This document summarizes an investigation into the performance of a diesel engine with ceramic coatings and different piston materials. A ceramic-coated engine was developed with an air gap between the piston skirt and crown, cylinder liner and jacket, and ceramic coating on the cylinder head and valves. Testing was conducted with aluminum, plain brass, and brass pistons with six grooves. The brass piston with six grooves performed best, increasing exhaust temperature by 5.36% and brake thermal efficiency by 3.16% compared to the brass piston, but also decreased volumetric efficiency more than the other pistons. Overall, the ceramic coatings and brass pistons improved combustion and reduced emissions.
Ijaems apr-2016-20 Design, Modeling and Analysis of Structural Strength of Cy...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The proficiency of any automobile engine is deals with the structural strength of its cylinder and cylinder head. Cylinder and cylinder head are most important parts of an engine because the piston moving inside the cylinder, so friction between cylinder wall and piston is very higher and due to this the mechanical load or fatigue load acting on the cylinder. So that structure of cylinder should be stronger. The combustion chamber, crank case, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and cylinder are placed under the cylinder head. Cylinder head provides the protection against the high thermal and mechanical load on an engine, so the cylinder head is “a protector” of an engine and its parts. The review of existing literature on design, modeling and analysis of cylinder and cylinder head is presented. 3D-model of cylinder and cylinder head were created using Pro/Engineer software and ANSYS was used to analyze the thermal and structural analysis. So finally design considerations, material specifications, failure analysis, these all are reviewed successfully over here.
LAB SCALE PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THERMAL BA...ijmech
Ceramic based coatings are routinely being engineered to protect metallic components from high
temperature environments in applications like gas turbines and jet engines. However, although a wellresearched
technology, detailed and realistic information on the effects of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
in improving the performance of commercial diesel engines is either classified or inconsistent. Additional
information by means of lab scale and analytical evaluation of TBCs prepared from 8%Y2O3-ZrO2 plasma
sprayable powders (prepared in the laboratory by using organic binders), coated onto aluminium
substrates, corroborated by simulation model is one part of this paper. The findings are supplemented by
studying the influence of the TBCs on aluminium pistons in a single cylinder nine horsepower class diesel
engine, thereby carrying out realistic performance of the engine involving parameters such as Power
(Brake, Indicated and Frictional), thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, effects of ceramic insulation on
emission and exhaust temperature and peak cylinder pressure, as the concluding part of the studies.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Piston in the internal combustion (IC) engine is robust, dynamically loaded tribo-pair that
reciprocates continuously at varying temperature. Study has been made by various researchers on piston
design, dynamics, fatigue and wear at the interface with other element in contact along with their effects on
IC engines. It was found that the friction coefficient increases with increasing surface roughness of liner
surface and thermal performance of the piston increases with increased coating thickness. The free material
liberated due to deep scoring between the piston and liner snowballs, leads to seizure failure.
Ijaems apr-2016-20 Design, Modeling and Analysis of Structural Strength of Cy...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The proficiency of any automobile engine is deals with the structural strength of its cylinder and cylinder head. Cylinder and cylinder head are most important parts of an engine because the piston moving inside the cylinder, so friction between cylinder wall and piston is very higher and due to this the mechanical load or fatigue load acting on the cylinder. So that structure of cylinder should be stronger. The combustion chamber, crank case, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and cylinder are placed under the cylinder head. Cylinder head provides the protection against the high thermal and mechanical load on an engine, so the cylinder head is “a protector” of an engine and its parts. The review of existing literature on design, modeling and analysis of cylinder and cylinder head is presented. 3D-model of cylinder and cylinder head were created using Pro/Engineer software and ANSYS was used to analyze the thermal and structural analysis. So finally design considerations, material specifications, failure analysis, these all are reviewed successfully over here.
LAB SCALE PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THERMAL BA...ijmech
Ceramic based coatings are routinely being engineered to protect metallic components from high
temperature environments in applications like gas turbines and jet engines. However, although a wellresearched
technology, detailed and realistic information on the effects of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
in improving the performance of commercial diesel engines is either classified or inconsistent. Additional
information by means of lab scale and analytical evaluation of TBCs prepared from 8%Y2O3-ZrO2 plasma
sprayable powders (prepared in the laboratory by using organic binders), coated onto aluminium
substrates, corroborated by simulation model is one part of this paper. The findings are supplemented by
studying the influence of the TBCs on aluminium pistons in a single cylinder nine horsepower class diesel
engine, thereby carrying out realistic performance of the engine involving parameters such as Power
(Brake, Indicated and Frictional), thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, effects of ceramic insulation on
emission and exhaust temperature and peak cylinder pressure, as the concluding part of the studies.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Piston in the internal combustion (IC) engine is robust, dynamically loaded tribo-pair that
reciprocates continuously at varying temperature. Study has been made by various researchers on piston
design, dynamics, fatigue and wear at the interface with other element in contact along with their effects on
IC engines. It was found that the friction coefficient increases with increasing surface roughness of liner
surface and thermal performance of the piston increases with increased coating thickness. The free material
liberated due to deep scoring between the piston and liner snowballs, leads to seizure failure.
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Metal - Ceramic Disk BrakeIJSRD
Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.
Performance and emission charecterisatics of magnesia stabilized zirconia (mg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Demand for Fossil fuels has been increasing tremendously which cause environmental threat. For this reason a numerous studies are ongoing for renewable sources of energy worldwide. This paper investigates the effect of using TBC to diminish emissions from engine exhaust specifically nitrogen oxide and to augment the performance of the engine. Engine Components were coated with Mg-PSZ of which 150μm thinness of Zro2-24Mgo over a 50μm thickness of NiCrAlY bond. The input parameters considered for this study includes engine speed, compression ratio, stroke length and Neli oil. The output parameters such as thermal efficiency, Brake power, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions of NOx, CO, HC were studied in a thermal barrier coated engine running with Neli oil and diesel fuel blend. From this experiment it is observed that there is a significant improvement in the results of engine performance and emission characteristics. Key Words: Mg-PSZ, Plasma Spray Coating, Nelli Seed Oil, Diesel Engine, Emissions.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Zirconia Coating on I.C Engine Us...Editor IJCATR
In this present world, the realization of the available of fossil fuels [diesel] is limited and hence it is necessary for the
efficient use of the fuel. The increasingly environmental regulations also make it necessary to improve the functioning of the diesel
engine in terms of their durability and efficiency. Thus, there is a high scope in engine technology to increase the engine ratings and
reduce fuel consumption.
For this purpose, the Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) has been extensively used in engine technology. The T.B.C technology
has been applied on some parts of Diesel engine (piston crown and cylinder head) Plasma Spray technique was used for spraying
process. The piston crown and Cylinder head of the diesel engine were coated for a thickness of 0.25mm. Callophyllum oil was
converted into biodiesel by two stage Transesterification process using NaOH as a catalyst.
Several tests have been carried out to examine properties, performance and emission characteristics for different blends such
as [B100, B20, B30, B40 and B100] in comparison with pure diesel for varying injection pressures like 160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar
pressure. These tests were conducted on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, direct injection computerized compression ignition
engine.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS AND COMBUSTION CHARA...IAEME Publication
As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 10 years. But these studies have been rarely reviewed to favor understanding and popularization for biodiesel so far in conventional diesel engines. Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF HIGH GRADE SEMI ADIA...IAEME Publication
Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio–economic issues. However drawbacks associated with biodiesel of high viscosity and low volatility which cause combustion problems in CI engines, call for engine with hot combustion chamber.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINEIAEME Publication
Efficiency of an internal combustion engine can be increased by increasing the
heat energy generation inside the combustion chamber without effecting the
performance of l ubricating oil and lessening the strength of the piston. The main aim
of this paper is to determine temperature distribution in a four-stroke, single-cylinder,
water cooled, variable compression ratio (3-9), variable speed (2200-3000 rpm) spark
ignition engine with brake power of 2.2 kW at a speed of 3000 rpm with copper coated
combustion chamber (CCE) [copper-(thickness, 300 μ) was coated on piston crown,
inner side of liner and cylinder head] and compared the engine, with conventional
combustion chamber (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Copper coated power piston,
copp.
Review of various adaptive modulation and coding techniques in wireless networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is a method which adapts its transmitting parameters according to the channel state and is used in various modern wireless communications to maximize spectrum efficiency by minimizing the error rate. One of the driving strengths of AMC is the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation and feedback channel for adaptation. Degrading effects caused due to sudden variation in the channel over time sometimes require the transmission link to react appropriately so it can minimize the Bit Error Rate (BER). There are various adaptive methods to implement the same like variable rate, variable error probability, and variable coding or hybrid technique. This article focuses upon variable power technique and describes two to three different power techniques and tries to make a comparison between two of them i.e, channel inversion and water-filling. Keywords- Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Bit Error Rate (BER), channel inversion, water-filling
The solution of problem of parameterization of the proximity function in ace ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work, a new approach for defining the value of the proximity function, which is carried out in the second step of the
Algorithms for Calculating Estimates (ACE) in the area of Pattern Recognition, is presented. The value of the proximity function
is defined as a part of corresponding features of two objects. The main attention is paid to essential features of the polytypic in a
given training set. One of the important problems of the ACE is to compare the values of fuzzy attributes. The main idea of this
approach is considering the proximity the corresponding quantitative and qualitative features together. Here a complexity of
comparing the qualitative features and an approach of overcoming such complexity are considered. Such features include the
features with fuzzy values. The membership function of fuzzy set theory is used for determining membership degrees of the feature
values describing with linguistic values for improve the quality of ACE. The steps of the algorithm for transfer the results is
obtained from the comparison of the two values of fuzzy feature by using membership function to the proximity function. The
membership function with two parameters (b and c) is used. For defining optimal values of these parameters evolutionary
algorithms for solving optimization problems are used, one of them is Genetic algorithm. By using genetic algorithm initial
parameters’ values of the membership function are generated and transmitted to the proximity function. The ACE is run and value
of functional quality is defined during the training process with given training set. If the value of the functional quality is not
sufficiently high than the values obtained by Genetic algorithm, these values are regenerated using special operators (selection,
crossover, mutation) of the Genetic algorithm. The algorithm for selection optimal values of the parameters of the membership
function using the Genetic algorithm is given.
Key Words: ACE, proximity function, Genetic algorithm, membership function, parameters, operators.
Secret keys and the packets transportation for privacy data forwarding method...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Cloud computing is the process of storing the data in the Remote server. This process doesn‘t speak much about confidentiality and robustness of the data. To improve the security and confidentiality the uploaded file from a data owner is splitted into multiple packets and stored in multiple cloud servers. These packets are encrypted using the primary key. These different keys are also distributed in multiple key servers. User id is appended for verification. If the data owner forwards the file then the keys are verified for the data access. In this we are proposing sending the secret key as SMS to the shared or forwarded nodes for the process of proper Security. This technique integrates the concepts of encryption, encoding and forwarding. Keywords-cloud computing, encryption, storage system
Abstract
Researchers in the field of software engineering, business process improvement and information engineering all want to drastically modernize software life-cycle processes and technologies to correct the problems and to improve the quality of software. Research goals have included ancillary issues, such as improving user services through conversion to new platforms and facilitating software processes by adopting automated tools. Automated tools for software development, understanding, maintenance, and documentation add to process maturity, leading to better quality and reliability of computer services and greater customer satisfaction. This paper focuses on critical issues of legacy program improvement. The program improvement needs the estimation of program from various perspectives. The paper highlights various elements of legacy program complexity which further can be taken in account for further program development.
Keywords: Legacy, Program, Software complexity, Code, Integration
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Metal - Ceramic Disk BrakeIJSRD
Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.
Performance and emission charecterisatics of magnesia stabilized zirconia (mg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Demand for Fossil fuels has been increasing tremendously which cause environmental threat. For this reason a numerous studies are ongoing for renewable sources of energy worldwide. This paper investigates the effect of using TBC to diminish emissions from engine exhaust specifically nitrogen oxide and to augment the performance of the engine. Engine Components were coated with Mg-PSZ of which 150μm thinness of Zro2-24Mgo over a 50μm thickness of NiCrAlY bond. The input parameters considered for this study includes engine speed, compression ratio, stroke length and Neli oil. The output parameters such as thermal efficiency, Brake power, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions of NOx, CO, HC were studied in a thermal barrier coated engine running with Neli oil and diesel fuel blend. From this experiment it is observed that there is a significant improvement in the results of engine performance and emission characteristics. Key Words: Mg-PSZ, Plasma Spray Coating, Nelli Seed Oil, Diesel Engine, Emissions.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Zirconia Coating on I.C Engine Us...Editor IJCATR
In this present world, the realization of the available of fossil fuels [diesel] is limited and hence it is necessary for the
efficient use of the fuel. The increasingly environmental regulations also make it necessary to improve the functioning of the diesel
engine in terms of their durability and efficiency. Thus, there is a high scope in engine technology to increase the engine ratings and
reduce fuel consumption.
For this purpose, the Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) has been extensively used in engine technology. The T.B.C technology
has been applied on some parts of Diesel engine (piston crown and cylinder head) Plasma Spray technique was used for spraying
process. The piston crown and Cylinder head of the diesel engine were coated for a thickness of 0.25mm. Callophyllum oil was
converted into biodiesel by two stage Transesterification process using NaOH as a catalyst.
Several tests have been carried out to examine properties, performance and emission characteristics for different blends such
as [B100, B20, B30, B40 and B100] in comparison with pure diesel for varying injection pressures like 160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar
pressure. These tests were conducted on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, direct injection computerized compression ignition
engine.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS AND COMBUSTION CHARA...IAEME Publication
As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 10 years. But these studies have been rarely reviewed to favor understanding and popularization for biodiesel so far in conventional diesel engines. Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF HIGH GRADE SEMI ADIA...IAEME Publication
Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio–economic issues. However drawbacks associated with biodiesel of high viscosity and low volatility which cause combustion problems in CI engines, call for engine with hot combustion chamber.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINEIAEME Publication
Efficiency of an internal combustion engine can be increased by increasing the
heat energy generation inside the combustion chamber without effecting the
performance of l ubricating oil and lessening the strength of the piston. The main aim
of this paper is to determine temperature distribution in a four-stroke, single-cylinder,
water cooled, variable compression ratio (3-9), variable speed (2200-3000 rpm) spark
ignition engine with brake power of 2.2 kW at a speed of 3000 rpm with copper coated
combustion chamber (CCE) [copper-(thickness, 300 μ) was coated on piston crown,
inner side of liner and cylinder head] and compared the engine, with conventional
combustion chamber (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Copper coated power piston,
copp.
Review of various adaptive modulation and coding techniques in wireless networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is a method which adapts its transmitting parameters according to the channel state and is used in various modern wireless communications to maximize spectrum efficiency by minimizing the error rate. One of the driving strengths of AMC is the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation and feedback channel for adaptation. Degrading effects caused due to sudden variation in the channel over time sometimes require the transmission link to react appropriately so it can minimize the Bit Error Rate (BER). There are various adaptive methods to implement the same like variable rate, variable error probability, and variable coding or hybrid technique. This article focuses upon variable power technique and describes two to three different power techniques and tries to make a comparison between two of them i.e, channel inversion and water-filling. Keywords- Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Bit Error Rate (BER), channel inversion, water-filling
The solution of problem of parameterization of the proximity function in ace ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work, a new approach for defining the value of the proximity function, which is carried out in the second step of the
Algorithms for Calculating Estimates (ACE) in the area of Pattern Recognition, is presented. The value of the proximity function
is defined as a part of corresponding features of two objects. The main attention is paid to essential features of the polytypic in a
given training set. One of the important problems of the ACE is to compare the values of fuzzy attributes. The main idea of this
approach is considering the proximity the corresponding quantitative and qualitative features together. Here a complexity of
comparing the qualitative features and an approach of overcoming such complexity are considered. Such features include the
features with fuzzy values. The membership function of fuzzy set theory is used for determining membership degrees of the feature
values describing with linguistic values for improve the quality of ACE. The steps of the algorithm for transfer the results is
obtained from the comparison of the two values of fuzzy feature by using membership function to the proximity function. The
membership function with two parameters (b and c) is used. For defining optimal values of these parameters evolutionary
algorithms for solving optimization problems are used, one of them is Genetic algorithm. By using genetic algorithm initial
parameters’ values of the membership function are generated and transmitted to the proximity function. The ACE is run and value
of functional quality is defined during the training process with given training set. If the value of the functional quality is not
sufficiently high than the values obtained by Genetic algorithm, these values are regenerated using special operators (selection,
crossover, mutation) of the Genetic algorithm. The algorithm for selection optimal values of the parameters of the membership
function using the Genetic algorithm is given.
Key Words: ACE, proximity function, Genetic algorithm, membership function, parameters, operators.
Secret keys and the packets transportation for privacy data forwarding method...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Cloud computing is the process of storing the data in the Remote server. This process doesn‘t speak much about confidentiality and robustness of the data. To improve the security and confidentiality the uploaded file from a data owner is splitted into multiple packets and stored in multiple cloud servers. These packets are encrypted using the primary key. These different keys are also distributed in multiple key servers. User id is appended for verification. If the data owner forwards the file then the keys are verified for the data access. In this we are proposing sending the secret key as SMS to the shared or forwarded nodes for the process of proper Security. This technique integrates the concepts of encryption, encoding and forwarding. Keywords-cloud computing, encryption, storage system
Abstract
Researchers in the field of software engineering, business process improvement and information engineering all want to drastically modernize software life-cycle processes and technologies to correct the problems and to improve the quality of software. Research goals have included ancillary issues, such as improving user services through conversion to new platforms and facilitating software processes by adopting automated tools. Automated tools for software development, understanding, maintenance, and documentation add to process maturity, leading to better quality and reliability of computer services and greater customer satisfaction. This paper focuses on critical issues of legacy program improvement. The program improvement needs the estimation of program from various perspectives. The paper highlights various elements of legacy program complexity which further can be taken in account for further program development.
Keywords: Legacy, Program, Software complexity, Code, Integration
Necessity of integrated transport system to namma metro at byapanahalli – a s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Mass Rapid Transit is one of the major Transportation system proposed in metropolitan city like Bangalore in order to be beneficial
in reducing various traffic problems and result in reduction of Travel time etc. The efficiency of this system can be increased by
attracting more number of Trip makers by a suitable Integrated Transport System. Feeder system is one of these techniques proposed
for Namma Metro in Bangalore which includes Feeder bus (Minibus) operating throughout the radial areas of Metro stations. The
present study includes the necessity of these buses as par with Public Transport Buses currently operating in these areas with respect
to the willingness of commuters, Frequency and Travel Time.
Designing multi agent based linked state machineeSAT Journals
Abstract Every industrial process control algorithm can be represented as an ASM chart and every ASM chart can be implemented using the state agent based approach. This paper describes a simplified approach to implementing complex process control systems using the agent-based paradigm. It shows that when the system is complex, it can be broken up into a series of ASM charts, and each of those ASM charts can be implemented using agent-based approach comprising of one process agent and a number of state agents. These agent based systems together perform the complex industrial process control. This structure can be interconnected to form a linked state machine in order to realize a multi-agent based linked state structure. This is a ‘divide and conquer’ approach that is much simpler than tackling the control system implementation as one very complex effort. Index Terms: Process control, ASM chart, State Transition Table (STT), Multi-agent, Link state machines, Beverage blending
Stone texture classification and discrimination by edge direction movementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Texture discrimination is the rich field in the area pattern recognition and pattern analysis. The texture classification is the one of
the major field in texture discrimination. In this paper derive an approach for texture group classification based on the direction
movement. The edge movements are identified in each 3×3 window of the texture image. Based on the edge direction movements
the texture images are categorized. Two texture groups used in this paper. Texture group 1 consists of Bark, Sand, Raffia and
Pigskin images and Straw, Bsand, Wgrain and Grass image are treated as texture group2. In this paper, Horizontal, Vertical
direction and also Right, Left Diagonal Edge direction movements are identified.
Key Words: Edge Direction movements, texture classification, pattern recognition, texture group
Determination of safe grade elevation by using hec ras case study mutha rivereSAT Journals
Abstract
Flood is a naturally occurring disastrous event causing damages, losses and destruction to property, life and environment.
Hundred millions of money are spent every year in flood control and flood forecasting. For construction of any structure near
by a water body or in between a water body and for determination of safe levels of construction to protect structure from
flood water, safe grade elevation is required.
In order to evaluate or estimate, mitigate and handle the floods, the present paper presents a methodology for assessment of flood
line to produce safe grade elevation by using River Analysis System made by Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC-RAS)
software which is predominately used in the field of hydraulic analysis for floodplain delineation. The general parameter affecting
flood is runoff gauge, discharge, rainfall and land use as spatial data. This paper explains the use of the HEC-RAS for producing
the safe grade elevation for Mutha River from its origin at downstream side of Kadakwasla dam till Mahtre Bridge. It explains the
methodology to construct a table model and how to validate it. The methodology developed can be applied for regions if only
predominant factors affecting the flood in that region is consider, to decide the best economical safe grade elevation for the
building or structure near or on the river and would help in planning priorities prerequisites for managing flood efficiently.
Keywords: Safe Grade elevation, Parameters, Mutha River, Flood, spatial data, Zoning.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Semantic approach utilizing data mining and case based reasoning for it suppo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Information Technology (IT) plays a very important role in all organizations. IT executives are constantly faced with problems that are difficult to tackle. Failure in IT service can interrupt the functioning of an organization. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is a problem solving methodology where experience in the form of past cases can be used to solve problems, thereby assisting the automation of problem solving and experience management. Furthermore, the performance, quality and efficiency of CBR systems can be enhanced through data mining. In order to support the IT team for faster and efficient problem resolution, a case-based reasoning approach integrated with data mining techniques could be utilized. In this paper, the study done on various CBR systems and data mining techniques for problem and experience management is explained. A system is proposed for IT experience and problem management with semantic retrieval in order to increase the efficiency and quality of the IT support service. Keywords: Case-based reasoning, Data Mining, Experience management, IT problem management, IT support.
Effect of potato powder supplementation and spices addition on physical and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the acceptability of potato powder supplemented and spices added cookies based on their sensory and physical properties. Sensory evaluation was done based on hedonic scale. Potato powder supplementation was ranged from 10-50% (wt. of flour/wt. of potato powder). Cardamom and clove were used as flavoring agent, which ranges from 0.5% to 1% (wt. of flour/wt. of spice). Increment in potato powder supplementation was lead to substantial decrement in physical properties and sensory evaluation (P<0.05)><0.05).><0.05).
Keywords: cookies, potato powder supplementation, spices addition, sensory & physical analysis, ANOVA analysis
Optimization of machining parameters on tool tip temperature by using vegetab...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this research the experiments were performed by using vegetable oil to know the effect of different machining parameters on
tool tip temperature. The quality of work piece material is main contributing factor in these days which may be influence by heat
generated at the tool tip temperature. For this experimental work different machining parameters were used depth of cut, speed
and feed rate, and work piece on the tool tip temperature during a machining ofEN8 material. To study the influence of each
parameter on tool tip temperature total 9 experiments were performed in order to find the minimum tool tip temperature. The
experiments were performed by varying one parameter while, the keep two parameter were kept constant. So the influence of tool
tip temperature on varying machining parameters is studied in this research work. The main objective of this study is to
investigate the effect of cutting parameters and to find out optimal conditions of spindle speed, feed, and depth of cut and work
piece material for achieving minimum temperature and to increase the quality of work peice material by reducing the temperature
using vegetable . In this experiment tool tip temperature measurement instrument is used to find the optimum parametric
conditions like spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on EN-8 material. The analysis reveals that spindle speed has major effect on
tool tip temperature while using Soya oil as lubricant.
Key Words: Tool tip temperature, spindle speed, feed rate and Depth of cut.
Development of improved pid controller for single effect evaporatoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Kraft pulping is the pulping process that is mostly used in paper mills. This is because the chemicals used in cooking are being
recovered, and environmental pollution is minimized, as the chemicals are not discarded into the environment, but rather recycled.
These chemicals are recovered by burning the black liquor that leaves the digester in a reactor called a recovery boiler.
Feeding the black liquor directly from the digester to the recovery boiler will cause a water/smelt explosion. This explosion
happens if the percentage of water in the liquor is high, the solid content of the black liquor leaving the digester is usually
between 13-18%. To avoid such disaster the concentration of the black liquor has to be increased, which should in the range of
60-70%, this is done in a single or multiple effect evaporator. In this paper, a single effect evaporator control has been designed
using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. During the first design a simple PID controller with a feedback control
was used. Then taking into consideration the load disturbance in the process, a feed forward control has then been introduced
into the controller design. Subsequently the concept of boiling point rise (BPR) to measure concentration has then been used in
the controller design of a single effect evaporator.
Keywords: Boiling Point Rise, Concentration, Evaporators, Feed Forward Control, Paper Mill, PID Controller,
Pulping Process, Single-Effect Evaporator
Abstract Ocean currents are an enormous source of green energy. This energy from marine currents can be extracted by means of tidal turbines. This paper explains different types of tidal current turbines. This paper discusses about tidal energy and site selection criteria for tidal current turbine in general. This paper gives general overview about tidal current turbine design methods such as the blade element momentum theory and computational fluid dynamics. Keywords: Tidal energy, Tidal current turbines, Site selection, BEMT, CFD
Numerical investigation of winglet angles influence on vortex sheddingeSAT Journals
Abstract Wingtip devices are usually intended to improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft. There are several types of wing tip devices, and although they function in different manners, the intended effect is always to reduce the aircraft's drag by partial recovery of the tip vortex energy. Wingtip devices can also improve aircraft handling characteristics and enhance safety for following aircraft. Such devices increase the effective aspect ratio of a wing without materially increasing the wingspan. The purpose of this project is to analyse different types of winglets using Auto CAD, GAMBIT and FLUENT and then, to find out what happens when winglets are linked to wingtips and to study about the aerodynamic properties of spiroid winglets which are still under research. One wing model without winglet and three wing models with winglets were created and drawn in Auto CAD and they were meshed in GAMBIT using geometry data gathered from research papers. Those models were read into Fluent where flow boundary conditions were applied.
The wing without winglet, the wings with spiroid winglets and the wings with other kinds of winglets performance were analyzed in several angles of attack and the drag coefficient was compared when the aircraft is taking off. Wingtip vortices from models were checked, studied and compared. The best winglet model reduces drag coefficient and wingtip vortices from wing without winglet model and it will be pointed out at the end of this project
Rna secondary structure prediction, a cuckoo search approacheSAT Journals
Abstract
RNA secondary structure prediction uses techniques like crystallography, NMR spectroscopy etc. Computation based techniques
estimate the possible base pairs that could be formed in RNA. Soft computing techniques generally select some random pair or
pair sequences and then check them according to some parameters. The final sequence of RNA which is closest to the required
fitness is selected as the final structure. The cuckoo search approach is good for finding the feasible search space locations.
Cuckoo search approach feasibly provides results for the detection of base pairs in the RNA and the RNA secondary structure.
Keywords: DNA, RNA, base pairs, pseudo-knots, structure, soft computing, techniques
Steady state stability analysis and enhancement of three machine nine bus pow...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Power System stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure system planning and operation. Studies
are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant
periodically. This paper presents the power system steady state stability analysis for IEEE- 9 bus test system and examines
influence of TCPS FACTS device based controller on test system. It is assumed that system under study has been perturbed from a
steady state equilibrium that prevailed prior to the application of the disturbance. If system is stable, we would expect that for
temporary or permanent disturbance, system will acquire initial or new operating state after a transient period. The stability
study is accessed using Lyapunov’s first method. The effectiveness of damping controller in enhancing the steady state stability is
investigated by incorporating available constraints. For analysis MATLAB software is employed. The conclusions have been
drawn here, based on theoretical and mathematical analysis so as to provide an insight and better understanding of steady state
stability of considered multi machine power system.
Key Words: Lyapunov’s first method, Steady-state stability, Phase portrait, FACTS device, supplementary modulation
controller, eigen value, synchronizing power coefficient, IEEE-9 Bus Test System, Load Flow Study, Differential
algebraic equation.
Abstract Convolutional encoding is a Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique used in continuous one-way and real time communication links. Wireless devices such as hand phones and broadband modems rely heavily on forward error correction techniques for their proper functioning, thus sending and receiving information with minimal or no error, while utilizing the available bandwidth. Major requirements for modern digital wireless communication systems include high throughput, low power consumption and physical size. This paper presents the simulation of convolutional encoder using MATLAB. The performance and analysis has done by changing rates of convolutional encoder and error of binary symmetric channel. Keywords: Constraint Length, Convolutional Encoder, Data rates, Generator polynomials, Poly2trellis structure.
Experimental Analysis of YSZ Coating on an IC Engine Pistonresearchinventy
As per the second law of thermodynamics the IC (Internal Combustion) engine efficiency depends upon the extraction of work against the heat supplied. Minimization of heat rejection leads to increase the work. Heat rejection takes place through the engine piston, valves and cylinder heads to the surroundings. The aim of the study is to minimize this heat rejection to the surroundings. Heat transfer through the engine parts can minimize by applying the thermal barrier coating materials on the top surface of the engine piston, cylinder heads and valves. In this study an attempt is made to reduce the intensity of heat rejection by using a layer of the ceramic material, like Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) which has low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, chemical inertness, high resistance to erosion, corrosion and high strength was selected as a coating material for engine component. In this paper the experiments were carried out with 0.4mm YSZ coated piston and it is found that it has 1% total fuel consumption, 1.2% specific fuel consumption and 0.7% exhaust gas temperature less than the conventional engine with uncoated piston. It is also seen that 2.6% brake thermal efficiency, 2.14% indicated thermal efficiency and 1.35% mechanical efficiency more than the conventional engine with uncoated piston.
INFLUENCE OF INJECTOR OPENING PRESSURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to study exhaust emissions of direct injection (DI) diesel engine with different levels of low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber such as i) ceramic coated cylinder head, ii) air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner and iii) ceramic coated cylinder head along with air gap insulation with pure diesel operation with varied injector opening pressure.Exhaust emissions of particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were determined at various
values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. Particulate emissions were measured by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx by Netel Chromatograph NOx analyzer
Analysis of turbocharger performance for jet assisted vertical takeoff and la...Ijrdt Journal
This paper gives a brief analysis on the performance parameters of a Turbocharger, by fabricating a separate combustion chamber and mocking the working of a jet engine. Parameters such as variation of specific heat, dimensionless flow parameters, variation of turbulence, conductivity, thrust developed etc are studied using simulation of the model, and compared with the actual working of the prototype. It can be conveniently proposed from the experiment that turbocharger can be used effectively for developing vertical take-off assist.
Engine Block/Cylinder Block is the structure which contains the cylinders, and other parts, of an internal combustion engine. In an early automotive engine, the engine block consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attached. Engine block is affected by pressure and the thermal conditions happen inside the engine. So we come up with static structural and transient thermal analysis on the engine block. This report provides Stress, Strain and Total Deformation of Engine due to Pressure, Temperature and Heat Flux. We come up with the fatigue life of the Engine Block due to different loading conditions.
A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures. The term engine block is often used synonymously with "cylinder block" The analysis of the combustion chamber is done by using different materials. By conducting the above analysis on the combustion chamber combustion rate, pressure and temperature gradient conditions are found and the best material for the combustion chamber is suggested.
Thermal analysis is conducted to find heat dissipation rate in engine block with the variation of materials Structural and fatigue analysis (dynamic) is conduct on engine block at working load conditions to evaluate and compare stress, strain, deformation and fatigue life with the variation of materials.
Frequency analysis is conducted on engine block with the variation of materials to evaluate frequency, Using these values material selection will be done, the value should be nearby previous one (cast iron) maximum accepted variation value 65HZ.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The present paper describes some results of research in the area of twin spark ignition engine. The potential of dual plug spark ignition engine is assessed by studying its performance and emission characteristics relative to that of single plug ignition engine using gasoline as fuel at different ignition timings. A new dual ignition engine has been developed by introducing two spark plugs at suitable locations. Experiments were conducted at different load conditions and three different ignition timings. The results have shown that performance of dual plug engine is comparatively better than the conventional single plug ignition engine under all three ignition timings. The results have shown considerable performance improvement in power output and thermal efficiency, as well as reduction in BSFC, HC, and CO emission in dual plug mode of operation.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Investigations on the performance of diesel in an air gap ceramic coated diesel engine
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 534
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL IN AN AIR
GAP CERAMIC COATED DIESEL ENGINE
S Sunil Kumar Reddy1
, V.Pandurangadu2
1
Associate Professor, Mechanical Department, N.B.K.R.I.S.T., Vidyanagar -524 413, Nellore (Dt.), A.P., India
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNT University, Ananthapur, A.P., India
sunilkumarreddy1974@gmail.com
Abstract
The world’s rapidly diminishing petroleum supplies, their raising costs and budding danger of environmental pollution have led to an
intensive search for an alternative fuels or increasing the efficiency of the available diesel engines. It is a known fact that about 30%
of energy supplied to the diesel engine is lost through the coolant and 30% is wasted through friction and exhaust and other losses,
thus leaving only 40% of energy utilization for the useful purposes. If this lost heat rejection is reduced, the thermal efficiency can be
improved. With the insulation of the combustion chamber Walls with ceramics, the transfer of heat can be restricted and can be used
further for heating the incoming fresh charge and the same thing can be observed with exhaust gases. This increases the combustion
efficiency and reduces the emissions. Hence in the present work, a ceramic coated engine is developed by incorporating air gap
between the piston skirt and crown, cylinder liner and jacket, ceramic coating on cylinder head and valves. Therefore, a solemn
attempt is made in this research work to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with diesel as fuel.
Further the performance of the engine depends on the heat in the combustion chamber. This intends depend on piston material and the
turbulence generated in the engine. So, further an attempt is made with brass piston insert and brass insert with six grooves which
replaces the aluminum piston in the engine. Among all the pistons tested the brass insert with six grooves is proved to be the best in
terms of performance and emissions point of view. But with the higher temperatures in the chamber drop in volumetric efficiency and
lubricating oil deterioration are the main problems. However they can overcome by turbo compounding and with the development of
new lubricants.
Keywords: Ceramic engines, Air gap, New Lubricants, Piston inserts, Low heat rejection engines
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Though the researchers claim that the complete recovery of the
heat produced in the combustion chamber without sacrificing
efficiency and emission standards is possible, in most of their
studies, the detailed performance and combustion characteristics
have not been disclosed. But for the complete combustion of the
diesel in the diesel engine it requires higher pressures and
temperatures in the combustion chamber [1]. But this makes the
engine bulky. So in the present work a ceramic engine is
developed with the insulation of the combustion chamber [2 ,3
and 4]. Ceramics have a higher thermal durability and lower
thermal conductivity that controls the temperature distribution
and heat flow in the structure. Lower heat rejection from the
combustion chamber through thermally insulated components
causes an increase in available energy that would increase the in-
cylinder work and the amount of energy carried by the exhaust
gases, which could also be utilized.
A major breakthrough in the technology of diesel engine has
been achieved by the innovative work done by Kamo and
Bryzik. R.Kamo et al [6] conducted experiments with 0.13 mm
thick thermal barrier coating of PSZ for the piston and cylinder
head and 0.5 mm thick coating for cylinder liner. He reported
that 5 to 6 percent improvement in fuel efficiency at all loads
and speeds. They observed with the experiment higher premix,
lower diffusion combustion, reduction heat transfer loss, higher
heat release in the combustion chamber. T.Morel [5] et.al
achieved higher thermal efficiency at all loads for both heavy
and light engines with the various level of insulation at constant
peak pressure and A/F ratio. There is 8% improvement in the
brake thermal efficiency was observed. Heat rejection is reported
to be decreased while exhaust temperature is increased.
S.H.Chan and K.A.Khor et.al [8] reported 4 to 7 % improvement
in fuel consumption in single cylinder DI diesel engine. This is
achieved by using constant air flow rate with boosting pressure
with 1 mm thick PSZ coating to the cylinder head face and the
valve heads by placing a short solid PSZ cylinder liner in the
area above the piston rings and heat insulated steel piston.
Y.Miyairi et. Al [7] reported reduction in BSFC by 7% under
naturally aspirated conditions in single cylinder DI diesel
engine. In this attempt the fuel injection pressure and the amount
of fuel injected is kept constant and the cylinder liner is water
cooled. The chamber walls are insulated with PSZ. Murthy PVK
et.al [9] reported the results of their investigations on LHR
diesel engine with 3 mm air gap between piston skirt and insert
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 535
with Nimonic alloy crown. They revealed that the performance
is deteriorated at the available injection timing and pressure. At
peak loads the BSFC is decreased by 12 percent while smoke
levels by 16 percent but NOx levels are increased by 34 % with
an injection timing of 32 0
bTDC. Wallace et al [11] have
reported the use of a thermal barrier piston in the adiabatic
engine and developed the temperature distribution analysis and
reported that the piston top temperature were higher by around
4000
C for the thermal barrier pistons. From the literature it is
observed that much amount of heat is lost through the piston.
Hence in the present work for the reduction of heat from the
piston and thereby increasing the efficiency, an attempt is made
with brass piston crown. The brass crown is also same as the
size of the original piston and can be interchangeable [9, 10].
Similarly with the turbulence in the chamber homogeneous
mixture can be formed and further the increase in efficiency is
possible. Therefore in this work six number of grooves are made
on the brass piston and is used for the testing.
2. AIM
The main aim of the present investigation is to find the
suitability of the ceramic insulated engine for the complete
burning of diesel in the conventional CI engine. The total
experiment consists of the following segments.
1. Preparation of ceramic insulated engine components
2. Materials and method of conducting the investigations
with different piston inserts
3. Results and discussions
2.1 Preparation of Ceramic Engine Components
The most complicated part of the work is the design and
fabrication of insulated components. The preparation of the
components is as explained below.
2.1.1 Air Gap Insulated Piston
In the present experiment an air gap of 2 mm is provided
between piston crown and skirt based on the existing literature.
The crown and skirt is allied with copper and steel gaskets. The
air gap between the two components acts as an insulator for the
heat transfer through the piston and further provides more heat
in the chamber. The following figure 1 show the air gap
aluminum piston used in the experiment.
(a) Line diagram (b) Photographic view of aluminum crown
Fig 1: Air gap insulated Aluminum crown
2.1.2 Cylinder Liner Insulation
The movement of the piston in the cylinder was an impediment
for the lagging of the liner on its interior surface. Hence the air
insulation is provided on the outer surface the liner. A thin mild
steel sleeve was bounded over the cast iron liner maintaining a
2mm layer of air in the annular space between the liner and the
sleeve. The joints of the sleeve were sealed to prevent seepage of
cooling water into the air-gap region. This insulation of the liner
reduces the heat transfer from the engine cylinder to the cooling
water.
2.1.3 Cylinder Head and Valve Insulation
The thermal barrier coatings have better heat and wear resistant
characteristics which retains the heat in the combustion chamber
and improves the combustion efficiency. This provides the
higher thermal efficiencies, improved combustion and reduced
emissions. Among all the possible alternative insulating
materials, one of the most promising is ceramic. Ceramic is an
important material because of its low density, high thermal
stability, stability in severe chemical environment, low thermal
conductivity and favorable strength and creep behavior. So in
the present work this coating is preferred. Ceramic coating is a
simpler method of insulation for cylinder head and valves
compared with other methods. For the coating of the Partially
Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) the following method is used.
Zirconia is usually produced from the zircon (ZrSiO4). For the
production of the zirconia, the zircon is to be added with NaOH
and HCl, so that the zircon is converted to zirconyl chloride.
Further the reactions are as follows:
ZrOCl28H2O+ Stabilizer (Y2O3)+ HCl Solution
Solution + NH4OH Zr (OH)4 + Y(OH)3
Y(OH)3
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 536
(Wash)
Cl-free Precipitate
(Filtration)
Wet Powders Zr (OH)4 + Y(OH)3
(Freezing Dry (Liquid N2))
Dry Powder Zr(OH)4 + Y(OH)3
(Calcination)
Stabilized Zirconia Powder ZrO2 + Y2O3
With the available PSZ powder the coating will be done on the
cylinder head and valve surfaces. In this the following processes
are performed. 1. Pre-cleaning and pre-machining of the cylinder
head and valve surfaces to remove rust, scale, sand, paint etc. 2.
Application of the PSZ powder on the component surfaces using
plasma spraying technique up to the required thickness 3. Final
finishing operations like grinding, lapping, polishing and
cleaning.
With the above specified methods, the cylinder head and valves
bottom surfaces are insulated by coating the area exposed to the
combustion with PSZ. The combustion chamber area of the
cylinder head and valves was machined to a depth of 0.5 mm.
The surface was then sand blasted to form innumerable pores.
The PSZ coated cylinder head and valves are shown in the
following figure 2.
Fig 2: PSZ coated cylinder head and valves
All these insulated parts described above were interchangeable
with the standard engine parts.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
For the reduction of the heat transfer, a piston is designed similar
to that of original aluminum piston which absorbs heat from the
combustion chamber and provides the same to the incoming
charge. This preheats the charge and increases the combustion
efficiency. In the present work a brass piston crown similar to
that of normal aluminum piston is designed for experiment.
Further the chamber temperature and combustion in the chamber
depends on the turbulence generated in the chamber. So in this
work an attempt is made with six number of grooves on the
brass crown piston. This brass crown piston is further knurled to
increase its surface area to facilitate better heat transfer from the
gases to the brass crown. The configurations of the brass pistons
tried are shown in the following figure 3 and the same is
compared with aluminum piston.
Fig 3: Photographic view of plain brass crown piston
Fig 4: Photographic view of Brass crown piston with six
grooves
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A long term experimental study has been conducted on a single
cylinder 4-stroke, water-cooled 5 B.HP Kirloskar ceramic coated
diesel engine by changing piston crowns. The concentration of
smoke is measured by Bosch smoke meter; UHC and NOx are
measured with non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) AVL exhaust gas
analyzer. Air suction rate and exhaust air flow rates were
measure with the help of an air box method. Temperatures at the
inlet and exhaust valves are monitored using Nickel-Nickel
Chromium thermocouple thermocouples. Time taken to
consume 20 cc of fuel was noted using a digital stop watch.
Engine RPM is measured using an electro-magnetic pick up in
conjunction with a digital indicator of AQUTAH make and the
analysis of these results are as follows. The following figure 5
shows the experimental set up.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 537
Fig 5: Photographic view of experimental setup
4.1 Exhaust Gas Temperature
Partially stabilized zirconia is a low thermal conductivity
material. It acts as a thermal barrier for the heat transfer to the
engine cooling system from the combustion chamber and retains
the heat in the chamber. Further the brass crown piston due to its
properties restricts the heat transfer through the piston. This
leads to the lower temperature difference between the
combustion gases and exhaust. Finally it leads to the complete
combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber.
Fig 6: Comparison of Exhaust gas temperature with power
output
The Fig 6 shows the variation of exhaust gas temperatures with
brake power output. At higher loads the insulated engine with
brass piston generated maximum temperature and for aluminum
it is lower over a wide range of operations. The temperature for
brass piston is 5600
C and for aluminum it is 5100
C at full load.
Further the grooves on the piston crown generate the turbulence
in the combustion chamber and increase the combustion
efficiency. The insulated engine with BP6 configuration shows
maximum exhaust gas temperature at rated loads and it is 5.36%
higher than BP. This high temperature exhaust gas energy can be
recovered by turbo compounding system.
4.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency
Fig 7 variation of brake thermal efficiency with power output
The above Fig 7 shows that the variation of brake thermal
efficiency of the ceramic insulated engine with the power output
for various piston inserts. This is due to the reduction of the heat
transfer to the coolant with the ceramic coating and thereby
increases the heat in the chamber. The efficiency is further
improved with the insulation of piston with air gap and brass
piston. As the brass crown piston acts as a good heat reservoir, it
maintains the heat in the chamber and further combustion
completes. Further with the grooves on the piston it is more. So
the brake thermal efficiency of BP6 is increased by about 3.16%
compared to brass piston at rated loads.
4.3 Volumetric Efficiency
The volumetric efficiency variation for different piston materials
depicts in the Fig 8. As the combustion chamber temperature
with the brass pistons is more than aluminum piston, higher
amount of heat will be transferred to the incoming air which
reduces the density and in turn drops the volumetric efficiency.
This cut down the amount of air available for the combustion
and further plunge the power output. This reduction of the power
can be compensated by turbo charging
.
Fig 8: Variation of Volumetric Efficiency with power output
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 538
The volumetric efficiency of aluminum piston varies from 85%
at no load to 82% at full load. The fall in volumetric efficiency
with brass piston is more. The absolute drop is 3.35% compared
to the aluminum piston at the rated load. This trim of volumetric
efficiency further depends on the turbulence and temperatures in
the combustion chamber. So the drop of volumetric efficiency
with BP6 is highest and is about 1% compared to BP.
4.4 Smoke Density
The variation of exhaust smoke intensity (Bosch units) for brass
piston material is shown in the Fig 9. The smoke in the engine
exhaust is due to incomplete combustion. The lower prevailing
temperatures in the chamber and with the
Fig 9: Comparison of Smoke intensity with power output
Comparison of Smoke intensity with power output lack of
oxygen, there will be incomplete combustion. With the grooves
on the brass material it provides homogeneous mixture in the
chamber and there by higher temperatures. This higher operating
temperatures in the combustion chamber result better
combustion and oxidation of the soot particles which reduce the
smoke emissions. From the above graph it is observed that the
brass piston showed the lowest smoke emissions over the entire
operating range and the reduction is to be about 19.8 percent.
This will increase further with BP6. The drop is about 16 percent
compared to BP.
2.3.5 Hydrocarbon Emissions
Fig 10: Comparison of Hydrocarbon emissions with power
output
The Fig 10 depicts the amount of unburnt hydrocarbons present
in the exhaust as function of different piston materials. The main
sources of these emissions in diesel engine are lean mixing,
burning of lubricating oil, and wall quenching. Because of hotter
combustion chamber, Hydrocarbon emission formation is found
to be less in all the ceramic engines. In spite of rich air-fuel
mixture due to the lower volumetric efficiency, the HC
emissions are reduced considerably due to the completion of
combustion in the combustion chamber. From the graph it is
observed that maximum reduction is with BP6 due to its
properties and turbulence generated. The reduction is about 6.26
% compared to BP at the rated load.
2.3.6 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
The variation of NOx emissions with various piston inserts of
the ceramic engine is illustrated in Fig 11. The formation of the
NOx emissions depends on the amount of heat in the combustion
chamber and evaporation rate of the fuel. The temperature with
BP6 is more due to the turbulence generated in the combustion
chamber. This increases the heat transfer between the crown and
charge. The formation of the emissions will also increase with
the availability of oxygen in the chamber at higher loads. So the
increase in NOx emissions with BP6 is about 4% compared with
base aluminum piston. The emissions with BP are in between
these two extremes.
Fig 11: Comparison of Nitrogen Oxide emissions with power
output
CONCLUSIONS
1. The bras piston material acts as an insulator with its lower
thermal conductivity. With this the heat generated will be
stored and supplied back to the incoming fresh charge. This
completes the combustion process and increases the exhaust
gas temperatures and brake thermal efficiency.
2. With the grooves on the brass piston turbulence is generated
in the combustion chamber is more. So the performance of
the brass material is good in terms of emissions and
efficiency.
3. Lower heat rejection from the combustion chamber through
thermally insulated components cause an increase in
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 539
available energy that would increase the in-cylinder work
and the amount of energy carried by the exhaust gases
which could also be utilized.
4. The high temperature of the exhaust indicates the
availability of considerable energy in the exhaust gases
which could be used to operate a low pressure turbine.
5. Due to the higher prevailing temperatures in the combustion
chamber the volumetric efficiency of the engine dropped.
This further reduces the amount of air available for the
combustion. So the power output is slightly dropped. But
this can be compensated with turbocharging system.
6. With the higher temperature in the chamber NOx emissions
are more for all the pistons. Among all BP6 generates more
emissions with its higher prevailing temperatures in the
chamber.
7. With the higher operating temperatures of the ceramic
engine, the performance of the lubricating oil deteriorates
resulting higher friction. This problem can overcome with
new liquid lubricants or solid lubricants.
8. The higher temperature in the chamber enables the use of
low cetane fuels and confers the multi-fuel handling
capability.
REFERENCES
[1] Roy Kamo Adiabatic, Inc., Walter Bryzik and Michael
Reid, “Coatings for improving Engine Performance”,
SAE 970204
[2] Parker, D.A., Donnison, G.M., “The Development of an
Air Gap Insulated Piston”, SAE Paper No.990652,
Detroit, Feb. 1999.
[3] Dhinagar,S.J., Nagalingam,B., and
Gopalakkrishnan,K.V., “Use of Ceramics in Internal
Combustion Engines”, Proceedings of 10th National
Conference on IC Engines and Combustion, India, 1997.
[4] Tadeusz Hejwowski, “Comparative study of thermal
barrier coatings for internal combustion engine”, Vacuum
85(2010)
[5] T.Morrel, P.N.Blumberg, E.F.Fort, “Examination of key
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BIOGRAPHIE:
I am S.Sunil Kumar Reddy, working as an
Associate professor in the department of
Mechanical Engineering, NBKR Institute of
science & Technology, Vidyanagar, Nellore ,
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. I completed my
M.Tech in thermal Engineering from JNT
University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. At present I am doing
my P.hD work in the area of alternate fuels under the guidance
of Dr. V. PANDURANGADU, Professor, JNT University,
Anantapur. I published 11 articles in various national and
international conferences and 22 research papers in various
national and international journals.