Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Investigations on the performance of diesel in an air gap ceramic coated dies...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an investigation into the performance of a diesel engine with ceramic coatings and different piston materials. A ceramic-coated engine was developed with an air gap between the piston skirt and crown, cylinder liner and jacket, and ceramic coating on the cylinder head and valves. Testing was conducted with aluminum, plain brass, and brass pistons with six grooves. The brass piston with six grooves performed best, increasing exhaust temperature by 5.36% and brake thermal efficiency by 3.16% compared to the brass piston, but also decreased volumetric efficiency more than the other pistons. Overall, the ceramic coatings and brass pistons improved combustion and reduced emissions.
ALD Holcroft® - Low Pressure Carburizing for Large Transmission PartsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Often, the required hardness qualities of parts manufactured from steel can only be obtained through suitable heat
treatment. In transmission manufacturing, the case hardening process is commonly used to produce parts with a hard and
wear-resistant surface and an adequate toughness in the core. A tremendous potential for rationalization, which is only
partially used, becomes available if the treatment time of the case hardening process is reduced. Low pressure carburizing
(LPC) offers a reduction of treatment time in comparison to conventional gas carburizing because of the high carbon
mass flow inherent to the process (Ref. 1).
By increasing the carburizing temperature, a further significant increase in productivity is obtained, which is not
possible in gas carburizing systems to this extent due to furnace component and process limitations (Ref. 2). By adding micro-alloy elements such as aluminium, niobium and titanium as well as properly adjusting the nitrogen content, modern case hardening steels have become sufficiently fine-grain resistant even in temperatures above 1,000°C (1,830°F)
(Ref. 3). Today’s vacuum carburizing systems are suited for heat treatment in temperature above 1,000°C.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
1) The document studies the effect of flame hardening speed on the fatigue properties of medium carbon steel.
2) Samples of medium carbon steel were flame hardened at different speeds and then subjected to fatigue testing. It was found that as the flame hardening speed increased, the fatigue strength of the material decreased.
3) The number of cycles to failure increased as the flame hardening speed decreased, indicating that slower flame hardening leads to higher fatigue strength of the medium carbon steel.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document discusses the influence of welding conditions on the mechanical properties of welded joints of 9% nickel steel used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks. Specifically, it examines the effect of heat input between 1.4-2 Kj/mm and controlling interpass temperature below 80°C on the tensile strength and toughness of the welded joints. The study found that these welding parameters improved the strength and reduced the probability of brittle fracture in the welded joints of thin 9% nickel steel specimens. Controlling heat input and temperature during welding is important for maintaining the desired microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints.
Dual phase steels are microstructurally composed of 75-85% ferrite with the remainder being martensite, bainite, and retained austenite. They are processed through thermomechanical treatments to achieve better formability than ferrite-pearlite steels of similar strength. Dual phase steels work harden rapidly at low strains, have low yield strength but high ultimate tensile strength. They were initially developed in the 1960s but further improved in the 1970s for automotive applications requiring increased strength and fuel efficiency. Processing methods like continuous annealing, batch annealing, and as-rolled techniques are used to control the microstructure and resulting mechanical properties.
This document discusses heat treatment methods for controlling material properties of metals and alloys. It describes how heating metals to certain temperatures can cause phase changes that modify microstructures and influence properties like strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Specific heat treatment methods are outlined, including hardening, annealing, normalizing, and tempering, and how they impact phase transformations and material properties on iron-carbon phase diagrams. Surface hardening techniques are also mentioned.
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF GAS TURBINE BLADE USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISIAEME Publication
This paper presents the failure analysis of the turbine blade of a gas turbine engine 9E GE type, installed in a certain type of simple systems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power generator.
A non-linear finite element method was utilized to determine the stress state of the blade segment under operating conditions. High stress zones were found at the region of the lower fir-tree slot, where the failure occurred. A computation was also performed with excessive rotational speed. Attention of this study is devoted to the mechanisms of damage of the turbine blade and also the critical high stress areas.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Investigations on the performance of diesel in an air gap ceramic coated dies...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an investigation into the performance of a diesel engine with ceramic coatings and different piston materials. A ceramic-coated engine was developed with an air gap between the piston skirt and crown, cylinder liner and jacket, and ceramic coating on the cylinder head and valves. Testing was conducted with aluminum, plain brass, and brass pistons with six grooves. The brass piston with six grooves performed best, increasing exhaust temperature by 5.36% and brake thermal efficiency by 3.16% compared to the brass piston, but also decreased volumetric efficiency more than the other pistons. Overall, the ceramic coatings and brass pistons improved combustion and reduced emissions.
ALD Holcroft® - Low Pressure Carburizing for Large Transmission PartsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Often, the required hardness qualities of parts manufactured from steel can only be obtained through suitable heat
treatment. In transmission manufacturing, the case hardening process is commonly used to produce parts with a hard and
wear-resistant surface and an adequate toughness in the core. A tremendous potential for rationalization, which is only
partially used, becomes available if the treatment time of the case hardening process is reduced. Low pressure carburizing
(LPC) offers a reduction of treatment time in comparison to conventional gas carburizing because of the high carbon
mass flow inherent to the process (Ref. 1).
By increasing the carburizing temperature, a further significant increase in productivity is obtained, which is not
possible in gas carburizing systems to this extent due to furnace component and process limitations (Ref. 2). By adding micro-alloy elements such as aluminium, niobium and titanium as well as properly adjusting the nitrogen content, modern case hardening steels have become sufficiently fine-grain resistant even in temperatures above 1,000°C (1,830°F)
(Ref. 3). Today’s vacuum carburizing systems are suited for heat treatment in temperature above 1,000°C.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
1) The document studies the effect of flame hardening speed on the fatigue properties of medium carbon steel.
2) Samples of medium carbon steel were flame hardened at different speeds and then subjected to fatigue testing. It was found that as the flame hardening speed increased, the fatigue strength of the material decreased.
3) The number of cycles to failure increased as the flame hardening speed decreased, indicating that slower flame hardening leads to higher fatigue strength of the medium carbon steel.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document discusses the influence of welding conditions on the mechanical properties of welded joints of 9% nickel steel used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks. Specifically, it examines the effect of heat input between 1.4-2 Kj/mm and controlling interpass temperature below 80°C on the tensile strength and toughness of the welded joints. The study found that these welding parameters improved the strength and reduced the probability of brittle fracture in the welded joints of thin 9% nickel steel specimens. Controlling heat input and temperature during welding is important for maintaining the desired microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints.
Dual phase steels are microstructurally composed of 75-85% ferrite with the remainder being martensite, bainite, and retained austenite. They are processed through thermomechanical treatments to achieve better formability than ferrite-pearlite steels of similar strength. Dual phase steels work harden rapidly at low strains, have low yield strength but high ultimate tensile strength. They were initially developed in the 1960s but further improved in the 1970s for automotive applications requiring increased strength and fuel efficiency. Processing methods like continuous annealing, batch annealing, and as-rolled techniques are used to control the microstructure and resulting mechanical properties.
This document discusses heat treatment methods for controlling material properties of metals and alloys. It describes how heating metals to certain temperatures can cause phase changes that modify microstructures and influence properties like strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Specific heat treatment methods are outlined, including hardening, annealing, normalizing, and tempering, and how they impact phase transformations and material properties on iron-carbon phase diagrams. Surface hardening techniques are also mentioned.
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF GAS TURBINE BLADE USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISIAEME Publication
This paper presents the failure analysis of the turbine blade of a gas turbine engine 9E GE type, installed in a certain type of simple systems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power generator.
A non-linear finite element method was utilized to determine the stress state of the blade segment under operating conditions. High stress zones were found at the region of the lower fir-tree slot, where the failure occurred. A computation was also performed with excessive rotational speed. Attention of this study is devoted to the mechanisms of damage of the turbine blade and also the critical high stress areas.
The document discusses various methods for increasing the strength of metals, including hardening, quenching, annealing, tempering, normalizing, and austempering. It provides details on the processes involved and the microstructural and property changes that result from each method. Solid solution strengthening, strain hardening, grain size refinement, precipitation hardening, dispersion hardening, and phase transformations are also summarized as six major mechanisms for increasing metal strength.
This document discusses post weld heat treatment (PWHT). It describes how welding causes residual stresses and microstructural changes in the heat affected zone (HAZ) that can lead to cracking. PWHT involves controlled heating and cooling to relieve residual stresses and improve properties. The key aspects covered include:
- PWHT relieves residual stresses and improves toughness by altering the HAZ microstructure.
- Preheating the metal prior to welding reduces cooling rates and residual stresses. The required preheat temperature depends on material thickness and carbon content.
- Thermal stress relief involves heating to just below the recrystallization temperature to allow stress relaxation. Proper heating and cooling rates are important.
The document discusses advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) used in automotive applications. It describes various types of AHSS, including dual phase steels, complex phase steels, and martensitic steels. It explains how the unique chemical compositions and microstructures of AHSS provide increased strength and ductility compared to traditional mild steels. Examples are given of vehicles that utilize different grades of AHSS, such as the 2011 Honda CR-Z that uses steels with tensile strengths over 980 MPa. New applications of AHSS in automotive components like twist beams and car doors are also outlined.
Design, Thermal Analysis and Optimization of a Piston using AnsysIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical analysis of the thermal behavior and stress optimization of a piston made of functionally graded materials using ANSYS software. A piston model was developed in SolidWorks and analyzed in ANSYS to evaluate thermal stresses under different operating conditions like gas pressure and temperature. The analysis aimed to reduce stress concentration in high stress areas like the piston head and skirt. Various piston materials like aluminum alloys were considered to determine the optimal material for withstanding thermal loads while minimizing weight.
The document provides details about an industrial training at Shri Sharma Steeltech (India) Pvt. Ltd., a company that manufactures TMT steel bars. It describes the company's manufacturing process which involves heating iron ingots in a furnace, rolling them into bars through various rolling mills, thermo-mechanically treating the bars through quenching, and cutting and shipping the final products. The production process is explained through sections on heating, pre-rolling, rolling, thermo-mechanical treatment, cutting and shipping. Key equipment used at different stages including furnaces, rolling mills and cutters are also outlined.
TMT steel bars compliments “Reinforced Cement Concrete” (RCC) which has become an integral part of every structure, be it a multi-storied building, a tunnel, a flyover, a TV tower etc.
Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about TMT bars answered
Buckling Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Compression Members at Elevated Temper...IJMER
Abstract: Cold-formed steel members have been widely used in residential, industrial and commercial
buildings as primary load bearing structural elements due to their advantages such as higher strength to
weight ratio over the other structural materials such as hot-rolled steel, timber and concrete. However,
they are susceptible to various buckling modes including local and distortional buckling. Fire safety
design of building structures has received greater attention in recent times as fire events can cause loss
of property and lives. Therefore it is essential to understand the fire performance of light gauge coldformed
steel structures under fire conditions. The buckling behavior of cold-formed steel compression
members under fire conditions is not well investigated yet and hence there is a lack of knowledge on the
fire performance of cold-formed steel compression members. Therefore, this paper deals with behavior
of cold formed steel compression member under fire and to analyze the effect of fire on critical buckling
load of compression member. Eigen value analysis for Lipped channel sections made of various
thicknesses and both low and high strength steels was carried out through finite element method. The
ultimate load carrying capacity results from experimental investigation and finite element analyses were
then compared
This document discusses the use of titanium in aircraft. It describes how titanium is used in both airframes and engines due to its light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V are commonly used. Applications in airframes include parts that require strength and compatibility with carbon fiber composites. Engines use titanium alloys in components like fan blades and compressors that experience lower temperatures. Maintaining high quality control and qualifications is important for aircraft applications of titanium.
Normalizing is a heat treatment process that increases the toughness of steels. It involves heating steel to above its critical temperature range, soaking, then air cooling to produce a finer grain structure. This refines the structure, relieves internal stresses, improves toughness, and makes the steel harder and stronger compared to annealing. Normalizing is commonly used as a final heat treatment before use to enhance the mechanical properties of steels.
Improved Material and Enhanced Fatigue Resistance for Gear ComponentsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Abstract
This paper shows the latest progress in steel grades and in case hardening technology for gear components.
To answer the demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, modern gear boxes are built much lighter. Improving fatigue resistance is a key factor to allow for the design of thin components to be used in advanced vehicle transmissions. The choice of material and the applied heat treat process are of key importance to enhance the fatigue resistance of gear components.
By applying the technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), the tooth root bending strength can be significantly enhanced, compared to traditional heat treatment with atmospheric carburizing and oil quenching.
Besides heat treatment, significant progress has been made over the past years on the steels being used for gear components. The hardenability of case hardening steels such as 5130H, 5120H, 20MnCr5, 27MnCr5, 18CrNiMo7-6 etc. has been stepwise increased in recent years. An important factor for fatigue resistance is the grain size after heat treatment. Therefore, grain size control is a key goal when developing new modifications of steel grades.
After enhancing grain size control, it was possible to increase the carburizing temperatures over the past years from 930°C to 980°C (1700°F to 1800°F) which resulted in shorter heat treatment cycles and thus in significant cost savings.
With the introduction of new microalloyed steels for grain size stability, carburizing temperatures can now be even further increased to temperatures of up to 1050°C (1920°F), leading to even more economic process cycles. By adding microelements such as Niobium or Titanium in the ppm-range, nitride and carbonitride-precipitates are formed. These precipitates effectively limit the grain-growth during the heat treatment process.
Ijaems apr-2016-20 Design, Modeling and Analysis of Structural Strength of Cy...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The proficiency of any automobile engine is deals with the structural strength of its cylinder and cylinder head. Cylinder and cylinder head are most important parts of an engine because the piston moving inside the cylinder, so friction between cylinder wall and piston is very higher and due to this the mechanical load or fatigue load acting on the cylinder. So that structure of cylinder should be stronger. The combustion chamber, crank case, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and cylinder are placed under the cylinder head. Cylinder head provides the protection against the high thermal and mechanical load on an engine, so the cylinder head is “a protector” of an engine and its parts. The review of existing literature on design, modeling and analysis of cylinder and cylinder head is presented. 3D-model of cylinder and cylinder head were created using Pro/Engineer software and ANSYS was used to analyze the thermal and structural analysis. So finally design considerations, material specifications, failure analysis, these all are reviewed successfully over here.
This document discusses various high and low temperature thermo-mechanical processes used to strengthen steel, including controlled rolling, hot-cold working, ausforming, isoforming, cryoforming, and mar-straining. Controlled rolling produces fine grain structure at high strengths. Hot-cold working deforms non-recrystallized austenite to produce martensite and strong directional properties. Ausforming deforms supercooled austenite to produce a fine martensitic structure with high strength. These processes refine microstructure and introduce dislocations to strengthen steel through work hardening.
This document discusses developing a fracture splitting method for manufacturing connecting rods made of case hardened steel. It examines applying the fracture splitting method to connecting rods made of JIS SCM420 carburized steel, which has varying hardness levels from the surface inward. Tests were conducted using a weight falling-type splitting machine to determine the temperature and strain rate conditions needed to obtain a brittle fracture surface over the entire fractured surface, including the inner portions with lower hardness. Measures were also taken to analyze and control the fracture starting point using nonlinear simulations to address issues of irregular fracture initiation and tiny fragment breakaways. The fracture splitting method was successfully implemented in the production of connecting rods for the Yamaha YZF-R1 supersport
Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of nickel coated graphite...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we are going to describe the characterization and mechanical behavior of the Nickel Coated Graphite (NCG) particle reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composite. Many a times, the composites fail to answer the question or fail to serve the purpose for which it is fabricated to. This is due to the less wetting nature between the reinforcement and the matrix and the impossibility of higher percentage of reinforcement addition in to the matrix. However, metal coated reinforcements have been able to overcome these limitations to a very extent. NCG particles reinforced Al6061 matrix with various weight percentages were fabricated by Squeeze casting method. Samples of 0, 5 and 10 wt% reinforcement addition were synthesized and characterized. Finally some useful conclusions were made. Keywords: Metal Coated Reinforcement; Nickel Coated Graphite; Squeeze Casting; Wetting.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses various heat treatment processes that can be applied to welded materials and structures to relieve stress and improve properties. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, stress relieving, quenching, and tempering, and explains how they work to soften metals, reduce stresses, and achieve desired material properties. Several studies are summarized that examine the effects of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness, residual stresses and mechanical properties of welded materials like titanium alloys, TRIP steel, and low-carbon steel. The studies found that heat treatment helped relieve stresses, refine grains, improve strength and ductility, and in some cases extend the life of welded components.
1) Interstitial-free (IF) steels and bake-hardening (BH) steels are designed to provide excellent drawability and mechanical strength for automotive body parts.
2) IF steels are strengthened through additions of manganese, silicon, and phosphorus in solid solution, while BH steels are designed to significantly increase in yield strength during paint curing heat treatment.
3) Both IF and BH steels have high strain hardening potential and formability, making them suitable for complex deep-drawn automotive body parts that require good dent resistance such as doors and wheel arches.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF I.C. ENGINE PISTON AND PISTON-RING USING CATIA AND ANS...IAEME Publication
In this present work a piston and piston ring are designed for a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine using CATIA V5R20 software. Complete design is imported to ANSYS 14.5 software then analysis is performed. Three different materials have been selected for structural and thermal analysis of piston. For piston ring two different materials are selected and structural and thermal analysis is performed using ANSYS 14.5 software. Results are shown and a comparison is made to
find the most suited design.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were first applied to gas turbine engine blades in the late 1980s to increase engine efficiency and temperatures. TBCs lower the metal surface temperature of superalloy components, protecting them from oxidation and corrosion allowing for higher operating temperatures. A typical TBC system uses a bond coat that forms a protective thermally grown oxide layer and a ceramic top coat with low thermal conductivity to further insulate the metal underneath. New fabrication methods for thicker, more uniformly porous top coats and diffusion strengthened bond coats have improved TBC performance and efficiency.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were introduced in the late 1980s to allow gas turbine engine components to operate at temperatures above the melting points of the underlying superalloy materials. TBCs lower the metal surface temperature and protect against oxidation and hot corrosion. Early TBCs were enamels, while modern TBCs use a layered structure with a ceramic top coat, bond coat, and superalloy substrate. New fabrication methods have been developed to improve TBC performance and efficiency, including thick yttria-stabilized-zirconia top coats deposited using electrophoretic deposition and platinum-diffused single gamma prime phase bond coats.
The document discusses various methods for increasing the strength of metals, including hardening, quenching, annealing, tempering, normalizing, and austempering. It provides details on the processes involved and the microstructural and property changes that result from each method. Solid solution strengthening, strain hardening, grain size refinement, precipitation hardening, dispersion hardening, and phase transformations are also summarized as six major mechanisms for increasing metal strength.
This document discusses post weld heat treatment (PWHT). It describes how welding causes residual stresses and microstructural changes in the heat affected zone (HAZ) that can lead to cracking. PWHT involves controlled heating and cooling to relieve residual stresses and improve properties. The key aspects covered include:
- PWHT relieves residual stresses and improves toughness by altering the HAZ microstructure.
- Preheating the metal prior to welding reduces cooling rates and residual stresses. The required preheat temperature depends on material thickness and carbon content.
- Thermal stress relief involves heating to just below the recrystallization temperature to allow stress relaxation. Proper heating and cooling rates are important.
The document discusses advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) used in automotive applications. It describes various types of AHSS, including dual phase steels, complex phase steels, and martensitic steels. It explains how the unique chemical compositions and microstructures of AHSS provide increased strength and ductility compared to traditional mild steels. Examples are given of vehicles that utilize different grades of AHSS, such as the 2011 Honda CR-Z that uses steels with tensile strengths over 980 MPa. New applications of AHSS in automotive components like twist beams and car doors are also outlined.
Design, Thermal Analysis and Optimization of a Piston using AnsysIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical analysis of the thermal behavior and stress optimization of a piston made of functionally graded materials using ANSYS software. A piston model was developed in SolidWorks and analyzed in ANSYS to evaluate thermal stresses under different operating conditions like gas pressure and temperature. The analysis aimed to reduce stress concentration in high stress areas like the piston head and skirt. Various piston materials like aluminum alloys were considered to determine the optimal material for withstanding thermal loads while minimizing weight.
The document provides details about an industrial training at Shri Sharma Steeltech (India) Pvt. Ltd., a company that manufactures TMT steel bars. It describes the company's manufacturing process which involves heating iron ingots in a furnace, rolling them into bars through various rolling mills, thermo-mechanically treating the bars through quenching, and cutting and shipping the final products. The production process is explained through sections on heating, pre-rolling, rolling, thermo-mechanical treatment, cutting and shipping. Key equipment used at different stages including furnaces, rolling mills and cutters are also outlined.
TMT steel bars compliments “Reinforced Cement Concrete” (RCC) which has become an integral part of every structure, be it a multi-storied building, a tunnel, a flyover, a TV tower etc.
Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about TMT bars answered
Buckling Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Compression Members at Elevated Temper...IJMER
Abstract: Cold-formed steel members have been widely used in residential, industrial and commercial
buildings as primary load bearing structural elements due to their advantages such as higher strength to
weight ratio over the other structural materials such as hot-rolled steel, timber and concrete. However,
they are susceptible to various buckling modes including local and distortional buckling. Fire safety
design of building structures has received greater attention in recent times as fire events can cause loss
of property and lives. Therefore it is essential to understand the fire performance of light gauge coldformed
steel structures under fire conditions. The buckling behavior of cold-formed steel compression
members under fire conditions is not well investigated yet and hence there is a lack of knowledge on the
fire performance of cold-formed steel compression members. Therefore, this paper deals with behavior
of cold formed steel compression member under fire and to analyze the effect of fire on critical buckling
load of compression member. Eigen value analysis for Lipped channel sections made of various
thicknesses and both low and high strength steels was carried out through finite element method. The
ultimate load carrying capacity results from experimental investigation and finite element analyses were
then compared
This document discusses the use of titanium in aircraft. It describes how titanium is used in both airframes and engines due to its light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V are commonly used. Applications in airframes include parts that require strength and compatibility with carbon fiber composites. Engines use titanium alloys in components like fan blades and compressors that experience lower temperatures. Maintaining high quality control and qualifications is important for aircraft applications of titanium.
Normalizing is a heat treatment process that increases the toughness of steels. It involves heating steel to above its critical temperature range, soaking, then air cooling to produce a finer grain structure. This refines the structure, relieves internal stresses, improves toughness, and makes the steel harder and stronger compared to annealing. Normalizing is commonly used as a final heat treatment before use to enhance the mechanical properties of steels.
Improved Material and Enhanced Fatigue Resistance for Gear ComponentsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Abstract
This paper shows the latest progress in steel grades and in case hardening technology for gear components.
To answer the demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, modern gear boxes are built much lighter. Improving fatigue resistance is a key factor to allow for the design of thin components to be used in advanced vehicle transmissions. The choice of material and the applied heat treat process are of key importance to enhance the fatigue resistance of gear components.
By applying the technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), the tooth root bending strength can be significantly enhanced, compared to traditional heat treatment with atmospheric carburizing and oil quenching.
Besides heat treatment, significant progress has been made over the past years on the steels being used for gear components. The hardenability of case hardening steels such as 5130H, 5120H, 20MnCr5, 27MnCr5, 18CrNiMo7-6 etc. has been stepwise increased in recent years. An important factor for fatigue resistance is the grain size after heat treatment. Therefore, grain size control is a key goal when developing new modifications of steel grades.
After enhancing grain size control, it was possible to increase the carburizing temperatures over the past years from 930°C to 980°C (1700°F to 1800°F) which resulted in shorter heat treatment cycles and thus in significant cost savings.
With the introduction of new microalloyed steels for grain size stability, carburizing temperatures can now be even further increased to temperatures of up to 1050°C (1920°F), leading to even more economic process cycles. By adding microelements such as Niobium or Titanium in the ppm-range, nitride and carbonitride-precipitates are formed. These precipitates effectively limit the grain-growth during the heat treatment process.
Ijaems apr-2016-20 Design, Modeling and Analysis of Structural Strength of Cy...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The proficiency of any automobile engine is deals with the structural strength of its cylinder and cylinder head. Cylinder and cylinder head are most important parts of an engine because the piston moving inside the cylinder, so friction between cylinder wall and piston is very higher and due to this the mechanical load or fatigue load acting on the cylinder. So that structure of cylinder should be stronger. The combustion chamber, crank case, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and cylinder are placed under the cylinder head. Cylinder head provides the protection against the high thermal and mechanical load on an engine, so the cylinder head is “a protector” of an engine and its parts. The review of existing literature on design, modeling and analysis of cylinder and cylinder head is presented. 3D-model of cylinder and cylinder head were created using Pro/Engineer software and ANSYS was used to analyze the thermal and structural analysis. So finally design considerations, material specifications, failure analysis, these all are reviewed successfully over here.
This document discusses various high and low temperature thermo-mechanical processes used to strengthen steel, including controlled rolling, hot-cold working, ausforming, isoforming, cryoforming, and mar-straining. Controlled rolling produces fine grain structure at high strengths. Hot-cold working deforms non-recrystallized austenite to produce martensite and strong directional properties. Ausforming deforms supercooled austenite to produce a fine martensitic structure with high strength. These processes refine microstructure and introduce dislocations to strengthen steel through work hardening.
This document discusses developing a fracture splitting method for manufacturing connecting rods made of case hardened steel. It examines applying the fracture splitting method to connecting rods made of JIS SCM420 carburized steel, which has varying hardness levels from the surface inward. Tests were conducted using a weight falling-type splitting machine to determine the temperature and strain rate conditions needed to obtain a brittle fracture surface over the entire fractured surface, including the inner portions with lower hardness. Measures were also taken to analyze and control the fracture starting point using nonlinear simulations to address issues of irregular fracture initiation and tiny fragment breakaways. The fracture splitting method was successfully implemented in the production of connecting rods for the Yamaha YZF-R1 supersport
Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of nickel coated graphite...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we are going to describe the characterization and mechanical behavior of the Nickel Coated Graphite (NCG) particle reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composite. Many a times, the composites fail to answer the question or fail to serve the purpose for which it is fabricated to. This is due to the less wetting nature between the reinforcement and the matrix and the impossibility of higher percentage of reinforcement addition in to the matrix. However, metal coated reinforcements have been able to overcome these limitations to a very extent. NCG particles reinforced Al6061 matrix with various weight percentages were fabricated by Squeeze casting method. Samples of 0, 5 and 10 wt% reinforcement addition were synthesized and characterized. Finally some useful conclusions were made. Keywords: Metal Coated Reinforcement; Nickel Coated Graphite; Squeeze Casting; Wetting.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses various heat treatment processes that can be applied to welded materials and structures to relieve stress and improve properties. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, stress relieving, quenching, and tempering, and explains how they work to soften metals, reduce stresses, and achieve desired material properties. Several studies are summarized that examine the effects of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness, residual stresses and mechanical properties of welded materials like titanium alloys, TRIP steel, and low-carbon steel. The studies found that heat treatment helped relieve stresses, refine grains, improve strength and ductility, and in some cases extend the life of welded components.
1) Interstitial-free (IF) steels and bake-hardening (BH) steels are designed to provide excellent drawability and mechanical strength for automotive body parts.
2) IF steels are strengthened through additions of manganese, silicon, and phosphorus in solid solution, while BH steels are designed to significantly increase in yield strength during paint curing heat treatment.
3) Both IF and BH steels have high strain hardening potential and formability, making them suitable for complex deep-drawn automotive body parts that require good dent resistance such as doors and wheel arches.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF I.C. ENGINE PISTON AND PISTON-RING USING CATIA AND ANS...IAEME Publication
In this present work a piston and piston ring are designed for a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine using CATIA V5R20 software. Complete design is imported to ANSYS 14.5 software then analysis is performed. Three different materials have been selected for structural and thermal analysis of piston. For piston ring two different materials are selected and structural and thermal analysis is performed using ANSYS 14.5 software. Results are shown and a comparison is made to
find the most suited design.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were first applied to gas turbine engine blades in the late 1980s to increase engine efficiency and temperatures. TBCs lower the metal surface temperature of superalloy components, protecting them from oxidation and corrosion allowing for higher operating temperatures. A typical TBC system uses a bond coat that forms a protective thermally grown oxide layer and a ceramic top coat with low thermal conductivity to further insulate the metal underneath. New fabrication methods for thicker, more uniformly porous top coats and diffusion strengthened bond coats have improved TBC performance and efficiency.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were introduced in the late 1980s to allow gas turbine engine components to operate at temperatures above the melting points of the underlying superalloy materials. TBCs lower the metal surface temperature and protect against oxidation and hot corrosion. Early TBCs were enamels, while modern TBCs use a layered structure with a ceramic top coat, bond coat, and superalloy substrate. New fabrication methods have been developed to improve TBC performance and efficiency, including thick yttria-stabilized-zirconia top coats deposited using electrophoretic deposition and platinum-diffused single gamma prime phase bond coats.
This patent describes a thermal barrier coating system and method for gas turbine engine components. The coating system includes an aluminum oxide layer formed on a nickel aluminide alloy substrate, without an intermediate bond coat. A ceramic layer is then deposited directly on the aluminum oxide layer. Using a nickel aluminide alloy substrate avoids issues with bond coat depletion and interdiffusion seen in conventional coatings, improving spallation resistance and thermal cycle life.
The document describes a project to analyze the effects of applying thermal barrier coatings to diesel locomotive engines. The objectives are to increase power output and efficiency while reducing fuel consumption, emissions, and wear on engine components. The project involves studying engine components, applying thermal barrier coatings, analyzing coatings using simulation software, and reporting on design considerations and results. Thermal barrier coatings aim to insulate components and allow higher operating temperatures to improve performance and lifespan.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Effect of Annealing on Erosion Behavior of Atmospheric Plasma Spray and High ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of annealing on the erosion behavior of tungsten carbide-chromium carbide-nickel coatings applied via atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel spray (HVOF). Samples were annealed at 550 degrees Celsius and tested for erosion resistance at 450-575 degrees using alumina powder. Results showed that both coatings exhibited improved hardness after annealing, with HVOF showing greater hardness gains and wear resistance than APS. HVOF coatings also demonstrated superior erosion performance compared to APS coatings and uncoated steel substrates across all test conditions due to retaining a higher percentage of hard carbides at elevated temperatures.
Study of Materials used in Gas Turbine engine and swirler in combustion chamberIJARIIE JOURNAL
This document discusses materials used in gas turbine engines, with a focus on the swirler in the combustion chamber. It first introduces the students who authored the paper and provides an abstract that overviews studying materials for gas turbine components to enhance performance, reliability and durability. The main body then discusses materials used for turbine blades and wheels, focusing on titanium and nickel-based alloys that can withstand high temperatures and stresses. It also examines protective coatings and the role of swirlers in reducing emissions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of thermal barrier coating for the improvement of si engine performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract As per the second law of thermodynamics the efficiency of the engine depends upon the extraction of work against the heat supplied. Minimisation of heat rejection leads to increase the work. Heat rejection takes place through the engine piston, valves and cylinder heads to the surroundings. The aim of the study is to minimise this heat rejection to the surroundings. Heat transfer through the engine parts is minimised by applying the thermal barrier coating materials on the top surface of the engine piston, cylinder heads and valves. In this study an attempt is made to reduce the intensity of thermal and structural stresses by using a layer of the ceramic material, like Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which has low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, chemical inertness, high resistance to erosion, corrosion and high strength was selected as a coating material for engine component. This study present the effect of coating on the piston and the performance of modified four stroke petrol engine and the emission characteristics of the exhaust gas. Key words: Yttrium – zirconium coating, Low heat rejection, Thermal barrier coatings, Engine performance and Emission characteristics
Overview on Thermal Barrier Coatings Application and DevelopmentIJRES Journal
This paper mainly summary the application and development of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) in last decades. TBCs have been widely used in automotive, gas turbine, solid oxide fuel cell and other fields. It can protect substrate materials from high temperature oxidation and corrosion meanwhile increasing lifetime of parts and improving the work efficiency. At last, the development trend of TBC was referred on the TBCs materials and structures.
LAB SCALE PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THERMAL BA...ijmech
Ceramic based coatings are routinely being engineered to protect metallic components from high
temperature environments in applications like gas turbines and jet engines. However, although a wellresearched
technology, detailed and realistic information on the effects of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
in improving the performance of commercial diesel engines is either classified or inconsistent. Additional
information by means of lab scale and analytical evaluation of TBCs prepared from 8%Y2O3-ZrO2 plasma
sprayable powders (prepared in the laboratory by using organic binders), coated onto aluminium
substrates, corroborated by simulation model is one part of this paper. The findings are supplemented by
studying the influence of the TBCs on aluminium pistons in a single cylinder nine horsepower class diesel
engine, thereby carrying out realistic performance of the engine involving parameters such as Power
(Brake, Indicated and Frictional), thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, effects of ceramic insulation on
emission and exhaust temperature and peak cylinder pressure, as the concluding part of the studies.
The desired to reach higher efficiencies, lower specific fuel consumption and reduced emission in modern engines has becomes the primary focus of engine researches and manufactures over the past three decades. Ceramic coating is a solution to such problem as they provide good thermal barrier properties for designers. In the design of adiabatic engines, reducing in cylinder heat rejection requires very special thermal barrier coatings on the engine combustion chamber. Partial Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) on the top surface of the piston is considered as a solution for reduction of unburned Hydrocarbon (HC) emission produce by incomplete combustion with respect to crevice volume when engines start. The TBC on the top piston surface decreases the thermal conductivity and increases the unburned charged oxidation, so that the metallic substrates will be exposed to lower peak temperature thereby reducing the thermal stress in engines components. Also thermal barrier coatings on other elements of combustion chamber of internal combustion engine offer advantages including fuel efficiency, multi fuel capacity and high power density. Therefore, thermal barrier coating (TBC) technology is successfully applied to the internal combustion engines, in particular to the combustion chamber.
IRJET- High Effect of 22Cr10AlY Coating Thickness on Air Hot Corrosion of...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of coating thickness on the oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloys exposed to air at 850°C and 900°C under cyclic conditions. Nickel-based alloy samples were coated with 22Cr10AlY coatings of thicknesses 50 microns and 100 microns using detonation gun coating. The samples were then subjected to cyclic oxidation testing involving heating for 5 hours at 850°C and 900°C followed by 20 minutes cooling for 10 cycles. Weight change measurements were made to determine the kinetics of oxidation and hot corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the corroded products. It was observed that the coated nickel alloy with 100 micron coating showed better resistance to oxidation
This document discusses the design and static thermal analysis of a piston using thermal barrier coating materials. It aims to increase engine performance by applying a thermal barrier coating to the piston crown. The project considers coating a 150cc engine piston crown with 0.4mm of two different thermal barrier coating materials and using finite element analysis to calculate stresses, strains, temperatures and heat flux. The goal is to determine which material is most suitable for reducing heat transfer and increasing engine efficiency.
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF GAS TURBINE BLADE USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISBarhm Mohamad
the failure analysis of the turbine blade of a gas turbine engine 9E GE type, installed in a certain type of simple systems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power generator.
A non-linear finite element method was utilized to determine the stress state of the blade segment under operating conditions. High stress zones were found at the region of the lower fir-tree slot, where the failure occurred. A computation was also performed with excessive rotational speed. Attention of this study is devoted to the mechanisms of damage of the turbine blade and also the critical high stress areas
This document describes the computational thermal analysis of a fused calcia zirconia ceramic coating applied to the piston head of a diesel engine. It begins with an introduction to functionally graded materials and thermal barrier coatings. It then describes the modeling and meshing process in ANSYS for the uncoated and coated piston, including the element types used. The document provides equations and examples related to piston and engine design. It discusses factors that influence the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings and how coatings can improve engine performance. In summary, a ceramic coating is analyzed computationally to reduce heat transfer and thermal stresses in the piston.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
This seminar presentation discusses thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). TBCs are ceramic oxide coatings applied to metallic parts to insulate them and allow operation at higher temperatures. A TBC system consists of a top ceramic coating, thermally grown oxide layer, bond coat, and superalloy substrate. Common TBC materials use yttria-stabilized zirconia due to its low thermal conductivity. Two deposition methods discussed are electron beam physical vapor deposition and air plasma spray. TBCs can increase efficiency in gas turbine engines and diesel engines by allowing higher operating temperatures. However, thermal cycling can cause TBCs to fail through spalling of the top coating.
The document summarizes an investigation into applying a thermal barrier coating (TBC) of zirconia ceramic onto an internal combustion engine piston using plasma arc spraying. Key findings include:
1) Applying the TBC reduced heat transfer to the cooling jacket and exhaust system, improving mechanical efficiency and decreasing fuel consumption by up to 6%.
2) Emissions of unburned hydrocarbons were reduced due to lower heat rejection, while carbon monoxide emissions did not significantly change.
3) Some potential drawbacks of thicker TBC coatings include higher internal stresses due to larger temperature gradients and increased risk of coating failure over time.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
Inventors and entrepreneurs have vocations fueled by passion. Many would have done it for free or as a hobby if it hadn’t become a profession. Mark Rosenzweig is a natural creator, driven by his passion. This fuel has led Mark to develop his ideas into viable products and innovations that he has been patenting since 2003. From an innovative filter sensor and indicator for vacuum cleaners to a basket for deep fryer and methods of cooking food products to a compact cyclonic bagless vacuum cleaner. Sometimes independently and often as part of creative teams, Mark has patented just under one hundred innovative inventions between 2003 and 2017.
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
How to Implement a Strategy: Transform Your Strategy with BSC Designer's Comp...Aleksey Savkin
The Strategy Implementation System offers a structured approach to translating stakeholder needs into actionable strategies using high-level and low-level scorecards. It involves stakeholder analysis, strategy decomposition, adoption of strategic frameworks like Balanced Scorecard or OKR, and alignment of goals, initiatives, and KPIs.
Key Components:
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Strategy Decomposition
- Adoption of Business Frameworks
- Goal Setting
- Initiatives and Action Plans
- KPIs and Performance Metrics
- Learning and Adaptation
- Alignment and Cascading of Scorecards
Benefits:
- Systematic strategy formulation and execution.
- Framework flexibility and automation.
- Enhanced alignment and strategic focus across the organization.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
1. US 2004O115462A1
(19) United States
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US2004/0115462A1
Grady et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 17, 2004
(54) ARTICLE INCLUDING ASUBSTRATE WITH (22) Filed: Dec. 13, 2002
A METALLIC COATING AND A
PROTECTIVE COATING THEREON, AND Publication Classification
ITS PREPARATION AND USE IN
COMPONENT RESTORATION (51) Int. Cl." ..................................................... B32B 15/00
(52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 428/615; 428/621
(76) Inventors: Wayne Ray Grady, Fairfield, OH (US);
Thomas Joseph Kelly, Cincinnati, OH (57) ABSTRACT
(US); Michael James Weimer,
Loveland, OH (US); Nripendra Nath A coated article has a metallic substrate with a Substrate
Das, West Chester, OH (US); Mark composition, and a metallic coating overlying and contact
Alan Rosenzweig, Hamilton, OH (US) ing the metallic Substrate. The metallic coating has a metal
lic-coating composition different from the Substrate compo
Correspondence Address: Sition.Aprotective coatingoverlies andcontactsthe metallic
MCNEES, WALLACE & NURICK coating. The protective coating includes an aluminide layer
100 PINE STREET overlyingandcontactingthe metallic coating, and optionally
BOX 1166 a thermal barrier coating overlying and contacting the alu
HARRISBURG, PA 17108 (US) minide layer. This structure may be used to restore a key
dimension of an article that has previously been in Service
(21) Appl. No.: 10/318,760 and to protect the article as well.
4. US 2004/0115462 A1
ARTICLE INCLUDINGA SUBSTRATE WITH A
METALLIC COATING AND A PROTECTIVE
COATING THEREON, AND ITS PREPARATION
AND USE IN COMPONENT RESTORATION
0001. This invention relates to the protection of a sub
Strate using a protective coating and, more particularly, to
the restoration ofa key dimension ofan article Such as a gas
turbine component that has previously been in Service.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
0002 In an aircraft gas turbine (jet) engine, air is drawn
into the front of the engine, compressedby a Shaft-mounted
compressor, and mixed with fuel.The mixture isburned, and
the hot combustion gases are passed through a turbine
Section mountedon the same shaft. In the turbine Section, the
hot combustion-gas flow passes between pairs of turbine
Vanes(alsosometimes termed the “nozzles”), which redirect
the combustion-gas flow slightly, and impinges upon the
turbine blades. The impingement of the flow of hot com
bustion gas against an airfoil Section of the turbine blades
turns the shaft and provides power to the compressor. The
hot exhaust gases flow from the back of the engine, driving
it and the aircraft forward.
0003. The hotter the combustion and exhaust gases, the
more efficient is the operation ofthe jetengine. There is thus
an incentive to raise the combustion and exhaust gas tem
peratures. However, at these high temperatures the combus
tion-gas flow is highly corrosive, erosive, and oxidative to
the materials it contacts. The maximum temperature of the
combustion gases is normally limited by the materials used
to fabricate the turbine components of the engine, including
the turbine blades and Vanes. The turbine components must
have the necessary Strength, but also be resistant to the
environmental damage caused by the combustion-gas flow,
at the operating temperature. In current engines, the turbine
Vanes andblades are made ofcobalt alloys and nickel-based
Superalloys, and can operate at temperatures of up to about
1800-2100 F. These components are subject to environ
mental damage by corrosion, erosion, and oxidation at those
temperatures.
0004. Many approaches have been used to increase the
operating temperature limits and Service lives of the turbine
blades and Vanes to their current levels, while achieving
acceptable environmental resistance. The composition and
processing of the base materials themselves have been
improved. Cooling techniques are used, as for example by
providing the component with internal cooling passages
through which cooling air is flowed.
0005. In another approach used to protect the turbine
Section components, a portion of the Surfaces of the turbine
blades orVanes is coated with a protective coating. One type
ofprotective coating includes an aluminum-containing pro
tective coating deposited upon the Substrate material to be
protected. The exposed Surface of the aluminum-containing
protective coating oxidizes to produce an aluminum oxide
protective Scale that protects the underlying Surface. A
ceramic thermal barrier coating may be applied over the
aluminum-containing protective coating to further protect
and insulate the Substrate.
0006 Despite careful selection of the base materials and
protective coating, after agasturbine component hasbeen in
Jun. 17, 2004
Service, it is usually eroded, corroded, and oxidized So that
one or more key dimensions of the component may be
reduced below respective minimum permissible dimen
Sional values. An example relates to the throat Separation
dimension between each adjacent pair of gas turbine Vanes,
the Space through which the hot combustion-gas flows from
the combustor on its way to contact the turbine blades. The
throat dimension between two adjacent gas turbine Vanes
has its maximum permissible dimensional value that cannot
be exceeded without reducing the performance and effi
ciency of the gas turbine. When the gas turbine Vanes are
operated in Service, their Surfaces are worn away So that a
key thickness dimension ofthe Vanesbecome dimensionally
Smaller. Consequently, the Vane-to-vane gas-flow throat
Separation dimension becomes larger and the maximum
permissible throat-Separation dimensional value is eventu
ally exceeded as the key thickness dimension of the Vanes
fallsbelow its minimum permitted key thickneSS dimension.
0007. The gas turbine components are expensive to fab
ricate, and it is therefore desirable, where feasible and the
Service damage is not too great, to repair and restore them,
rather than to discard them. No restoration procedure has
been proposed for these protected components to restore
dimensions and also to restore the protective Structure, and
therefore a need exists for Such a restoration procedure. The
present invention fulfills this need, and further provides
related advantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
0008. The present approach provides an article that is
protected against environmental damage, and is also dimen
Sionally controlled. The approach may be used to restore
dimensions of articles that have previously been in Service,
and whose dimensions are reducedbelow minimum permis
Sible dimensional values during that Service. It may also be
used with newly made articles if their dimensions must be
increased.
0009. A coated article comprises a metallic substrate
having a Substrate composition and a metallic coating over
lying and contacting the metallic Substrate. The metallic
coating has a metallic-coating composition different from
the Substrate composition. The metallic-coatingcomposition
must be readily and controllably depositable in thin layers,
such as those in the range offrom about 0.003 to about 0.015
inch, but at a rate Sufficiently high to be economically
feasible. A protective coating overlies and contacts the
metallic coating. The protective coating comprises an alu
minide layer overlying and contacting the metallic coating
and, optionally, a ceramic thermal barrier coating overlying
and contacting the aluminide layer.
0010. In a case of interest, the substrate is a component
of a gas turbine engine, Such as a turbine blade or turbine
Vane (nozzle).The Substrate composition ispreferablyeither
a nickel-base alloy, Such as a nickel-base Superalloy, or a
cobalt-base alloy. In an application of most interest, the
Substrate is a component of a gas turbine engine that has
previously been in Service without the metallic coating
thereon.
0011 Where a key dimension of the article has been
reduced below its minimum permissible dimensional value
duringService as a resultofthe removal ofSubstrate material
due to environmental factors, the key dimension cannot be
5. US 2004/0115462 A1
restored simply by making the protective coating thicker
during the repair procedure, in many cases. The thicknesses
ofthe layer or layers ofthe protective coating are optimized
to provide the necessary protection, Stability, and resistance
to removal during Subsequent Service. Specifically, if the
aluminide layer and/or the ceramic thermal barrier coating
are made overly thick, there is a tendency for them to Spall
away as a result of thermally induced Stresses and other
reasons. Additionally, the protective coating does not have
the same mechanical properties as the Substrate material, So
that replacement of the removed substrate material with the
material ofthe protective coating results in a net weakening
of the article.
0012. In applications of the present approach, the metal
lic coating is applied to the Substrate to build up the
thickness of the Substrate, before the protective coating is
applied. The metallic coating has a composition different
from that of the Substrate. The metallic coating is Selected
both for having good mechanical properties that are similar
to those of the Substrate material, but also for its ability to
be deposited in a moderately thick layer. In a typical
example, the metallic coating has a thickness of at least
about 0.003 inch, preferably from about 0.003 to about
0.010inch, but in Some cases as thick as 0.015 inch or more.
The metallic coating restores the thickness of the Substrate
back to about its original thickness, less the thickness of the
protective coating, and then the optimalprotective coatingis
applied over the metallic coating to restore the required
overall key dimension.
0013 The metallic coating is not a diffusion aluminide
protective coatingand is notan overlay aluminide protective
coating. The diffusion aluminide protective coating and the
overlay aluminide protective coating have a high aluminum
content, typically above about 16 percent by weight. Such
high-aluminum coatingsgive good oxidation protection,but
they do nothave mechanical properties comparable with the
Substrate material. In the case where the metallic coating is
a nickel-base alloy, and preferably a nickel-base Superalloy,
the aluminum content is typically less than about 10 percent
by weight, and there is a high content of other elements
found in Superalloys for Strength and other properties, Such
as tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, rhenium,
Zirconium, titanium, niobium, boron, and/or carbon.
0.014. The aluminide layer is desirably a platinum-group
metal-aluminide layer. That is, the aluminide is formed by
interdiffusingan applied aluminum Sublayer with an applied
Sublayer ofplatinum, palladium, or rhodium. The aluminide
layer may also be formed by interdiffusing an applied
aluminum Sublayer with an applied Sublayer of another
element Such aschromium. The aluminide layer may instead
be a simple aluminide.
0.015. A method for restoring a key dimension of and
protecting an article comprises first providing an article that
has previously been in Service, wherein the key dimension
of the article is below a minimum permissible dimensional
value. The article Serves as a Substrate having a Substrate
composition. A metallic coating is deposited overlying and
contacting the metallic Substrate, wherein the metallic coat
ing has a metallic-coating composition different from the
Substrate composition. Aprotective coating is applied over
lying andcontacting the metallic coating, wherein the metal
lic coating and the protective coating together have a res
Jun. 17, 2004
toration thickneSS Sufficient to increase the key dimension to
no less than the minimum permissible dimensional value.
The protective coating comprises an aluminide layer over
lying and contacting the metallic coating. Compatible fea
tures discussed herein may be used with this method.
0016 Other features and advantagesofthe present inven
tion will be apparent from the following more detailed
description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunc
tion with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by
way of example, the principles of the invention. The Scope
of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred
embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
0017 FIG. 1 is a perspective view ofa gas turbine vane
airfoil;
0018 FIG.2 is a schematicplan view ofthree gas turbine
Vanes, forming two pairs of Vanes,
0019 FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of one of the
gas turbine vanes ofFIG.2, taken generally on line 3-3; and
0020 FIG. 4 is a block flow diagram of a preferred
approach for practicing the present approach.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
INVENTION
0021 FIG. 1 depicts a portion of an article 20 that is an
embodiment of the present approach and may be prepared
by the present approach. In this case, the article 20 is a
component of a gas turbine engine, and Specifically a gas
turbine vane 22 (also called a “nozzle”). The gas turbine
vane 22 has the illustrated airfoil 24 and is attached to its
Supportby end structure (not shown). The present approach
is not limited to a turbine vane, which is the preferred
application but which is presented as an example.
0022 FIG. 2 depicts three of the turbine vanes 22
arranged relative to each other as they are in a gas turbine
engine. The turbine Vanes22 may be described as being two
adjacent pairs of turbine Vanes. A throat Separation dimen
Sion D is the distance ofclosest approach between the two
vanes of each pair. The throat area TA is the product of the
throat width D times the length L of the airfoil measured
parallel to the lengthwise direction of the airfoil 24 (see
FIG. 1). To maintain the throat area TA within its required
tolerances, D must be kept within its required tolerances.
DuringService, the thicknesst ofthe turbine Vanes22tends
to decrease due to environmental damage, So that Do
increases. However, ifD becomes too large and exceeds its
maximum permitted throat Separation dimension, the opera
tion and efficiency of the gas turbine engine unacceptably
decreases. Thus, the thickness tv must be equal to orgreater
than the minimum permissible dimensional value tvMIN.
The situation wherein tv becomes less than tvMIN usually
arises after the turbine Vane 22 is operated in Service, but it
may arise in new-make articles are well.
0023 FIG. 3 depicts the surface region of the turbine
vane 22 in greater detail. The body of the turbine vane 22
Serves as a Substrate 26 having a Substrate composition. The
Substrate composition is preferably that of a nickel-base
alloy Such as a nickel-base Superalloy, or a cobalt-base alloy.
An “X-base' alloy is an alloy having more of element X by
6. US 2004/0115462 A1
weight than any other element. A nickel-base Superalloy is
a nickel-base alloy that is Strengthened by the precipitation
ofgamma prime or a related phase. Acobalt-base alloy has
more cobalt by weight than any other element, and a
cobalt-base Superalloy typically is Strengthened by the pres
ence oflarge atoms thatprovide Solid Solution Strengthening
and by the precipitation of carbide phases. An example of a
cobalt-base substrate composition of most interest is MAR
M-509, having a nominalcomposition, in weightpercent, of
about 0.6 percent carbon, about 0.1 percent manganese,
about 0.4 percent Silicon, about 22.5 percent chromium,
about 0.2 percent titanium, about 1.5 percent iron, about
0.01 percent boron, about 0.5 percent zirconium, about 10
percent nickel, about 7 percent tungsten, about 3.5 percent
tantalum, balance cobalt and minor elements. The present
approach is not limited to this alloy, which ispresented as an
example.
0024. A metallic coating 28 overlies and contacts the
metallic Substrate 26. The metallic coating28 has a metallic
coating composition different from the Substrate composi
tion. The metallic coating 28 has a composition different
from that ofthe Substrate that may be readily deposited onto
the Substrate 26. Most Substrate compositionssimply cannot
be readily deposited as thin layerS by readily available and
economically feasible deposition techniques, Such as those
that may be used for the metallic-coating composition. The
metallic coating 28 is metallic in nature, and is not a
diffusion aluminide protective coating and is not an overlay
aluminide protective coating. The diffusion aluminide pro
tective coating and the overlay aluminide protective coating
have a high aluminum content, typically above about 16
percentby weight. Such high-aluminum coatings give good
oxidation protection, but they do not have mechanical prop
ertiescomparable with the Substrate composition. In the case
where the metallic coating 28 is a nickel-base alloy, and
preferably a nickel-base Superalloy, the aluminum content is
typically leSS than about 10 percent by weight, and there is
a high content of other elements found in Superalloys for
Strength and other properties, Such as tantalum, tungsten,
molybdenum,chromium, rhenium, Zirconium, titanium, nio
bium, boron, and/or carbon. Apreferred metallic coating28
is alloy BC-52, having a nominal composition, in weight
percent, of about 18 percent chromium, about 6.5 percent
aluminum, about 10 percent cobalt, about 6 percent tanta
lum, about 2 percent rhenium, about 0.5 percent hafnium,
about 0.3 percent yttrium, about 1 percent Silicon, about
0.015 percent zirconium, about 0.015 percent boron, about
0.06 percent carbon, the balance nickel and incidental impu
rities. The present approach is not limited to this metallic
coating 28, however.
0.025 A protective coating 30 overlies and contacts the
metallic coating 28. The protective coating 30 includes at
least an aluminide layer 32 overlying and contacting the
metallic coating 28. The aluminide layer 32 is preferably a
platinum-group metal-aluminide layer. The platinum-group
metal aluminide comprises interdiffused aluminum and a
platinum-group metal, preferably platinum, palladium, and/
or rhodium, and most preferably platinum. The aluminide
layer 32 partially interdiffuses with the metallic coating 28
after exposure at elevated temperature. The aluminide layer
32 preferably has at least about 16 percent by weight
aluminum and 16 percent by weight of the platinum-group
metal.
Jun. 17, 2004
0026. After exposure to oxygen at elevated temperature,
an Outermost portion of the aluminide layer 32 oxidizes to
produce an aluminum oxide (alumina) Scale 34. The alumi
num oxide Scale 34 resists further oxidation, protecting the
underlying Structure. For the present purposes, the alumi
num oxide Scale 34 is considered part ofthe aluminide layer
32.
0027 Optionally, a ceramic thermal barrier coating 36 is
part of the protective coating 30 and overlies and contacts
the aluminide layer 32. The thermal barrier coating 36 is
preferably Zirconia having from about 3 to about 12 percent
yttria therein, a ceramic termed yttria-Stabilized Zirconia, or
YSZ.
0028. The aluminide layer 32 preferably has a thickness
of from about 0.0005 to about 0.004 inch thick. The ceramic
thermal barrier coating 36, where present, preferably has a
thickness of from about 0.005 to about 0.020 inch, more
preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.015 inch. These
thicknesses are Selected because of the requirement for
protection of the underlying Structure, and also So that the
respective thicknesses are not So great that the aluminide
layer32 andceramic thermalbarriercoating36 debond from
their respective underlying Structures. These thicknesses
cannot be Substantially increased to replace metal lost or
absent from the underlying Substrate 26. Instead, the metal
lic coating 28 replaces the metal lost or absent from the
Substrate 26, to bring the dimension tv back to above the
minimum permissible dimensional value tvMIN. The metal
lic coating 28 has strength properties generally Similar to
those of the substrate 26, so that replacement of the lost
metal of the Substrate 26 with the metallic coating 28 does
not result in a Substantial loSS of overall Strength properties
of the article 20. The materials of the protective coating 30,
on the other hand, are much weaker than the material of the
Substrate 26. In a typical case, the metallic coating 28 has a
thickness of at least about 0.003 inch and in Some cases as
high as about 0.015 inch, and usually hasa thicknessoffrom
about 0.005 to about 0.010 inch.
0029 FIG. 4 depicts apreferred method ofpracticingthe
invention to restore a key dimension Such astv and toprotect
the article 20. The metallic article 20 or 22 that has previ
ously been in service is provided, step 50. The metallic
article is preferably made of a cobalt-base alloy or a nickel
base alloy. The key dimension tv of the article 20 is below
the minimum permissible dimensional value tvMIN.The key
dimension may instead be below the minimum permissible
dimensional value in a new-make article, but the situation
most often arises in a repair context. The article 20 or 22
Serves as the metallic Substrate 26 having the Substrate
composition.
0030 The metallic coating28 is deposited overlying and
contacting the metallic Substrate 26, step 52. The metallic
coating 28 has its metallic-coating composition different
from the Substrate composition. In the preferred case, the
BC-52 nickel-base Superalloy metallic coating is applied by
any operable approach, but is preferably applied by the
HVOF (high-velocity oxyfuel) process or the LPPS (low
pressure-plasma spray) process, both of which are deposi
tion processes that are known in the art. The HVOF process,
which utilizes a high Velocity gas as a protective shield to
prevent oxide formation, is a relatively low temperature
thermal Spray that allows for application of a high density
7. US 2004/0115462 A1
oxide-free coatingin a wide variety ofthicknesses, isknown
in the art. The HVOF process typically uses any one of a
variety of fuel gases, Such as Oxypropylene, oxygen/hydro
gen mixtures orkerosene. Gas flow ofthe fuelcan be varied
from 2000-5000 ft/sec. The temperature of the spray will
depend on the combustion temperature of the fuel gas used,
but will typically be in the range of3000-5000°F.The LPPS
proceSS applies the coating as a plasma Spray at a reduced
deposition pressure.
0031. The protective coating 30 is deposited overlying
and contacting the metallic coating, Step 54. The metallic
coating 28 and the protective coating 30 together have a
restoration thickneSSSufficient to increase the key dimension
tv to no less than the minimum permissible dimensional
Value tvMIN.
0.032 To deposit the aluminide layer in the preferred
form ofa platinum aluminide, a platinum-containinglayeris
first deposited onto the Surface of the metallic coating 28.
The platinum-containing layer is preferably deposited by
electrodeposition. For the preferred platinum deposition, the
deposition is accomplished by placing a platinum-contain
ing Solution into a deposition tank and depositing platinum
from the solution onto the surface ofthe metallic coating28.
An operable platinum-containing aqueous Solution is
Pt(NH),HPO, having a concentration ofabout4-20grams
per liter of platinum, and the Voltage/current Source is
operated at about 72-10 amperes per Square foot of facing
article Surface. The platinum-containing layer, which is
preferably from about 1 to about 6 micrometers thick and
most preferably about 5 micrometers thick, is deposited in
1-4 hours at a temperature of 190-200 F.
0033) A layer comprising aluminum and any modifying
elements is deposited over the platinum-containing layerby
any operable approach, with chemical vapor deposition
preferred. In that approach, a hydrogen halide activator gas,
Such as hydrogen chloride, is contacted with aluminum
metal or an aluminum alloy to form the corresponding
aluminum halide gas. Halides of any modifyingelements are
formed by the same technique. The aluminum halide (or
mixture of aluminum halide and halide of the modifying
element, if any) contacts the platinum-containing layer that
overlies the metallic coating 28, depositing the aluminum
thereon. The deposition occurs at elevated temperature Such
as from about 1825 F. to about 1975 F. So that the
deposited aluminum atoms interdiffuse with the platinum
containing layer and Somewhat with the uppermost portion
of the metallic coating 28 during a 4 to 20 hour cycle.
0034. Where used,the ceramic thermal barrier coating36
is deposited, preferably by a physical vapor deposition
proceSS Such as electron beam physical vapor deposition
(EBPVD). The ceramic thermal barrier coating 36 is pref
erably from about 0.005 to about 0.020 inch thick. The
ceramic thermal barrier coating 42 is preferably yttria
stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which is zirconium oxide con
taining from about 3 to about 12 weight percent, preferably
from about 6 to about 8 weight percent, of yttrium oxide.
Other operable ceramic materials may be used as well.
Examples include yttria-Stabilized Zirconia which has been
modified with additions of“third” oxides Such as lanthanum
oxide, ytterbium oxide, gadolinium oxide, cerium oxide,
neodymium oxide, tantalum oxide, or mixtures of these
oxides, which are co-deposited with the YSZ.
Jun. 17, 2004
0035. The present invention hasbeen reduced to practice.
Nozzle Segments that have been previously been in Service
have been repaired by the approach discussed above on a
prototype-process basis. The dimension tv was initially
below the Specification limit, andwasincreased to within the
Specification limit by the present approach.
0036) Although a particular embodiment ofthe invention
has been described in detail for purposes of illustration,
various modifications and enhancements may be made with
out departing from the Spirit and Scope of the invention.
Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by
the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A coated article comprising:
a metallic Substrate having a Substrate composition;
a metallic coating overlying and contacting the metallic
Substrate, wherein the metallic coating has a metallic
coating composition different from the Substrate com
position; and
a protective coating overlying and contacting the metallic
coating, wherein the protective coating comprises
an aluminide layer overlying and contacting the metal
lic coating.
2. The article ofclaim 1, wherein the Substrate composi
tion is Selected from the group consisting of a nickel-base
alloy and a cobalt-base alloy.
3. The article of claim 1, wherein the Substrate is a
component of a gas turbine engine.
4. The article of claim 1, wherein the Substrate is a
component of a gas turbine engine that has previously been
in Service without the metallic coating thereon.
5. The article of claim 1, wherein the metallic coating is
a nickel-base Superalloy.
6. The article ofclaim 1, wherein the metallic coatinghas
a thickness of at least about 0.003 inch.
7. The article of claim 1, wherein the aluminide layer is
a platinum-group metal-aluminide layer.
8. The article of claim 1, wherein the protective coating
further comprises
a ceramic thermal barrier coating overlying and contact
ing the aluminide layer.
9. A coated article comprising:
a metallic Substrate that is a component of a gas turbine
engine and has a Substrate composition Selected from
the group consisting of a nickel-base alloy and a
cobalt-base alloy, wherein the Substrate is a component
of a gas turbine engine that has previously been in
Service without the metallic coating thereon;
a metallic coating overlying and contacting the metallic
Substrate, wherein the metallic coating has a metallic
coating composition different from the Substrate com
position; and
a protective coating overlying and contacting the metallic
coating, wherein the protective coating comprises
a platinum-group metal-aluminide layer overlying and
contacting the metallic coating.
10. The article ofclaim 9, wherein the metallic coating is
a nickel-base Superalloy.
8. US 2004/0115462 A1
11. The article ofclaim9,wherein the metallic coating has
a thickness of at least about 0.003 inch.
12. The article of claim 9, wherein the protective coating
further comprises
a ceramic thermal barrier coating overlying and contact
ing the aluminide layer.
13. A method for restoring a key dimension of and
protecting an article, comprising the Steps of
providing an article that has previously been in Service,
wherein the key dimension of the article is below a
minimum permissible dimensional value, and wherein
the article Serves as a metallic Substrate having a
Substrate composition;
depositing a metallic coating overlyingand contacting the
metallic Substrate, wherein the metallic coating has a
metallic-coating composition different from the Sub
Strate composition;
depositing a protective coating overlying and contacting
the metallic coating, wherein the metallic coating and
the protective coatingtogether have a restoration thick
neSS Sufficient to increase the key dimension to no leSS
than the minimum permissible dimensional value, and
wherein the protective coating comprises
an aluminide layer overlying and contacting the metal
lic coating.
14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the step ofproviding
the article includes the Step of
Jun. 17, 2004
providing the article having the Substrate composition
Selected from the group consisting of a nickel-base
alloy and a cobalt-base alloy.
15.The method ofclaim 13, wherein the step ofproviding
the article includes the Step of
providing the article that is a component of a gas turbine
engine.
16.The method ofclaim 13, wherein the step ofproviding
the article includes the Step of
providing the article that is a gas turbine Vane.
17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of depos
iting the metallic coating includes the Step of
depositing the metallic coating that is a nickel-base Super
alloy.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of depos
iting the metallic coating includes the Step of
depositing the metallic coating having a thickness of at
least about 0.003.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of depos
iting the protective coating includes the Step of
depositing the aluminide layer asa platinum-group metal
aluminide layer.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of depos
iting the protective coating includes the Step of
depositing a ceramic thermal barrier coating overlying
and contacting the aluminide layer.
k k k k k