

12. FACTS
•Physicians should be prepared to justify their
decision to themselves, to the patient and to a
third party if appropriate (Negligence or Court)
•Competent patients have the right to refuse
treatment, even when the refusal will result in
disability or death.
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 12

13. The Principles of MEDICAL ETHICS
‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ ‫مبادئ‬
1.Autonomy ‫:استقالل‬ the Patient has the right to Refuse or
Choose their treatment.
2.Beneficence ‫احسان‬ : a practitioner should act in the Best
Interest of the patient.
3.Non-maleficence ‫إيذاء‬ ‫عدم‬ : not to cause Harm.
4.Justice ‫عدل‬ : distribution of scarce health resources, and the
decision of who gets what treatment (Fairness & Equality).
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 13

14. The Hospital
Ethics Committee (HEC)
•Composed primarily of healthcare professionals, but may
also include lay people and clergy
•Discuses difficult ethical issues in the hospital and
suggests solutions
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 14

15. DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 15
MEDICAL ETHICS CODES AROUNDTHE WORLD
WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONBRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

16. DOES MEDICAL ETHICS DIFFER FROM ONE
COUNTRYTO ANOTHER?
• Not necessarily, however…
• The fundamental values of medical ethics (compassion,
competence and autonomy) along with…
• Physicians’ experience and skills in all aspects of medicine and
healthcare…
• Provide a sound basis for analysing ethical issues and arriving at
solutions that are in the best interests of patients
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 16

17. MEDICAL ETHICS IN KSA
‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬
‫السعودية‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫المملكة‬
SAUDI COUNCIL FOR HEALTH SPECIALITIES
‫الصحية‬ ‫للتخصصات‬ ‫السعودية‬ ‫الهيئة‬
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 17

18. SAUDI COUNCIL FOR HEALTH
SPECIALITIES (SCFHS)
•"Many of the issues that healthcare
practitioners face in their practice will
be seen, analysed and resolved from
the Islamic Perspectives"
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 18

19. Woman’s Consent
• “The conscious adult woman has the right to give consent to any
medical interventions that is related to her, including surgical
operations”
• “Except for what is related to reproduction”
• “In such procedures, the acceptance of the husband must be obtained
too”
• “In emergency and life-threatening conditions, the woman’s consent
is sufficient”
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 19

20. Breaking Bad News
•“There is no contradiction between reassuring the
patient and telling him/her about his/her condition, even
if it is serious and fatal”
•“It is the right of the patient to know his/her health
condition, illness, symptoms, and prognosis in general
terms”
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 20

21. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
•“It may not be useful to do CPR in cases of incurable
late-stage disease, thus it has no purpose”
•“The decision should be made by three consultants,
whose specialties are the most relevant to the case of
the patient”
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 21

22. Could MedicalTreatment be Stopped?
• In incurable conditions it is permissible not to initiate the use of
equipment from the beginning or to stop using them in
treatment if they are found to be of no use
• The decision should be made by three consultants whose
specialties are the most relevant to the case of the patient
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 22

23. Is Abortion Ethical?
• Abortion is allowed only if the pregnancy is less than 4 months
• And if allowing the pregnancy to continue threatens the mother’s
health with grave harm
• This must be proven by a medical committee in accordance with
the regulations in place for this matter
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 23

24. MEDICAL ETHICS
‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 24

25. MEDICAL ETHICS
DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 25

26. DR. MOHAMAD AL-GAILANI March 2017 ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS ‫االسالمي‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫اخالقيات‬ 26
Dr. Mohamad Al-Gailani FRCS
Consultant Surgeon
Medical Education &Training Director
SUWAIDI
www.alhammadihospital.com
Tel: +966 11 4250000