IRJET - Design and Modification of Dump Truck to Avoid Accidents Due to Protruded Rods and to Reduce Material Theft

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2866
DESIGN AND MODIFICATION OF DUMP TRUCK TO AVOID ACCIDENTS
DUE TO PROTRUDED RODS AND TO REDUCE MATERIAL THEFT
P. Leon Dharmadurai1, R. Manojkumar2, K. Mathan Kumar3, S. Sri Ram4
1Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile, SNS college of Technology, Coimbatore.
2,3,4 Students , Automobile Engineering, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Automobile industry is a growing industry
which necessitates the importance of safety. This project
focuses on the enhancement of safety in Heavy vehicles.
One of the main threat in heavy vehicles is carrying a rod
or other elements which is protruded beyond its loading
area which will cause severe injury to the person who
travelling back to the truck. The other problem is to
reduce the theft of the loading material by the driver in
the truck. To avoid the accidents due to protruded rods,
the engine of the vehicle is made to crank only if the
trailer door is completely closed. It is made possible by
using proximity sensor near the door opening. The
material theft is reduced by using Load cell in the loading
area. The load cell value is continuously monitored by the
truck owner. Hence by using the proximity sensor to
detect the opening of Back door, we can reduce accident
rate and by use of Load cell continuous monitor is done
and hence control the theft.
Keywords: Proximity Sensor, Load cell, Amplifier,
Alarm buzzer, Arduino UNO.
1. INTRODUCTION
The present works focus on prevention of
damage of roads and prevent vehicle damage. Roads
now-a-days play a very important role in every part of
world. The value lies in providing safe and convenient
travel for the users. As the device is working in the
loading process, it can ensure to prevent vehicle
overloading; in the process of driving, the drivers don't
have to worry about being fined due to overload
syndrome; ensure the personal safety of driving. At the
same time the system is designed to save the national
highway maintenance fees and to ensure the safety of
people's lives and property.
Overloading a Vehicle will pose the
following risks: Different vehicles have different
maximum weights for which they are designed .Hence if
this maximum weight exceeds than it is difficult to stop
the vehicle and thus the vehicle becomes less stable
.Effectiveness to stop the vehicle decreases due to
overheating of breaks which will result in harder
breaking mechanism as the vehicle is heavier. The parts
of the vehicle are of great concern and overloading will
incur major loss or reduction in their effective usage
and will decrease the efficiency of the vehicles. As the
overloading is illegal the insurance covered by it
becomes invalid. Overloaded vehicles produce higher
kinetic energy, resulting in greater impact forces and
damages to other vehicles or to the infrastructure. The
other common problems on National highways is
overloading of trucks beyond the specified height and
length limits. In 2014 these two causes have resulted in
36,543 deaths.
1.1. ARDUINO UNO
ARDUINO UNO is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO
without worrying too much about doing something
wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for
a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to
mark the release of ARDUINO Software (IDE) 1.0. The
Uno board and version 1.0 of ARDUINO Software (IDE)
were the reference versions of ARDUINO, now evolved
to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series
of USB ARDUINO boards, and the reference model for
the ARDUINO platform; for an extensive list of current,
past or outdated boards see the ARDUINO index of
boards.
(Figure 1.1)

1.1.1 POWER USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the
USB cable from your computer. All you need to do is
connect the USB cable to the USB connection.
1.1.2 POWER (BARREL JACK)
Arduino boards can be powered directly from
the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the
Barrel Jack (2).
1.1.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The function of the voltage regulator is to
control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and
other elements.
1.1.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing
with time issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The
answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number
printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000Hertz. It
tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16
MHz.
1.1.5 ARDUINO RESET
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start
your program from the beginning. You can reset the
UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button
(17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external
reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).
1.1.6 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino
board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins
on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the
Arduino board from an external power source,
like AC mains power supply.
1.1.7 ANALOG PINS
The Arduino UNO board has six analog input
pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the signal from
an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value
that can be read by the microprocessor.
1.1.8 Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own
microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of
your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the
Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The
microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company.
You must know what IC your board has before loading
up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This
information is available on the top of the IC. For more
details about the IC construction and functions, you can
refer to the data sheet.
1.1.10 ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny
programming header for the Arduino consisting of
MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which
could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.
Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master
of the SPI bus.
1.1.11 Power LED indicator
This LED should light up when you plug your
Arduino into a power source to indicate that your board
is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on,
then there is something wrong with the connection.
1.1.12 TX and RX LEDS
On your board, you will find two labels: TX
(transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two places
on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0
and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX
led flashes with different speed while sending the serial
data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate
used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving
process.
1.1.13 Digital I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins
(15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or
as digital output pins to drive different modules like
LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labelled can be used to
generate PWM.
1.1.14 AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is
sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.

1.2 LOAD CELL
A load cell is a sensor or a transducer that converts a
load or force acting on it into an electronic signal. This
electronic signal can be a voltage change, current
change or frequency change depending on the type of
load cell and circuitry used. There are many different
kinds of load cells. We offer resistive load cells and
capacitive load cells.
Resistive load cells work on the principle of piezo-
resistivity. When a load/force/stress is applied to the
sensor, it changes its resistance. This change in
resistance leads to a change in output voltage when a
input voltage is applied.
Capacitive load cell work on the principle of change of
capacitance which is the ability of a system to hold a
certain amount of charge when a voltage is applied to it.
For common parallel plate capacitors, the capacitance is
directly proportional to the amount of overlap of the
plates and the dielectric between the plates and
inversely proportional to the gap between the plates.
(Figure 1.2 i)
HX711 LOADCELL AMPLIFIER
 We’ve all used a scale to determine the weight of
something at some point in our lives.
 Using a Load Cell or Weight sensor you can add this
capability to your Arduino projects.
 In this project we will see how to connect, calibrate
and display the weight on a small OLED display, and
by using a rotary encoder we will be able to change
the units from: grams, kg or pounds.
 We will be using the HX711 ADC converter board to
amplify the signal received from the weight sensor.
This amplifier enables the Arduino to detect the
changes in resistance from the load cell.
(Figure 1.2 ii)
1.3 PROXIMITY SENSOR
A sensor that can be used for detecting the
presence of objects surrounding it without having any
physical contact is termed as a proximity sensor. This
can be done using the electromagnetic field or
electromagnetic radiation beam in which the field or
return signal changes in the event of the presence of any
object in its surrounding. This object sensed by the
proximity sensor is termed as a target.
(Figure 1.3 i)
Thus, if we discuss about different types of
targets such as plastic target, metal target, and so on
requires different types of proximity sensors such as
capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric proximity
sensor, inductive proximity sensor, magnetic proximity
sensor and so on. The range in which the proximity
sensor is able to detect an object is termed as nominal

range. Unlike the other sensors, proximity sensors can
last for long life and have very high reliability as there
are no mechanical parts as well as no physical contact
exists between the sensor and sensed object.
Let us discuss about the inductive proximity
sensor circuit which is most frequently used in many
applications. The proximity sensor circuit diagram is
shown in the above figure which consists of different
blocks such as oscillator block, electrical induction coil,
power supply, voltage regulator, etc.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Mohamed Rehan Karim and Et.al in their
study have highlighted the magnitude of the problem of
vehicle overloading. Apart from the impact on pavement
damage and carbon emission, vehicle overloading
would lead to more hazardous road environment
because of the limitation in vehicle dynamics and
braking performance of the vehicle to cope with the
higher demands for the excess pay loads.
Kilavo Hassan and Et.al done overview on
passengers overload in public buses has been a problem
in various countries. The current situation for
controlling overloading passengers in public buses
needs to be improved. There is a need to device a new
system which can overcome all this difficulties as the
technology is growing we need to utilize it for the
development of our country.
Akindele Ayoola .E et al discussed on load cell
development based on a static weighing system which
focused on the use of digital filtering techniques which
was used to remove low frequency noise during
measurement from the static weighing system. This
design had a high resolution measurement. A PGA was
also included in the analog to digital converter coupled
with the high resolution.
Awodeyi Afolabi .I et al presented the design of an
efficient and inexpensive microcontroller based
weighing scale. The load cell/resistive strain gauge was
used to measure weight. Pressure was converted into
various voltage levels. The voltage levels in this design
were converted into digital data in the PIC16F690
microcontroller.
Matthews Victor O et al described the design and
implementation of a digital electronic weighing system
which is high resolution, portable and low cost. The
designed system could be used in laboratory, for
commercial and domestic purposes. This system has
miniaturized circuits which made use of a
microcontroller. It is made up of an 8 bit 8051
microcontroller which had a memory module for
storing data from analog to digital converter.
Alashiri Olaitan A et al got analogue weighing
machine and converted it to a digital weighing machine.
This was achieved using the spring extension in the
analog weighing machine was converted by a voltage
divider circuit (transducer) into voltage. The transducer
(voltage divider) output was fed to the microcontroller
which was responsible for converting analog voltages to
its digital equivalent using the analog-digital converter
embedded into the microcontroller.
Idowu Oriyomi .K et al developed an
automatic digital weighing system that operated with
solar energy. The advantages of this system are the
implementation of efficient energy, miniaturized parts,
great accuracy and efficiency, low cost. The system
operates on AC and DC supply. This system developed
measures weights ranging from 0-40kg.
Olaloye Folarin J et al developed a hybrid
digital weighing scale which is energy efficient and can
be used for weight measurements. The system detects
minute weights placed over it, accurately reads and
measures it kilograms and displays it on the LCD
module. The system developed converted pressure into
appropriate voltage levels. The voltage level was filtered
and converted into digital data in the microcontroller
which was displayed on a LCD.
Chandrasekhar et al ,1994Liquid crystals
(LCs) are a state of matter that have properties between
those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid
crystal For instance, an LC may flow like a liquid, but its
molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way. There
are many different types of LC phases, which can be
distinguished by their different optical properties.
Ralf Joost, Ralf Salomon et al have proposed
Advantages of FPGA-Based Multiprocessor Systems in
Industrial Applications. Today, industrial production
machines must be highly flexible in order to
competitively account for dynamic and unforeseen
changes in the product demands.
Durga Prasad, N.V.P.R. , Lakshminarayana T,
Narasimham J.R.K, Verman T.M., KrishnamRaju
C.S.R et al have proposed “Automatic Control and
Management of Electrostatic Precipitator”. The efficient
operation of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) in
practice depends upon many variables, such as charging
method, particle size, gas flow, temperature, dust
resistivity, etc.

3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
A load cell is made by using an elastic member (with
very highly repeatable deflection pattern) to which a
number of strain gauges are attached.
In this particular load cell shown in above
figure, there are a total of four strain gauges that are
bonded to the upper and lower surfaces of the load cell.
When the load is applied to the body of a
resistive load cell as shown above, the elastic member,
deflects as shown and creates a strain at those locations
due to the stress applied. As a result, two of the strain
gauges are in compression, whereas the other two are
in tension as shown in below animation.
(Figure 3)
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LOAD CELL
(Figure 4)
5. ADVANTAGES
 Low cost
 Easy implementation
 Low power consumption
 Accurate
5.1 DISADVANTAGES
 The accuracy may vary while the vehicle is
in motion.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper proposed a practical method of
accurately and easily performing digital compensation
for the creep error in a load cell. The method employs as
a compensation function a weighted composite function
that consists of a first-order lag response and a linear
function. It also proposed a creep occurrence model that
re produces the amount of creep error that varies
according to the loading history, and a compensation
algorithm corresponding to that model. They can be
used to realize accurate compensation and are also of
less computational complexity and require fewer
parameters to be stored, and thus are suitable for being
implemented on integrated circuit boards where
processing capacity and memory size can be limited. In
this paper the effectiveness of the method was verified
by processing the resultant output that were obtained
from a load cell generating positive creep error and
another one generating negative creep error on a
computer. The method proved to be capable of
compensating for various creep errors generated under
the loading conditions of a normal load, repetitive load
and unloading and ramp input loading, with high
accuracy, and had its effectiveness verified.
7. REFRENCES
[1] M. Makabe, T. Kohashi, “High Accurate Creep
Compensation Method for Load Cell”, Proc. of SICE
Annual Conference 2007, pp. 29-36 , 2007.
[2] Published patent application H2-144942, Yamato
Scale Co.,Ltd.
[3] Published patent application H9-172847, Yamato
Scale Co.,Ltd.
[4] Karina Barbosa,Joan Esterle,Benjamin
Bonfils,Zhongwei Chen is the use of short impact load
cell to derive geometrical properties,pp.73-79,2019.
[5] The University of Queensland School of Earth and
Environmental Sciences,
St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
[6] The University of Queensland Centre for Coal Seam
Gas, St.Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
[7] The University of Queensland Scool of Mining
Engineering, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
[8] The University of Queensland Julis Kruttschitt
Minerals Research Centre, Indooroopilly QLD, 4068,
Australia.

IRJET - Design and Modification of Dump Truck to Avoid Accidents Due to Protruded Rods and to Reduce Material Theft

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IRJET - Design and Modification of Dump Truck to Avoid Accidents Due to Protruded Rods and to Reduce Material Theft