In this paper, CFD analysis of flow within, Convergent – Divergent rectangular super sonic nozzle and super sonic impulse turbine with partial admission have been performed. The analysis has been performed according to shape of a super sonic nozzle and length of axial clearance and the objective is to investigate the effect of nozzle-rotor interaction on turbine’s performance. It is found that nozzle-rotor interaction losses are largely dependent on axial clearance, which affects the flow within nozzle and the extent of flow expansion. Therefore selecting appropriate length of axial clearance can decrease nozzle-rotor interaction losses. The work is carried in two stages:1) Modeling and analysis of flow for rectangular convergent divergent super sonic nozzle. 2) Prediction of optimal axial gap between the nozzle and rotor blades by allowing the above nozzle flow. In the present work, using a finite volume commercial code, ANSYS FLUENT 14.5, carries out flow through the convergent divergent nozzle study. The nozzle geometry is modeled and grid is generated using ANSYS14.5 Software. Computational results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
The Powerpoint presentation discusses about the Introduction to CFD and its Applications in various fields as an Introductory topic for Mechanical Engg. Students in General.
The presentation gives glances of the importance of CFD analysis in engineering design with an illustration/ case study. For more details, follow the webinar "Role of CFD in Engineering Design" on https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
CFD Analysis of ATGM Configurations -- Zeus NumerixAbhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims to study the aerodynamic configuration of anti-tank guided missile (ATGM). Effect of rotation of the ATGM on it own axis is simulated along with the curved fins. Areas of flow separation and higher drag are visualized using the variation of axial force along the length. The paper emphasizes on the contribution of base drag to the total drag. Authors A Venkateshwarlu and Hem Raj (BDL), Kumar Mihir and Sanjay Kumar (Zeus Numerix), Prof KE Prasad JNTU.
The Powerpoint presentation discusses about the Introduction to CFD and its Applications in various fields as an Introductory topic for Mechanical Engg. Students in General.
The presentation gives glances of the importance of CFD analysis in engineering design with an illustration/ case study. For more details, follow the webinar "Role of CFD in Engineering Design" on https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
CFD Analysis of ATGM Configurations -- Zeus NumerixAbhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims to study the aerodynamic configuration of anti-tank guided missile (ATGM). Effect of rotation of the ATGM on it own axis is simulated along with the curved fins. Areas of flow separation and higher drag are visualized using the variation of axial force along the length. The paper emphasizes on the contribution of base drag to the total drag. Authors A Venkateshwarlu and Hem Raj (BDL), Kumar Mihir and Sanjay Kumar (Zeus Numerix), Prof KE Prasad JNTU.
The presentation was made at the "Business Meet on Applications of solar drying systems in domestic, industrial and commercial applications", SPRERI, Anand, India.
It presents the advantages of CFD as a design tool to design better solar drying systems.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electrochemical Machining (ECM) is an effective method for machining the parts with the whole structure or special structure. Because the conventional machining methods are not suitable for processing these kinds of structures. In this work, taking electrochemical machining rectangular holes as the research objective, and analyzing the flow field characteristics of machined surface with three kinds of cathode channel structures. First discussing the working state of the ECM process and some equations to be complied with, then numerically simulating the models which have the same characteristics with design and simulation parameters, obtained the pressure contour and velocity contour on the machined surface. The simulation results indicated that the machining effect of long slot structure was not as good as that of arc slot and tilted slot structure, and few differences in machining effects were observed between the arc slot and tilted slot structure. A case study was presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing the flow field of cathode for ECM.
Summer Training 2015 at Alternate Hydro Energy CenterKhusro Kamaluddin
This is the presentation i gave to "Defend" my Summer Training at AHEC IIT Roorkee During Summer 2015. I gave this presentation in my college during my final year. Indeed the most lengthy i ever gave .
Computational fluid dynamics for chemical reactor designrita martin
Computational fluid dynamics improve efficiencies in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer processes. Computational Fluid Dynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computational fluid dynamics Found Its self in various industrial applications, Biomedical, Electronics, Defense, Industrial,Environmental, Civil and drug delivery systems
Power of CFD simulation in pharmaceutical mixing applicationsKuthur Sriram
Power CFD based simulation
a) In Pharma mixing process optimisation
b) In compressing the time to market
c) In delivering affordable and profitable drug
Fluid dynamics, actually is the study of fluid under motion, governed with a certain set of conservation equations, wherein things are conserved, with reference to mass, momentum & energy.
If these three quantities i.e. mass, momentum & energy are solved entirely we can define any fluid flow. The conservation laws are formulated in the form of equations which we try to solve and that’s what simulation is all about. For my blogs kindly visit: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool to simulate, analyze, and optimize designs. The leading CFD providers will discuss software features and functionality such as flow features and benefits, solver technology, as well as describe an example of CFD use in the real world.
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
The presentation was made at the "Business Meet on Applications of solar drying systems in domestic, industrial and commercial applications", SPRERI, Anand, India.
It presents the advantages of CFD as a design tool to design better solar drying systems.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electrochemical Machining (ECM) is an effective method for machining the parts with the whole structure or special structure. Because the conventional machining methods are not suitable for processing these kinds of structures. In this work, taking electrochemical machining rectangular holes as the research objective, and analyzing the flow field characteristics of machined surface with three kinds of cathode channel structures. First discussing the working state of the ECM process and some equations to be complied with, then numerically simulating the models which have the same characteristics with design and simulation parameters, obtained the pressure contour and velocity contour on the machined surface. The simulation results indicated that the machining effect of long slot structure was not as good as that of arc slot and tilted slot structure, and few differences in machining effects were observed between the arc slot and tilted slot structure. A case study was presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing the flow field of cathode for ECM.
Summer Training 2015 at Alternate Hydro Energy CenterKhusro Kamaluddin
This is the presentation i gave to "Defend" my Summer Training at AHEC IIT Roorkee During Summer 2015. I gave this presentation in my college during my final year. Indeed the most lengthy i ever gave .
Computational fluid dynamics for chemical reactor designrita martin
Computational fluid dynamics improve efficiencies in fluid flow, heat and mass transfer processes. Computational Fluid Dynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computational fluid dynamics Found Its self in various industrial applications, Biomedical, Electronics, Defense, Industrial,Environmental, Civil and drug delivery systems
Power of CFD simulation in pharmaceutical mixing applicationsKuthur Sriram
Power CFD based simulation
a) In Pharma mixing process optimisation
b) In compressing the time to market
c) In delivering affordable and profitable drug
Fluid dynamics, actually is the study of fluid under motion, governed with a certain set of conservation equations, wherein things are conserved, with reference to mass, momentum & energy.
If these three quantities i.e. mass, momentum & energy are solved entirely we can define any fluid flow. The conservation laws are formulated in the form of equations which we try to solve and that’s what simulation is all about. For my blogs kindly visit: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool to simulate, analyze, and optimize designs. The leading CFD providers will discuss software features and functionality such as flow features and benefits, solver technology, as well as describe an example of CFD use in the real world.
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
CFD and EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS of VORTEX SHEDDING BEHIND D-SHAPED CYLINDERAM Publications
The flow around bluff bodies is an area of great research of scientists for several years. Vortex shedding is
one of the most challenging phenomenon in turbulent flows. This phenomenon was first studied by Strouhal. Many
researchers have modeled the various objects as cylinders with different cross-sections among which square and
circular cylinders were the most interested sections to study the vortex shedding phenomenon. The Vortex Shedding
frequency depends on different aspects of the flow field such as the end conditions, blockage ratio of the flow passage,
and width to height ratio. This case studies the wave development behind a D-Shaped cylinder, at different Reynolds
numbers, for which we expect a vortex street in the wake of the D-Shaped cylinder, the well known as von Kármán
Street. This body typically serves some vital operational function in aerodynamic. In circular cylinder flow separation
point changes with Reynolds number but in D-Shaped cylinder there is fix flow separation point. So there is more
wake steadiness in D-Shaped cylinder as compared to Circular cylinder and drag reduction because of wake
steadiness.In the present work CFD simulation is carried out for flow past a D-Shaped cylinder to see the wake
behavior. The Reynolds number regime currently studied corresponds to low Reynolds number, laminar and
nominally two-dimensional wake. The fluid domain is a two-dimensional plane with a D-Shaped cylinder of
dimensions B=90mm, H=80mm and L=200mm. CFD calculations of the 2-D flow past the D-Shaped cylinder are
presented and results are validated by comparing with Experimental results of pressure distribution on cylinder
surface. The experimentation is carried out using small open type wind tunnel. The flow visualization is done by
smoke visualization technique. Results are presented for various B/H ratios and Reynolds numbers. The variation of
Strouhal number with Reynolds number is found from the analysis. The focus of the present research is on reducing
the wake unsteadiness.
Effect of spikes integrated to airfoil at supersonic speedeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this is to analyse the flow field over an aerofoil section integrated with spikes at supersonic speed (Mach number
greater than 1). Use of spike integrated with aerofoil changes the flow characteristics over aerofoil and hence aerodynamic lift
and drag. The experiment consists of flow visualization graphs and measurement of coefficient of aerodynamic drag and lift.
Here we are using different shapes of spike like sharp edge and hemi spherical edge. In this we will compare the flow over
aerofoil with spike and without spike. The flow analysis is done by using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD is the study
of external flow over a body or internal flow through the body. CFD is aiding aero-dynamist to better understand the flow physics
and in turn to design efficient models. In short, CFD is playing a strong role as a design tool as well as a research tool.
Keywords: NACA 651-412 airfoil, spike, Ansys Fluent, Ansys ICEM CFD, Pressure Coefficient
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
The need for high pump performance and efficiency continue to encourage the study of flow between two parallel co-rotating discs in multiple discs pump or turbine. Therefore, this study entails the design, construction and CFD simulation of a 3D Tesla pump model axisymmetric swirling flow in order to enhance the understanding of Tesla pump for future development.
Method of solution entails designing and construction of a small prototype tesla pump and then using the design geometry and parameters to design and perform numerical simulation. The results of the numerical simulation were then analyzed.
The result obtained indicates static pressure to have minimum value of -4.7791Pa at the outlet and 13.777Pa at the pump inlet and with velocity magnitude having minimum velocity of 0.00m/s and maximum velocity of 4.12m/s. The strength of the velocity was seen to be very high at the pump outlet. The analysis radial velocity showed minimum value of -0.508m/s and maximum value of 3.981m/s with the radial velocity vector being concentrated at the discs periphery and outlet.
Model simulation results exhibited smooth pressure and velocity profiles. With the 3D simulation all flow variables are able to be predicted.
The need for high pump performance and efficiency continue to encourage the study of flow between two parallel co-rotating discs in multiple discs pump or turbine. Therefore, this study entails the design, construction and CFD simulation of a 3D Tesla pump model axisymmetric swirling flow in order to enhance the understanding of Tesla pump for future development.
Method of solution entails designing and construction of a small prototype tesla pump and then using the design geometry and parameters to design and perform numerical simulation. The results of the numerical simulation were then analyzed.
The result obtained indicates static pressure to have minimum value of -4.7791Pa at the outlet and 13.777Pa at the pump inlet and with velocity magnitude having minimum velocity of 0.00m/s and maximum velocity of 4.12m/s. The strength of the velocity was seen to be very high at the pump outlet. The analysis radial velocity showed minimum value of -0.508m/s and maximum value of 3.981m/s with the radial velocity vector being concentrated at the discs periphery and outlet.
Model simulation results exhibited smooth pressure and velocity profiles. With the 3D simulation all flow variables are able to be predicted.
Numerical simulations have been undertaken
for the benchmark problem in a Square cavity by using
computational fluid dynamics software. This work aims at
discussing the fundamental numerical and computational
fluid dynamic aspects which can lead to the definition of
the following meshing methods and turbulence models.
The meshes used for the simulation are hexahedral,
hexahedral cell with near wall refinement, tetrahedral
grid, polyhedral, tetrahedral with near wall refinement
and polyhedral mesh with prism layer cells based the near
wall thickness of Y+ less than one. The turbulence models
used for the simulation work are AKN K-Epsilon Low-Re,
Realizable K-Epsilon, Realizable K-Epsilon Two-Layer,
standard K-Epsilon, standard K-Epsilon Low-Re,
Standard K-Epsilon Two-Layer, V2F K-Epsilon,
SST(Menter) K-Omega, and Standard(Wilcox) K-Omega.
From these meshes and turbulence models, we will
conclude the suitable mesh and turbulence for the
recirculation flow by the grid independent test. These
analytical values of results are compared with reference
data which gives an optimization of experimental work.
Unsteady simulation was ran for all the Grid Independent
mesh with the SST k omega model with the time step of
0.01 sec for 40 seconds. The flow nature is studied with
and without the temperature for Reynolds number, 1000
and 10000.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. 26 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
This thesis aims to predict the following:
Estimation of velocity at nozzle exit as a
case of supersonic (or) not.
Estimation of nozzle and turbine rotor gap
under static condition of rotor.
Flow visualization.
I. FLUID GOVERNING EQUATION
The fundamental equations of fluid
dynamics are based on the following universal law
of conversation. They are:
1) Conservation of mass.
2) Conservation of momentum.
3) Conservation of energy.
Continuity Equation:
where „‟ is the density, „V‟ is the fluid velocity. For
an incompressible flow, the density of each fluid
element remains constant.
Momentum Equation:
Energy Equation:
Equation of State:
(Pv= MRT)
II. METHODS OF PREDICTION
Experimental Investigation:
The most reliable information about the physical
process is often given by actual measurement. It
involves full scale equipment, which can be used to
predict how identical copies of the equipment
would perform under the same conditions. They
are often expensive and time consuming. The
resulting information however must be
extrapolated to full scale and general rules for
doing this are often available.
Theoretical Calculations:
It works out on the consequences of
mathematical model rather than those of an actual
physical model. If the methods of classical
mathematics are to be used for solving these
equations then there is a little hope for predicting
many phenomenon of practical interest. It is often
referred as an analytical approach. In this
simplification, assumptions are used in order to
make the problem tractable. These solutions often
contain infinite series, special functions and
transcendental equations for Eigen values so that
the numerical evaluation may be the formidable
task.
Computational Methods:
In the computational approach a limited
number of assumptions were made and high speed
digital computer is used to solve the resulting
governing fluid dynamic equations. The
development of numerical methods and the
availability of large digital computers hold the
promise implicating the mathematical model which
can be worked out on almost any practical
problem.
Advantages:
a) No restriction to linearity
b) Complicated physics can be treated.
c) Time evolution of flow can be obtained.
d) It has potential of providing the information
which cannot be obtained by any other means.
e) Computational can provide investigations which
can be performed with remarkable speed. Designer
can study the implications of hundreds of
differential configurations in minimum time and
choose the optimum design.
f) It gives detailed and complete information. It can
also provide the values of all the relevant variables
such as pressure, velocity, temperature,
concentration, turbulence etc throughout the
domain of interest.
Disadvantages:
i) Truncation errors
ii) Boundary condition problems
iii) Computer costs.
iv) Computer storage and speed.
3. 27 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
Applications of CFD:
a) Aerodynamics of aircraft & vehicles: lift
drag
b) Hydrodynamics of ship
c) Metrology: weather prediction
d) Turbo machinery: Flows inside rotating
passage, diffusers.
e) Hydrology and oceanography: flows in
rivers, estuaries and oceans
Problem solving steps: Once you have determined
the important features of the problem we want to
solve, we will follow the basic procedural steps
shown below:
1.Create the model geometry and grid.
2.Start the appropriate solver for 2d or 3d
modeling.
3.Import the grid.
4.Check the grid
5.Scale the grid
6.Select the solver formulation.
7.Choose basic equations to be solved: laminar or
turbulent (or inviscid), chemical species or
reaction, heat transfer models etc. Identify
additional models needed: fans, heat
exchangers, porous media etc.
8.Specify the material properties.
9.Specify the boundary conditions.
10. Adjust the solution control parameters.
11. Initialize the flow field.
12. Calculate the solution.
13. Examine the results.
14. Save the results.
III. MODELING OF THE COMPONENTS
Modeling of Super Sonic Nozzle:
Figure: Nozzle Profile
Figure: Solid model of nozzle profile.
Modeling of Blade Profile:
Figure: Blade Profile.
Figure: Series of Rotor Blade.
Modeling of Nozzle and Turbine Blades as
Partial Admission Case:
As analysis is to be carried out for different axial
gap between rotor blades and nozzle, length of
ordinate is fixed. Rotor blades and nozzle with
different axial gaps are modeled separately as
shown in figures for 3mm, 4mm and 5mm axial
gaps respectively.
Figure: Solid model as a partial admission case of Nozzle
and Rotor blades with 3mm axial gap.
Figure: Solid model as a partial admission case of Nozzle
and Rotor blades with 4mm axial gap.
Figure: Solid model as a partial admission case of Nozzle
and Rotor blades with 5mm axial gap.
4. 28 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
Mesh generation:
Mesh Generation for 3D C-D nozzle:
A 3D Model is created in ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 as
shown in figure. To generate the structured grid as
shown in figure with hexahedral cells ANSYS
FLUENT 14.5 is used. This mesh is in good
agreement with turbulence model and good results
are obtained otherwise if they aren‟t in good
agreement then they won‟t match with the
experimental ones.
Figure: Meshed View of 3 D Nozzle Profile.
Mesh Generation for 2D C-D nozzle:
A 2D nozzle profile is modeled in ANSYS FLUENT
14.5. To generate the structured grid as shown in
figure with quadrilateral elements ANSYS FLUENT
14.5 is used. This mesh is in good agreement with
turbulence model and good results are obtained
otherwise if they aren‟t in good agreement then
they won‟t match with the experimental one.
Figure: Meshed view of 2 D nozzle profile.
Figure: Meshed view as a partial admission case of Nozzle
and Rotor blades with 3mm axial gap.
Figure: Meshed view as a partial admission case of Nozzle
and Rotor blades with 4mm axial gap.
Figure: Meshed view as a partial admission case of Nozzle
and Rotor blades with 5mm axial gap.
ANALYSIS OF C-D RECTANGULAR NOZZLE:
Solver: Material selection and operating
condition defining:
The solver is defined first. Solver is taken as
Coupled based and formulation as implicit, space
as 2D and time as steady. Velocity formulation as
absolute and gradient options as Green Gauss Cell
based are taken. Energy equation is taken into
consideration. The viscous medium is also taken.
Then analysis is carried out using K-epsilon
turbulence model. The selection of material is
done. Material selected as gas. The properties of
gas taken as follows:
Density of ideal gas is considered
Cp (Specific heat capacity) = 2034.6J/Kg.K
Thermal Conductivity = 0.0706 W/m-K
Viscosity = 6.07 e-5 (Kg/m-s)
Molecular weight = 23.05 (Kg/Kg-Mol)
The analysis is carried out under operating
condition of Zero
Pascal. Gravity is not taken into consideration.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Nozzle Inlet:
Pressure inlet is taken as inlet for nozzle. The
value ofpressure is 8101325 Pascal. Initial gauge
pressure is taken as 7898681 Pascal. Temperature
is taken as 1583K.
Nozzle Outlet:
The nozzle outlet is set as pressure outlet with a
value of 13e5.
Controls set up:
The solution controls are set as listed below. The
under relaxation factor was set as given.
Turbulence Kinetic Energy 0.8
Turbulence Dissipation rate 0.8
Turbulence Viscocity 1
Discretization Equation is selected as given:
Flow (Second order up wind)
Turbulence Kinetic Energy (1st order upwind)
Turbulence dissipations rate (1st order upwind)
Initialization:
Solution initialization is done. Initial values of
velocity are taken as 186.3 m/s in y direction.
Temperature is taken as 1583K Residual
5. 29 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
monitoring is done and convergence criteria are set
up. The convergence criteria of various parameters
are listed below.
Continuity - 0.001
X Velocity - 0.001
Y Velocity - 0.001
Energy - 0.001
The number of iterations is set up and iterations
starts. The iteration continues till the convergence
is reached and convergence history as shown in
figure.
ANALYSIS OF NOZZLE AND TURBINE ROTOR
BLADES AS A CASE OF PARTIAL ADMISSION:
The analysis is carried in fluent software by
importing the meshed file saved in ANSYS FLUENT
14.5. The steps that are followed are given below
which all the conditions and the boundaries value
for the problem statement are included, for varied
axial gaps of nozzle and turbine rotor blades as a
case of partial admission.
Figure: Convergence history of C-D Nozzle.
Checking of Mesh and Scaling:
The fluent solver is opened where 2DDP is
selected and then the importing of the meshed file
is done. The meshed file then undergoes a checking
where number of grids are found. After this grid
check is done followed by smoothing and swapping
of grid is done.
Following this step, scaling is done. Scale is
scaled to mm. Grid created then converted from m
to mm. After this step, defining of various
parameters is done.
Solver: Material Selection and operating
condition defining:
The solver is defined first. Solver is taken as
Segregated based and formulation as implicit,
space as 2D and time as steady.
Velocity formulation as absolute and gradient
options as Green Gauss Cell based are taken.
Energy equation is taken into consideration. The
viscous medium is also taken. Then analysis is
carried out using K-epsilon turbulence model. The
selection of material is done. Material selected as
gas.
The properties of gas taken as follows:
Density of ideal gas is considered
Cp (Specific heat capacity) = 2034.6J/Kg.K
Thermal Conductivity = 0.0706 W/m-K
Viscosity = 6.07 e-5 (Kg/m-s)
Molecular weight = 23.05 (Kg/Kg-Mol)
The analysis is carried out under operating
condition of Zero Pascal. Gravity is not taken into
consideration.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Nozzle Inlet:
Pressure inlet is taken as inlet for nozzle. The value
of pressure is 8101325 Pascal. Initial gauge
pressure is taken as 7898681Pascal. Temperature
is taken as 1583K.
Outlet blades of rotor:
The outlet is set as pressure outlet with a value of
101325 Pascal
Controls set up:
The solution controls are set as listed below: The
under relaxation factor was set as given.
Pressure - 0.3
Density - 1
Body forces - 1
Momentum - 0.7
Pressure velocity coupling was taken as SIMPLE.
Discretization Equation is selected as given:
Pressure - standard
Density - 1st order upwind
Momentum - 1st order upwind
Turbulence Kinetic Energy (1st order upwind)
Turbulence dissipations rate (1st order upwind)
Energy - 1st order upwind
Initialization:
Solution initialization is done. Initial values of
velocity are taken as 186.3 m/s in y direction.
Temperature is taken as 1583K Residual
monitorization is done and convergence criteria are
set up. The convergence criteria of various
parameters are listed below.
Continuity - 0.001
X Velocity - 0.001
Y Velocity - 0.001
Energy - 0.001
The number of iterations is set up and iterations
starts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Theoretical calculation of c-d nozzle:
Properties of Gases:
Gamma of gases = 1.27
Thermal conductivity [K] = 0.0706 w/m-k
6. 30 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
Molecular Weight = 23.05 Kg/Kg-Mol
Specific heat of gases [CP] = 2034.6 KJ/Kg-K
Density treated as Ideal gas
Gas constant (R) = 432
Viscosity (Kg/m-s) = 6.07 e -5
Boundary (Inlet/Exit) Conditions
NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) : 6.16
Given Inlet pressure : 80 bar (8x106 pa)
Exit pressure : 12.987 bar
Inlet temperature : 1583K
Geometrical Parameters
Given Throat area : 2.85xe-5 m2
Given inlet Mach number : 0.2
Mach number definition : M = V/C
C = acoustic velocity
RESULTS FOR NOZZLE:
Figure: Convergence history of C-D nozzle
It had been observed that convergence history for
C-D nozzle has good argument and flow is
maintained smooth as shown in figure.
Figure: Co-efficient of drag for C-D nozzle
It had been observed that the co-efficient of drag.
Initially it fluctuates at inlet and later on its
remains stable while the flow continues, the
co-efficient of drag value maintains the limitations
and the results are good in agreement as shown is
figure.
Figure: Co-efficient of lift for C-D nozzle
7. 31 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
It had been observed that the co-efficient of drag.
Initially it fluctuates at inlet and later on its
remains stable while the flow continues, the
co-efficient of drag value maintains the limitations
and the results are good in agreement as shown is
figure. As extent of results in normal direction is
nothing but 3D flow through the nozzle for given
input condition with velocity as 183 m/s and
maximum output was observed as a 1423 m/s,
such that Mach Number is increased from 0.2 to
1.54 in which nozzle is acting as supersonic nozzle
and contours of mach number as shown in figure.
The velocity contours of nozzle is plotted in figure,
the pressure contours of nozzle is plotted in figure
and temperature contours of nozzle is plotted in
figure. The velocity, temperature, Mach number,
pressure variation along the nozzle is compared
with theoretical calculation and with experimental
too. These three results are good in agreement with
each other.
Figure: Mach number contours of nozzle.
Figure: Velocity contours of nozzle.
Figure: Pressure contours of nozzle
Figure: Temperature contours of nozzle.
RESULTS FOR INTERACTION OF NOZZLE AND
ROTOR BLADES:
Flow passage from exit of nozzle and entry of
turbine rotor blades is allowed under static
condition of rotor (blades). As a case of partial
admission of axial impulse turbine the flow will
suddenly impact to the blades during the of nozzle
flow at rotor blades so many factors can be
considered to improve the performance of turbine.
In this study the tangential velocity is selected as a
parameter for better performance of turbine speed.
Velocity distribution is shown in figures for 3mm,
4mm and 5mm axial gap respectively. Velocity
vector contours are shown in figures 3mm, 4mm
and 5mm axial gap respectively. By observing the
tangential velocity contours for 3mm, 4mm, 5mm
gap axial clearances of nozzle and turbine rotor
blades as shown in figures. The maximum average
tangential velocity will act a 3mm axial clearence,
3mm gap of axial clearance will be the better one
and also assumed that co-efficient of drag and lift
of nozzle-rotor interaction, all are in good
agreement as shown in figures.
Figure: Velocity contours with 3mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure: Velocity contours with 4mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure: Velocity contours with 5mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades.
8. 32 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
Figure: Tangential velocity contours with 3mm axial gap
between Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure: Tangential velocity contours with 4mm axial gap
between Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure:: Tangential velocity contours with 5mm axial gap
between Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure: Co-efficient of drag with 3mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure: Co-efficient of lift with 3mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades.
Figure: Co-efficient of lift with 4mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades
Figure: Co-efficient of drag with 4mm axial gap between
Nozzle and Rotor blades
IV. LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE
CD Nozzle flow is carried out for given
pressure ratio and input output conditions
as specified.
The above nozzle used for this purpose is a
special type manufactured by N.S.T.L for
their special applications.
During the study of nozzle and turbine the
flow of gases is assumed to be at its full
length and turbine blades are assumed
under static condition.
V. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
For the present study, the following conclusions
are drawn:
CFD results of convergent divergent nozzle
were in good agreement with the
experimental values and theoretical values
and the nozzle is acting as a super sonic
nozzle.
CFD predictions for convergent – divergent
nozzle and turbine rotor find good
agreement with the experimental results of
N.S.T.L
Future work should focus on employing a finer
resolution grid than the one employed in present
study different turbulence models can be tested in
the simulations.
Dynamic mesh can employ for further
simulations.
Nozzle can be studied for different N.P.R to
meet the other range of knots.
Further research can be done under
dynamic condition of rotor.
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9. 33 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Snigdha Panday, B. Joga Rao, T.Jayanand Kumar : Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic
Nozzle and Impulse Turbine Using CFD
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