Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash) composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment, as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
The document summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of high strength fibre reinforced concrete (HSFRC). Concrete mixes were produced by adding two types of hooked end steel fibres at volume fractions ranging from 0.5% to 4% to a base high strength concrete of grade M80. A total of 147 specimens of cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the HSFRC mixes. The results indicated that the addition of steel fibres led to significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the high strength concrete. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength all increased with the addition of fibres up to an optimal volume
Experimental Study of Strength Parameters of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
The document presents results from an experimental study investigating the strength parameters of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC). Concrete mixtures were created with combinations of polypropylene fibers and hooked steel fibers ranging from 0.5-2% by volume. Testing found that HFRC has higher impact strength, split tensile strength, and pullout strength compared to conventional concrete, with only marginal improvements in compressive strength. The optimum mixture was found to be 0.8% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber for workability and strength without superplasticizer, and 1.4% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber with superplasticizer.
BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER SHEAR IAEME Publication
This paper assesses the effectiveness of steel fibers used along with the shear reinforcement in the formation of the high grade fiber reinforced concrete. Shear strength of concrete is obtained from direct shear test using push off specimens. Shear stress (strength) is calculated as a ratio of load
to the area of shear plane. Tests were carried out on the “Push-Off” (double L) type specimens in triplicates to determine the Shear strength. The effects of these fibers with different volume of fibers on work ability, density, and on shear strengths of M60 grade concrete are studied. New expressions
for shear strengths are proposed. The specimen was designed to fail in shear at a known plane.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
Effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin & flyIAEME Publication
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin and fly ash on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Three types of steel fibers were used at volumes ranging from 0.5% to 4% by weight of cementitious material. The addition of metakaolin and fly ash at 5% and 10% by weight improved the concrete properties. The results showed that compressive strength increased with steel fiber content up to 3.5%, with round crimped steel fibers performing best. Similarly, split tensile strength also increased up to 3.5% fiber content, with flat crimped fibers giving the highest strength. The study concluded that steel fibers improve the ductility of high
This document discusses characterization of metal matrix composite properties by adding bronze and fly ash. It describes producing bronze-fly ash composites with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% fly ash content using stir casting. Testing found that hardness and tensile strength increased with higher fly ash content, while density decreased. Microstructural analysis using SEM showed fly ash was distributed throughout the matrix. In conclusion, fly ash up to 20% can be added to bronze composites through stir casting, increasing properties like hardness and tensile strength.
Performance evaluation of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete subjected to freez...eSAT Journals
Abstract Durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) proves to be durable material, which is effective in resisting the damage caused due to freezing and thawing due to synergistic performance of hybrid fibers. The objectives of the work described in this paper were aimed at comparing the relative strength of Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) with that of mono fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and plain concrete without fibers (ref. mix) subjected to freezing and thawing. The combination of fibers used in the experimentation are (Steel + Polypropylene),(Steel +Galvanized Iron),(Steel + High density polyethylene).Strength parameters considered are compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength and tested as per relevant IS specifications. It has been concluded that the performance of hybrid fibers in concrete is better than that of mono fiber concrete for improved durability in resisting the destructive effect of freezing and thawing and also for strength enhancement. Keywords: Fiber reinforced concrete, hybrid fiber reinforced concrete, freezing and thawing, frost action, synergic effect.
Study of macro mechanical properties of ultra high strength concrete using qu...eSAT Publishing House
The document discusses a study on developing ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) using locally available materials to achieve a compressive strength over 180 MPa. Various mixes were tested with different percentages of quartz powder (30-45%) and curing methods including normal water curing and hot air curing at 200°C for 1-3 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to 187 MPa for mixes with 40% quartz powder that were hot air cured for 1 day, compared to 116 MPa for normal water curing only. Higher quartz powder content and thermal curing improved strength through increased packing density and hydration reactions.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of high strength fibre reinforced concrete (HSFRC). Concrete mixes were produced by adding two types of hooked end steel fibres at volume fractions ranging from 0.5% to 4% to a base high strength concrete of grade M80. A total of 147 specimens of cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the HSFRC mixes. The results indicated that the addition of steel fibres led to significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the high strength concrete. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength all increased with the addition of fibres up to an optimal volume
Experimental Study of Strength Parameters of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
The document presents results from an experimental study investigating the strength parameters of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC). Concrete mixtures were created with combinations of polypropylene fibers and hooked steel fibers ranging from 0.5-2% by volume. Testing found that HFRC has higher impact strength, split tensile strength, and pullout strength compared to conventional concrete, with only marginal improvements in compressive strength. The optimum mixture was found to be 0.8% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber for workability and strength without superplasticizer, and 1.4% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber with superplasticizer.
BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER SHEAR IAEME Publication
This paper assesses the effectiveness of steel fibers used along with the shear reinforcement in the formation of the high grade fiber reinforced concrete. Shear strength of concrete is obtained from direct shear test using push off specimens. Shear stress (strength) is calculated as a ratio of load
to the area of shear plane. Tests were carried out on the “Push-Off” (double L) type specimens in triplicates to determine the Shear strength. The effects of these fibers with different volume of fibers on work ability, density, and on shear strengths of M60 grade concrete are studied. New expressions
for shear strengths are proposed. The specimen was designed to fail in shear at a known plane.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
Effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin & flyIAEME Publication
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of different types of steel fibers with metakaolin and fly ash on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Three types of steel fibers were used at volumes ranging from 0.5% to 4% by weight of cementitious material. The addition of metakaolin and fly ash at 5% and 10% by weight improved the concrete properties. The results showed that compressive strength increased with steel fiber content up to 3.5%, with round crimped steel fibers performing best. Similarly, split tensile strength also increased up to 3.5% fiber content, with flat crimped fibers giving the highest strength. The study concluded that steel fibers improve the ductility of high
This document discusses characterization of metal matrix composite properties by adding bronze and fly ash. It describes producing bronze-fly ash composites with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% fly ash content using stir casting. Testing found that hardness and tensile strength increased with higher fly ash content, while density decreased. Microstructural analysis using SEM showed fly ash was distributed throughout the matrix. In conclusion, fly ash up to 20% can be added to bronze composites through stir casting, increasing properties like hardness and tensile strength.
Performance evaluation of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete subjected to freez...eSAT Journals
Abstract Durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) proves to be durable material, which is effective in resisting the damage caused due to freezing and thawing due to synergistic performance of hybrid fibers. The objectives of the work described in this paper were aimed at comparing the relative strength of Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) with that of mono fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and plain concrete without fibers (ref. mix) subjected to freezing and thawing. The combination of fibers used in the experimentation are (Steel + Polypropylene),(Steel +Galvanized Iron),(Steel + High density polyethylene).Strength parameters considered are compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength and tested as per relevant IS specifications. It has been concluded that the performance of hybrid fibers in concrete is better than that of mono fiber concrete for improved durability in resisting the destructive effect of freezing and thawing and also for strength enhancement. Keywords: Fiber reinforced concrete, hybrid fiber reinforced concrete, freezing and thawing, frost action, synergic effect.
Study of macro mechanical properties of ultra high strength concrete using qu...eSAT Publishing House
The document discusses a study on developing ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) using locally available materials to achieve a compressive strength over 180 MPa. Various mixes were tested with different percentages of quartz powder (30-45%) and curing methods including normal water curing and hot air curing at 200°C for 1-3 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to 187 MPa for mixes with 40% quartz powder that were hot air cured for 1 day, compared to 116 MPa for normal water curing only. Higher quartz powder content and thermal curing improved strength through increased packing density and hydration reactions.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Coars...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the effects of partially replacing coarse aggregate with cinder in concrete. M30 concrete mixes were designed using the ISI method. Cubes and cylinders were cast with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate with cinder and tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength generally decreased as the cinder replacement ratio increased. The highest strengths were obtained with 40-60% cinder replacement. Overall, partially replacing coarse aggregate with cinder produced lightweight concrete with reasonably good strength.
This document summarizes research on the compression and flexural strength characteristics of triple blended high-strength recycled aggregate concrete. Several concrete mixtures were tested with varying percentages of fly ash, condensed silica fume, and recycled coarse aggregates as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. The test results showed that concrete mixtures with both supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash and condensed silica fume) and recycled aggregates achieved high compressive strength (>70 MPa), flexural strength, and split tensile strength compared to a control concrete. The optimum mixture was found to contain 20% fly ash and 5% condensed silica fume without recycled aggregates.
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID POLYMER MATRIX ...Ijorat1
The document summarizes a study on the effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid polymer matrix composites reinforced with palmyra fiber and lignite fly ash particles. Composites were fabricated by compression molding with varying weight ratios of resin, fiber and particles. Samples were tested for tensile, compressive, flexural and hardness properties both with and without water absorption. Results showed that water absorption increased tensile strength but decreased compressive, flexural strength and hardness. XRD and SEM analysis confirmed interaction and geopolymerization between composite constituents. The study concluded that water absorption influences mechanical properties of the hybrid composites.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
IRJET- Investigate Curing Behavior of Fly Ash based Polymeric Ferrocement Con...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the curing behavior of fly ash-based polymeric ferrocement concrete. Fly ash-based geopolymer mortar was used instead of cement mortar, and was activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate alkaline activators. The investigation studied the effects of different curing conditions (oven, steam, membrane, accelerated, and natural sunlight) on flexural behavior. It also analyzed the effect of adding chicken wire mesh layers on flexural strength. Testing was performed on 500mm x 500mm x 50mm samples containing fly ash-geopolymer mix and chicken wire mesh.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
IRJET- Strength and Durability Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete for...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the strength and durability properties of high-volume fly ash concrete for M40 grade. Fly ash was used to replace cement at rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% by weight. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride ion permeability of the different mixes. The results showed that while early-stage compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content, later-stage strengths improved. Flexural strength also decreased with more fly ash initially but improved over time. Permeability testing found that chloride ion penetration decreased as fly ash content increased, improving durability. In conclusion, high-volume fly ash concrete showed potential for structural applications by providing comparable or improved properties to
Comprehensive study of high strength fiber rienforced concrete under pull out...IAEME Publication
This document presents a study on the pullout strength of high-strength steel fiber reinforced concrete. Concrete cubes containing steel fibers ranging from 0.5% to 5% by weight of cement were tested. The following key points are discussed:
1) Workability decreases with higher fiber content, so superplasticizer was used. Steel fibers increase the ductility and bond strength of concrete.
2) New expressions for predicting pullout strength as a function of fiber volume fraction and bond strength were proposed based on regression analysis.
3) Maximum fiber content was found to be dependent on concrete strength. The inclusion of steel fibers provided a significant improvement in pullout strength.
This document presents the results of a case study on the strength properties of partially replaced recycled aggregate and steel fibers in nominal concrete. Concrete cubes and beams were cast with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. Steel fiber dosages of 0%, 5%, and 10% by volume were used. Compressive strength of cubes and flexural strength of beams were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive and flexural strengths generally increased from 7 to 28 days. Strengths also generally increased with the addition of steel fibers up to 10% replacement of natural aggregate with recycled aggregate. Adding steel fibers to recycled aggregate concrete improved energy absorption and decreased crack widths under loading.
Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete with Addition of Chopped Glass FiberIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effect of adding chopped glass fibers on the strength properties of concrete. Glass fibers were added at 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% of the total binder content. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete specimens containing different amounts of glass fibers were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the strengths increased with higher glass fiber content, with the 0.7% fiber mix achieving the highest strengths. Non-destructive rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests also indicated that concretes with glass fibers had better strength and quality than plain concrete without fibers.
Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Fly Ash Replacemen...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. The study investigated replacing cement with fly ash at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight. Cubic concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength at various fly ash replacement levels. The results showed that compressive strength initially increased when cement was replaced with 30% fly ash, but then decreased at higher replacement levels above 30%, as the fly ash content slowed the hardening process of the concrete. Overall, the study demonstrated that a portion of cement can be replaced with fly
Enhanced equally distributed load balancing algorithm for cloud computingeSAT Journals
Abstract Cloud Computing as the name suggests, it is a style of computing where different users uses the resources on the go i.e. over the Internet. In the recent era, this technology has emerged as a strong option for not only large scale organizations but also for small scale organizations that only access/use the resources what they want. In recent research study, many organizations lose significant part of their revenues in handling the requests given by the clients over the web servers i.e. unable to balance the load for web servers which results in loss of data, delay in time and increased costs. This Paper gives a new enhanced load balancing algorithm by which the performance of their web application can be increased. This Algorithm works on the major drawbacks such as delay in time, response to request ratio etc.
slides are about load balancing as a concept and implementation of load balancing on computer technical level
slides show the server load balancing
different architectures , algorithms and examples
This document discusses hybrid wireless networks (HWNs) and some of their advantages over traditional wireless networks. It outlines the classification of HWN architectures and some routing protocols that have been proposed for different HWN types. Some key challenges of routing in HWNs are scalability, overhead from the presence of base stations and wired backbones, and high routing overhead. The document proposes looking at overhead and scalability issues for routing in HWNs.
This document discusses client-side load balancing in a cloud computing environment. It describes how a client-side load balancer can distribute requests across backend web servers in a scalable way without requiring control of the infrastructure. The proposed architecture uses static anchor pages hosted on Amazon S3 that contain JavaScript code to select a web server based on its reported load. The JavaScript then proxies the request to that server and updates the page content. This approach achieves high scalability and adaptiveness without hardware load balancers or layer 2 optimizations.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Coars...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the effects of partially replacing coarse aggregate with cinder in concrete. M30 concrete mixes were designed using the ISI method. Cubes and cylinders were cast with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate with cinder and tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength generally decreased as the cinder replacement ratio increased. The highest strengths were obtained with 40-60% cinder replacement. Overall, partially replacing coarse aggregate with cinder produced lightweight concrete with reasonably good strength.
This document summarizes research on the compression and flexural strength characteristics of triple blended high-strength recycled aggregate concrete. Several concrete mixtures were tested with varying percentages of fly ash, condensed silica fume, and recycled coarse aggregates as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. The test results showed that concrete mixtures with both supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash and condensed silica fume) and recycled aggregates achieved high compressive strength (>70 MPa), flexural strength, and split tensile strength compared to a control concrete. The optimum mixture was found to contain 20% fly ash and 5% condensed silica fume without recycled aggregates.
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID POLYMER MATRIX ...Ijorat1
The document summarizes a study on the effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid polymer matrix composites reinforced with palmyra fiber and lignite fly ash particles. Composites were fabricated by compression molding with varying weight ratios of resin, fiber and particles. Samples were tested for tensile, compressive, flexural and hardness properties both with and without water absorption. Results showed that water absorption increased tensile strength but decreased compressive, flexural strength and hardness. XRD and SEM analysis confirmed interaction and geopolymerization between composite constituents. The study concluded that water absorption influences mechanical properties of the hybrid composites.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
IRJET- Investigate Curing Behavior of Fly Ash based Polymeric Ferrocement Con...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the curing behavior of fly ash-based polymeric ferrocement concrete. Fly ash-based geopolymer mortar was used instead of cement mortar, and was activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate alkaline activators. The investigation studied the effects of different curing conditions (oven, steam, membrane, accelerated, and natural sunlight) on flexural behavior. It also analyzed the effect of adding chicken wire mesh layers on flexural strength. Testing was performed on 500mm x 500mm x 50mm samples containing fly ash-geopolymer mix and chicken wire mesh.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
IRJET- Strength and Durability Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete for...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the strength and durability properties of high-volume fly ash concrete for M40 grade. Fly ash was used to replace cement at rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% by weight. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride ion permeability of the different mixes. The results showed that while early-stage compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content, later-stage strengths improved. Flexural strength also decreased with more fly ash initially but improved over time. Permeability testing found that chloride ion penetration decreased as fly ash content increased, improving durability. In conclusion, high-volume fly ash concrete showed potential for structural applications by providing comparable or improved properties to
Comprehensive study of high strength fiber rienforced concrete under pull out...IAEME Publication
This document presents a study on the pullout strength of high-strength steel fiber reinforced concrete. Concrete cubes containing steel fibers ranging from 0.5% to 5% by weight of cement were tested. The following key points are discussed:
1) Workability decreases with higher fiber content, so superplasticizer was used. Steel fibers increase the ductility and bond strength of concrete.
2) New expressions for predicting pullout strength as a function of fiber volume fraction and bond strength were proposed based on regression analysis.
3) Maximum fiber content was found to be dependent on concrete strength. The inclusion of steel fibers provided a significant improvement in pullout strength.
This document presents the results of a case study on the strength properties of partially replaced recycled aggregate and steel fibers in nominal concrete. Concrete cubes and beams were cast with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. Steel fiber dosages of 0%, 5%, and 10% by volume were used. Compressive strength of cubes and flexural strength of beams were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive and flexural strengths generally increased from 7 to 28 days. Strengths also generally increased with the addition of steel fibers up to 10% replacement of natural aggregate with recycled aggregate. Adding steel fibers to recycled aggregate concrete improved energy absorption and decreased crack widths under loading.
Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete with Addition of Chopped Glass FiberIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effect of adding chopped glass fibers on the strength properties of concrete. Glass fibers were added at 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% of the total binder content. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete specimens containing different amounts of glass fibers were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the strengths increased with higher glass fiber content, with the 0.7% fiber mix achieving the highest strengths. Non-destructive rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests also indicated that concretes with glass fibers had better strength and quality than plain concrete without fibers.
Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Fly Ash Replacemen...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. The study investigated replacing cement with fly ash at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight. Cubic concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength at various fly ash replacement levels. The results showed that compressive strength initially increased when cement was replaced with 30% fly ash, but then decreased at higher replacement levels above 30%, as the fly ash content slowed the hardening process of the concrete. Overall, the study demonstrated that a portion of cement can be replaced with fly
Enhanced equally distributed load balancing algorithm for cloud computingeSAT Journals
Abstract Cloud Computing as the name suggests, it is a style of computing where different users uses the resources on the go i.e. over the Internet. In the recent era, this technology has emerged as a strong option for not only large scale organizations but also for small scale organizations that only access/use the resources what they want. In recent research study, many organizations lose significant part of their revenues in handling the requests given by the clients over the web servers i.e. unable to balance the load for web servers which results in loss of data, delay in time and increased costs. This Paper gives a new enhanced load balancing algorithm by which the performance of their web application can be increased. This Algorithm works on the major drawbacks such as delay in time, response to request ratio etc.
slides are about load balancing as a concept and implementation of load balancing on computer technical level
slides show the server load balancing
different architectures , algorithms and examples
This document discusses hybrid wireless networks (HWNs) and some of their advantages over traditional wireless networks. It outlines the classification of HWN architectures and some routing protocols that have been proposed for different HWN types. Some key challenges of routing in HWNs are scalability, overhead from the presence of base stations and wired backbones, and high routing overhead. The document proposes looking at overhead and scalability issues for routing in HWNs.
This document discusses client-side load balancing in a cloud computing environment. It describes how a client-side load balancer can distribute requests across backend web servers in a scalable way without requiring control of the infrastructure. The proposed architecture uses static anchor pages hosted on Amazon S3 that contain JavaScript code to select a web server based on its reported load. The JavaScript then proxies the request to that server and updates the page content. This approach achieves high scalability and adaptiveness without hardware load balancers or layer 2 optimizations.
Load balancing is something most of us assume is a solved problem. But the idea that load balancing is “solved” could not be further from the truth. If you use multiple load balancers, the problem is even worse. Most of us use “random” or “round-robin” techniques, which have certain advantages but are highly inefficient. Others use more complex algorithms like “least-conns,” which can be more efficient but have horrific edge cases. “Consistent hashing” is a very useful technique but only applies to certain problems.
There are several factors that exist both in theory and practice that make efficient load balancing an exceptionally hard problem, including Poisson request arrival times, exponentially distributed response latency, and oscillations when sharing data between multiple load balancers. Luckily, there are techniques and algorithms that have been developed that can make life better. Tyler McMullen explains some of the ways that we can do better than “random,” “round-robin,” and naive “least-conns,” even with distributed load balancers.
This document discusses process management in distributed systems. It describes how distributed operating systems aim to make the best use of processing resources across an entire system by sharing processors among all processes. Key concepts discussed include processor allocation, process migration, and threads. Process migration involves transferring a running process from one machine to another to achieve goals like load balancing and fault tolerance. The challenges and mechanisms of freezing, transferring, and restarting a migrating process's address space and forwarding messages are also covered.
Load Balancing In Distributed ComputingRicha Singh
Load Balancing In Distributed Computing
The goal of the load balancing algorithms is to maintain the load to each processing element such that all the processing elements become neither overloaded nor idle that means each processing element ideally has equal load at any moment of time during execution to obtain the maximum performance (minimum execution time) of the system
When one server just isn’t enough, how can you scale out? In this webinar, you'll learn how to build out the capacity of your website. You'll see a variety of scalability approaches and some of the advanced capabilities of NGINX Plus.
View full webinar on demand at http://nginx.com/resources/webinars/nginx-load-balancing-software/
Load balancing distributes network traffic across multiple servers to optimize resource utilization, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload. It improves availability and reliability. In Windows Server 2003, Network Load Balancing allows multiple servers to be grouped together and appear as a single virtual server to clients. Requests are distributed to servers using round-robin DNS or a hardware load balancer which rewrites requests and forwards them to cluster nodes based on performance metrics. Servers detect failures and new additions to ensure high availability.
This document is a project report submitted by two students, Mohammad Kafee Uddin and Aloukik Mishra, to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The report surveys routing protocols for wireless sensor networks and provides a classification of different routing protocols according to their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure.
This document provides an overview of Li-Fi technology through a presentation on the topic. It discusses the history of Li-Fi, how it works by transmitting data through LED light, its advantages over Wi-Fi such as higher bandwidth and more secure communication through visible light. Example applications are given such as using traffic lights and street lamps to transmit data. Challenges for Li-Fi are also noted, such as the need for line of sight transmission and potential interference from other light sources.
8 Ways a Digital Media Platform is More Powerful than “Marketing”New Rainmaker
You may have heard that “media not marketing” is the future of online business … but what does that actually mean, what can it look like?
As you’ll see in this SlideShare, examples of a media-first approach done very well are all around us, it only takes a simple shift in thinking to see them.
Can this "media not marketing" approach to building an audience have an actual effect on the bottom line revenue of your business, or is it just more philosophical wordplay?
Let's find out ...
This document discusses load balancing, which is a technique for distributing work across multiple computing resources like CPUs, disk drives, and network links. The goals of load balancing are to maximize resource utilization, throughput, and response time while avoiding overloads and crashes. Static load balancing involves preset mappings, while dynamic load balancing distributes workload in real-time. Common load balancing algorithms are round robin, least connections, and response time-based. Server load balancing distributes client requests to multiple backend servers and can operate in centralized or distributed architectures using network address translation or direct routing.
This document discusses load balancing in distributed systems. It provides definitions of static and dynamic load balancing, compares their approaches, and describes several dynamic load balancing algorithms. Static load balancing assigns tasks at compile time without migration, while dynamic approaches migrate tasks at runtime based on current system state. Dynamic approaches have overhead from migration but better utilize resources. Specific dynamic algorithms discussed include nearest neighbor, random, adaptive contracting with neighbor, and centralized information approaches.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
The document provides five design principles for creating slides that effectively communicate messages to audiences:
1. Focus on the main message you want the audience to remember.
2. Keep designs simple with less text and only 1 main point per slide.
3. Use interesting fonts instead of boring standard ones to engage audiences.
4. Include high quality images that visually represent the message.
5. Choose a color scheme that fits the theme and works cohesively.
Rand Fishkin discusses why content marketing often fails and provides 5 key reasons: 1) Unrealistic expectations of how content marketing works, 2) Creating content without a community to amplify it, 3) Focusing on content creation but not amplification, 4) Ignoring search engine optimization, and 5) Giving up too soon and not allowing time for content to gain traction. He emphasizes that content marketing is a long-term process of building relationships and that most successful content took years of iteration before gaining significant reach.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Determination of Mechanical and Vibration Properties of Epoxy ba...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The organic polymer composites filled with inorganic fillers became an important area of research and development in recent years due to their applications in various fields. The aim of the present work was to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical performance of epoxy polymer composites filled with 30% weight percentage of carbon fiber and 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of Silicon Carbide. The samples were prepared by hand layup technique as this method was easy to fabricate and having low tooling cost and results in the good surface finishand then composites weretested by using UTM and ATALON FFT analyzer. The DEWESOFT software was used to obtain the frequency response functions of the samples. The variations in properties with respect to change in weight of silicon carbide were obtained and represented by graphs. The composite with 30% of carbon fiber and 8% of Sic have shown improved performance in terms of flexural strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus and higher natural frequency indicating high stiffness value.
Optimization of process parameter for stir casted aluminium metal matrix comp...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize process parameters for stir casting of an aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with alumina particles. Three process parameters (particle size of alumina, weight percentage of alumina, and stirring time) were varied at three levels each in an L9 orthogonal array to fabricate composite samples. The hardness, impact strength, and tensile strength of the samples were tested. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of each process parameter on the mechanical properties and determine which parameters most significantly affected the properties. The results showed that weight percentage of alumina, stirring time, and particle size of alumina all significantly impacted the hardness, impact strength, and tensile strength of the
This document discusses the design and analysis of a composite bolt made of glass fiber and epoxy resin. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of creating a low-cost composite bolt using glass fiber reinforcement in an epoxy matrix. It then reviews previous literature on composite materials and bolted joints, which found that addition of glass fibers increases strength and stiffness. The document describes the materials and methods used, including hand lay-up of epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibers. It presents results of testing the composite bolts and comparing the mechanical properties of unidirectional and bidirectional fiber orientations.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on the effects of ceramic particulates (sic, al2 o3 and cenosphere) on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the sliding wear behaviour of three different composites. Three different reinforcements are under taken for this study namely SiC, Al2O3 and Cenosphere. Along with it percentage reinforcement is also varied from 8wt% to 16wt.%. Other factors applied normal load and sliding speed are also considered. Taguchi design of experimental technique is employed for the study of sliding wear. It is observed that SiC reinforced composites show better wear resistance than Al2O3 and Cenosphere reinforced composites. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a model to predict the wear loss. It is observed that artificial neural network is more efficient than regression. Keywords: A. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs); B.Wear; C.Taguchi D. Nueral Network
A Study on Effect of Carbon and Ash Fillers on Flexural Properties in GFRP Co...IRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of carbon and ash fillers on the flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites were fabricated with hand layup using glass fibers, epoxy resin, and either carbon or ash fillers added at 10% by volume. Flexural testing found that composites with carbon filler had slightly higher flexural strength than composites with ash filler, but both fillers improved flexural strength over composites without filler. In conclusion, carbon and ash fillers can significantly increase the flexural strength of glass fiber epoxy composites when added at 10% by volume.
TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY ON HEAT-TREATEDALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITESIRJET Journal
The document discusses tribological studies on heat-treated aluminum matrix composites. It first provides background on aluminum 7075 composites and their reinforcement with silicon nitride and alumina. Composites were fabricated using stir casting and specimens were aged through heat treatment. Hardness tests showed heat treatment improved properties. Wear analysis was then performed on the highest hardness specimens. The document reviews related literature on heat treatment improving properties like hardness and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It then describes the experimental methodology, including stir casting and specimen preparation for testing.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document provides a review of the mechanical and tribological properties of stir cast aluminum matrix composites. It discusses how the stir casting process can incorporate particulate reinforcements like alumina, silicon carbide, and graphite into molten aluminum in a cheap and effective way. The document outlines that additions of alumina and silicon carbide have been shown to increase the mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It also reviews how modified stir casting techniques and use of hybrid reinforcements can further improve the distribution of particles and mechanical behavior of these materials.
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitrid...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a review of the microstructure and mechanical properties of silicon nitride reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) fabricated using stir casting.
2) Key findings from previous studies on AMMCs produced via different methods are summarized, focusing on the effects of processing parameters and reinforcement content and type on mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness, as well as wear resistance.
3) The current study aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of AMMCs with aluminum oxide and silicon nitride reinforcements fabricated by stir casting and determine how properties vary with different cutting speeds and feeds during machining.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
Investigation of the abrasive wear behaviour of graphite filled carbon fabric...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the abrasive wear behavior of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composites filled with varying amounts of graphite. Tests were conducted using a rubber wheel abrasion test rig to examine how the composite's weight loss during abrasion is affected by sliding distance, normal load, and graphite filler content. Analysis of variance on the experimental data showed that normal load has the most significant influence on wear rate, followed by sliding distance and filler content. The interaction between normal load and sliding distance also significantly impacts wear rate. Confirmation tests found good agreement between predicted and experimental wear rates.
Investigation of the abrasive wear behaviour of graphite filled carbon fabric...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the abrasive wear behavior of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composites filled with varying amounts of graphite. Tests were conducted using a rubber wheel abrasion test rig to examine how the composite's weight loss during abrasion is affected by sliding distance, normal load, and graphite filler content. Analysis of variance on the experimental data showed that normal load has the most significant influence on wear rate, followed by sliding distance and filler content. The interaction between normal load and sliding distance also significantly impacts wear rate. Confirmation tests found good agreement between predicted and experimental wear rates.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, the aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of alumina nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural investigation was conducted on the worn out samples. It showed uniform distribution of alumina particles in the matrix. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load (constant and step loads) and the sliding speed (constant and step speeds) using a Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that resistance to sliding wear improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. FESEM images of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear rate increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Wear rate is more when load and speed are increased in steps. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Wear rate, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin. Coefficient of friction.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, composite materials required for elevated temperature applications were fabricated using vacuum bagging technique. Epoxy Resin (ER-VP401) was used as the matrix and Glass fibre was used as reinforcement. SiC, Al2O3 and others were used as fillers to bring in elevated temperature resistance. These composites were subjected to mechanical tests like Tensile, Hardness and Impact test. Tribological tests like two body abrasion and Pin on disc (POD) were carried out. Tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were improved with increase in fillers content. Wear resistance also improved with increase in percentage of fillers substantially. SEM micrographs are used to explain the mechanism of the material strengthening at elevated temperatures. Keywords: Epoxy resin, Glass Fiber (GF), Al2O3, SiC, Elevated Temperature Resistance.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of various fillers on the elevated temperature resistant properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibers. Five composite materials were fabricated with varying amounts of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fillers, while keeping other constituents like epoxy resin, glass fibers, and additives constant. The composites were tested mechanically and tribologically at room and elevated temperatures. Test results showed that tensile strength, hardness, impact energy, and wear resistance improved with increasing filler content, especially silicon carbide and aluminum oxide.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
Similar to Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated conditions (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated conditions
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 28
INVESTIGATION ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF ALFA COMPOSITE IN
PRE AND POST HEAT TREATED CONDITIONS
Chandrakant R Kini1
, Shivaprakash Y.M2
, Gowrishankar M.C3
, S.S Sharma4
,
K.V.Sreenivasa Prasad5
1
Assistant Professor- Selection Grade, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engg, Dept, MIT, Manipal, Karnataka, India
2
Assistant Professor-Sr.Scale, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engg, Dept, MIT, Manipal, Karnataka, India
3
Assistant Professor-Sr.Scale, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engg, Dept, MIT, Manipal, Karnataka, India
4
Professor, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engg, Dept, MIT, Manipal, Karnataka, India
5
Professor & Head, IPE Dept, SJCE, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the
composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash)
composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and
would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added
in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in
the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment,
as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and
wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
MMCs are tailor made materials, resulting when two or
more non similar materials (of which one is a metal) are
mixed to improve the properties. Conventional materials
may not always give the desired properties in all service
environments. MMCs exhibit highly enhanced properties
like higher specific strength, modulus, damping ability and
good resistance to wear in comparison to plain alloys. From
the recent past researchers interest has been in composites
processing lower density and lower cost dispersions. Of the
many particulate dispersions employed, fly ash is one of the
low cost and low density material hugely existing as waste
material in coal fired plants. Thus, composite having fly ash
as reinforcing material will reduce the cost of automobile
and small engine components.
In the on hand research, 2024 aluminium alloy is considered
as the base matrix and fly ash as the reinforcement.
Motorized stir casting is adapted for fabricating composite
specimens. The fly ash was mixed in 2.5 and 5% by weight
to the alloy melt. The composite is tested for hardness,
tensile strength wear characteristics.
Previously there were many attempts by the investigators to
fabricate ALFA composites especially with wide variety of
aluminium grades. The summary of their findings has been
presented here in the chronological order of the work
progress.
T.P.D Rajan et al [1] analyzed the influence of different stir
casting methods on the structure and properties of fine fly
ash particulates (13 µm) reinforced Al–7Si–0.35Mg alloy
composite. The liquid metal stir casting, compo casting
(semi solid processing), and modified compo casting
followed by squeeze casting methods were analyzed and
found that the latter has been effective method to fairly
disperse , give relatively low agglomeration and pore free
fly ash particle reinforced composites.
Al (12 wt. % Si) matrix was introduced with 15 wt. % of fly
ash particles by liquid state processing in the investigation
by M. Ramachandra et al, [2]. The wear and friction
properties of the as cast composite is examined by sliding
wear test, slurry erosive wear test and fog corrosion test.
The findings of this group is that the resistance to wear
increased with increase in fly ash quantity, but decreased
with rise in normal load, and sliding velocity. In the study
reported by K.V. Mahendra and K. Radhakrishna [3]
corrosion rate enhanced with rise in fly ash content in Al–
4.5% Cu alloy matrix. The composite here is fabricated by
regular foundry technique. Fly ash was included in 5, 10,
and 15 wt. % in the melt. The test results indicated an
improvement in hardness, tensile strength, compression
strength, and impact strength with rise in the fly ash
quantity. On the other hand the density was found to reduce
with rise in fly ash quantity. Resistance to the dry wear and
slurry erosive wear enhanced with rise in fly ash quantity.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 29
A356 Al based fly ash composite was processed by stir cast
method followed by hot extrusion. Composites with 6 and
12 vol. % of fly ash dispersions were produced in the
investigation by Sudarshan and M.K.Surappa [4]. Fly ash
with narrow size (53–106 µm) and wide size (0.5-400 µm)
was employed for producing composites. Hardness, tensile
and compressive strength, damping properties of the plain
alloy and composites were tested. The findings of the
present work are that the composites reinforced with former
size range fly ash particle exhibited better mechanical
properties in comparison with the composites having later
size range particles. Keeping in mind the previous reference
A356 based composites containing 6 and 12 vol. % of fly
ash particles were further tested for sliding wear in dry
conditions by the same team [5]. The dry sliding wear
characteristics of plain alloy and composites was
investigated using Pin-On-Disc machine by loading at 10,
20, 50, 65 and 80 N at a constant sliding velocity of 1 m/s.
The test outcomes showed that resistance to wear of ALFA
composite is almost similar to that of aluminium oxide and
silicon carbide dispersed aluminium alloy. Size and volume
fraction of fly ash particles were found to be mainly
affecting the wear and friction characteristics of composites.
In the latest work by S. Sarkar et al [6] composites are
fabricated by varying quantity of fly ash dispersion phase.
Also, the composites were analyzed through XRD, wet
chemical analysis, and image analysis. Mechanical and wear
characteristics of the composites are also evaluated. The
results showed that, fly ash can be added to maximum of 17
wt. % to Al-Mg alloy by vortex method to fabricate
composites. Introduction of Mg is found to enhance the
wettability of fly ash with Al melt and hence leads to an
increase in the retention of the fly ash in the composites.
The strength and hardness could be enhanced significantly
with the inclusion of fly ash. The ductility was also
appreciable as compared to the composites analyzed
previously. The resistance to wear was also increased with
the increase in quantity of fly ash and Mg.
Significant work is done by the researchers like A. Daouda
et al [7] on nickel coated fly ash micro balloon composites.
This group demonstrated that stir casting technique could be
effective to fabricate Pb–Ca–Sn alloy based composites
having high quantity (45 vol. %) of Ni- coated fly ash micro
balloons. The thermal cycling characteristics of A535 based
composites having varying amount of fly ash produced
through stir casting are investigated by W.A.Uju et al [8].
The test samples were applied with ten thermal cycles in the
range 40-300o
C in a Seteram Setsys Evolution Thermo
mechanical analyzer. The test outcome indicated that strain
hysteresis loops evolved during thermal cycling. The
hysteresis and residual plastic strains introduced in the alloy
while thermal cycling reduced with the increase of fly ash.
Also, the addition of fly ash in A535 enhanced its
dimensional stability.
The possibility of using the aluminium syntactic foam to
develop fly ash composite by making use of stir casting
technique is explored in the study indicated by D.P. Mondal,
S. Das [9].The produced syntactic foam was analyzed
through microstructure, hardness and compressive
deformation characteristics. It was observed that the
syntactic foam behaves like high strength Al foam under
compressive deformation showing flat plateau area in the
stress-strain plot.
In the research work by N.Suresh et al [10], composites
were synthesized with cenospheres type fly ash as
dispersion phase and eutectic Al-Si alloy as a matrix. Stir
casting approach was employed to reinforce fly ash with 1%
to 10% wt. in the Al-Si alloy matrix. The analysis shows
that as the quantity of fly ash increased, hardness and
ultimate tensile strength improved by 34.7% and 44.3%
respectively, while the density reduced by 13.2%. The loss
of wear reduced by 33% at the peak sliding distance. But,
the % elongation indicated an only a marginal reduction
with different % of fly ash considered in their work. Also
the surface roughness rose with the inclusion of fly ash
particles.
In the study by Sathyabalan et al [11], an Artificial Neural
Network was designed to guess the implication of the size
and quantity of both fly ash and SiC dispersions on the wear
loss of LM6 Al alloy. The prediction is found to be accurate
as seen from the verification of test results.
The major disadvantage of the liquid state processing is the
presence of chemical reactions among Al and fly ash at
elevated temperatures. Precipitator fly ash substrate,
produced by hot pressing in argon, was investigated by N.
Sobczak et al [12] by TEM and EDAX. The findings proved
the oxy-redox reactions among Al and such fly ash
constituents as SiO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and mullite.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1 Fly Ash
The fly ash adapted as reinforcement in this work is a
precipitator type fly ash borrowed from Bellary Thermal
Power Station, Bellary, Karnataka, India which is a light
gray colored fine powder that is passing 100% through 300
µm ISS sieve and has a bulk density 1.11gm /cc. Chemical
analysis of fly ash is done as per IS: 1727-1967 RA 2004
and the components in it are shown in table 1. Sieve analysis
data and the particle size distribution of fly ash are shown in
table 2 and figure 1 respectively.
2.2 Al Alloy
AA2024 is used as matrix material whose chemical details
are shown in table 3. The cast alloy was provided by
MMMT Institute, MRC, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. This
alloy has good specific strength and excellent fatigue
resistance properties. It is extensively applied in aircraft
structural parts, fittings of aircraft, hardware, wheels for
truck and components in transport sector.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 30
2.3 Synthesis of Composite
3 kg of 2024 aluminium is melted in a crucible of electric
furnace. The molten liquid temperature was increased to
850o
C and the scum powder in little amount is introduced to
the melt for eliminating impurities. Degassing of the melt is
done by adding dry hexa chloroethane of 10 gm weight
(C2Cl6, 0.3 % by weight). The moisture in fly ash is
removed by pre heating at 400o
C for 1 h. Fly ash with
varying % wt. is introduced to the melt vortex while stirring.
The speed of the mild stirrer was in the range 350-400 rpm;
duration of stirring was for 10 min to let for better mixing af
alloy melt and fly ash. While stirring 0.5 % wt. of pieces of
Mg is introduced to melt for enhancing the wettability
between fly ash and melt. The molten alloy is held at 800-
850o
C while the fly ash is added. The temperature of the
melt and duration were maintained at 850o
C and 5 min
respectively while filling the molds. The molds were
preheated to around 300o
C before filling them with melt.
Two categories of Al-fly ash composites with 2.5 and 5 %
wt. of fly ash were produced. The solidification time of the
melt mix is allowed for 2 h in the open atmosphere. The cast
composites are shown in figure 2.
2.4 Hardness Test
The hardness specimens prepared were first subjected to
lapping to obtain a polished surface on which indentations
could be made. Hardness test was then performed on the
digital Vickers Hardness testing machine [model-MMT
X7A].Three readings were taken per sample and the average
was recorded as the hardness value for that particular
sample. Table 4 gives the results of hardness test.
2.5 Tensile Test
This test was conducted as per ASTM-E8M standard in
electronic tensometer (model-ER3) with computerized data
acquiring unit. The online plot of Load (kN)-vs-Cross head
travel (mm) is obtained through the data acquiring unit.
Tables 5-6 give the results of tensile test on specimens.
2.6 Heat Treatment and Post Heat Treatment
Testing
After the initial pre-heat treatment testing, age hardening
was performed on the rest of the specimens. First, all the
remaining specimens of the 5 wt. % fly ash composition
were introduced into a furnace maintained at about 550o
C
for about 1.5 h. After this, all the specimens were removed
from the furnace and quenched in a bowl of water ( 25o
C).
One sample each of hardness, wear and tensile were taken at
this stage and their individual testing was carried out to
obtain the properties “as quenched”. The remaining
hardness specimens were again introduced into the furnace,
now maintained at 150o
C.One sample was taken out after
each hour and tested on the Vickers testing machine until
the peak hardness was achieved. In this case, that is for the
5% wt. fly ash composition, the peak hardness was achieved
after 2.5 h, with peak hardness value as 145.4. Next, the
remaining wear and tensile test specimen were kept in the
furnace at 150o
C and aged up to the peak hardened duration
(2.5 h in case of the 5 wt. % fly ash composition). Similarly
peak aged tensile and wear samples were removed and
respective tests were performed on them so as to obtain the
properties of the material at the peak hardened condition.
The same process was then repeated for the 2.5% fly ash
composition. The peak hardness time thus achieved in this
case was 3 h 15 min and the peak hardness value was 163.4.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Hardness Test
Figure 3 shows the variation of hardness values with
increasing time. For the 5% composition there was an
increase in the hardness value until the peak hardness was
achieved after 150 min. For the 2.5% composition the peak
hardness was achieved after 195 min. The hardness values
decreased after the maximum limit was achieved. The figure
4 shows a comparison of the hardness values that were
obtained in the various stages of heat treatment i.e. pre- heat
treatment, as quenched and peak hardened stages. It is
observed that the hardness values increased for both the 2.5
and 5 wt. % fly ash compositions as the heat treatment
gradually progressed. The maximum hardness for the 5 wt.
% fly ash composition came out to be 145.4 while that for
the 2.5 wt. % composition it was 163.4.
3.2 Tensile Test
The figure 5 shows a comparative graph of the variation of
the maximum load with displacement at various stages of
heat treatment in case of the 2.5 wt. % fly ash composition.
The maximum load increased with displacement up to a
certain point and then it showed a decreasing trend. The
peak loads were observed to be 647.2, 970.8 and 1333 N at
the pre heat treatment, as quenched and peak hardened
stages respectively. The figure 6 shows a comparative graph
of the variation of the maximum load with displacement at
various stages of heat treatment in case of the 5 wt.% fly
ash composition. The maximum load increased with
displacement up to a certain point and then it showed a
decreasing trend. The peak loads were observed to be 764.9,
1167 and 1471 N at the pre heat treatment, as quenched and
peak hardened stages respectively.
3.3 Wear Test
Wear test was conducted in a pin-on-disc tribo meter under
dry sliding conditions. The normal load selected for the
entire test was 10, 20 and 30 N with a constant speed of
300 rpm. The results of the wear test conducted in the
laboratory conditions are shown in tables 7-8 for composite
specimens containing 2.5 and 5 wt. % of fly ash
respectively. Figures 7 and 8 indicate that the peak hardened
AA2024+5 composite is having superior wear performance
under different conditions.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 31
4. TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1: Chemical composition of fly ash
Oxide
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
Na2O
K2O
LOI
%wt.
62.63
23.35
3.93
2.04
0.46
1.34
0.032
0.030
0.39
Table 2: Sieve analysis data of fly ash sample
ISS Mesh ASTM
Mesh
Number
Weight
retained(gm)
% wt.
Particle
size(µm)
Number
106 140 0.67 1.34 105
75 75 7.78 15.56 75
53 53 0.05 0.1 53
45 45 0.07 0.14 45
0 0 41.43 82.86 < 45
Table 3: Chemical composition of AA2024
Element
Si
Mg
Cu
Mn
Fe
Ni
Ti
Zn
Pb
Sn
Al
%wt.
0.5
0.066
4.51
0.13
0.663
0.075
0.013
0.118
0.029
0.021
Rest
Table 4: Hardness of specimens
Type
of specimen
VHN
pre-heat treatment As quenched Peak hardened
AA2024+2.5 125.5 126.8
163.4
(3hr 15 min)
AA2024+5 133.7 126.5
145.4
(2.5 hrs)
Table 5: Results of 2.5% wt. fly ash tensile test
l
(mm)
A
(mm2
)
Eng
UTS
(N/mm2
)
True
UTS(N/mm2
)
ε
Peakload(N)
Peakdisp(mm)
Breakload(N)
Breakdisp
(mm)
Peakdisp(%)
Breakdisp(%)
pre-heat treatment
27.4
15.13
42.8
43.2
0.01
647.2
0.24
647.2
0.24
0.87
0.87
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 32
as quenched
28.2
15.34
63.3
64.3
0.02
970.8
0.47
970.8
0.47
1.66
1.66
peak hardened
27
16.76
79.6
81.0
0.03
1333
0.48
1039.5
0.56
1.79
2.08
Table 6: Results of 5% wt. fly ash tensile test
l
(mm)
A
(mm2
)
Eng
UTS
(N/mm2
)
True
UTS(N/mm2
)
ε
Peakload(N)
Peakdisp
(mm)
Breakload(N)
Breakdisp
(mm)
Peakdisp(%)
Breakdisp
(%)
pre-heat treatment
27.5
16.91
45.2
46.0
0.02
764.9
0.47
590
0.54
1.7
1.98
as quenched
28
16.4
71.2
72.5
0.02
1167
0.54
1167
0.54
1.94
1.94peak hardened
27
16.26
90.5
92.0
0.02
1471
0.47
68.65
0.58
1.73
2.14
Table 7: Wear test results for 2.5% wt. fly ash composite conducted at 300 rpm for 1 h duration in dry conditions
As quenched
Load (N) 10 25 35
Initial weight
(gm)
3.714 3.625 3.465
Final weight (gm) 3.625 3.465 3.255
Weight loss
(gm)
0.10 0.16 0.21
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 33
Pre-heat treatment
Initial weight
(gm)
3.725 3.655 3.535
Final weight (gm) 3.655 3.535 3.365
Weight loss
(gm)
0.07 0.12 0.17
Peak hardened
Initial weight
(gm)
3.711 3.661 3.571
Final weight (gm) 3.661 3.571 3.441
Weight loss
(gm)
0.05 0.09 0.13
Table 8: Wear test results for 5% wt. fly ash composite conducted at 300 rpm for 1 h duration in dry conditions
As quenched
Load (N) 10 20 30
Initial weight
(gm)
3.721 3.641 3.511
Final weight
(gm)
3.641 3.511 3.321
Weight loss
(gm)
0.08 0.13 0.19
Pre-heat treatment
Initial weight
(gm)
3.728 3.658 3.548
Final weight
(gm)
3.658 3.548 3.408
Weight loss
(gm)
0.07 0.11 0.14
Peak hardened
Initial weight
(gm)
3.722 3.692 3.622
Final weight
(gm)
3.692 3.622 3.522
Weight loss
(gm)
0.03 0.07 0.10
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 34
Fig. 1: Fly ash particle size distribution
Fig. 2: As cast specimens solidified in the crucible
Fig. 3: Variation of hardness values with time (Obtaining the peak hardened state)
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 35
Fig. 4: Comparison of hardness values at various stages of heat treatment
Fig. 5: Comparison of tensile test results at various stages of heat treatment for 2.5% wt. fly ash composite
Fig. 6: Comparison of tensile test results at various stages of heat treatment for 5% wt. fly ash composite
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 36
Fig. 7: Wear behaviour for 2.5% wt. fly ash composite
Fig. 8: Wear behaviour for 5% wt. fly ash composite
5. CONCLUSION
1) Composite containing 2.5 and 5% by wt. of fly ash were
successfully produced by stir casting with homogeneous
dispersion of fly ash in the aluminium alloy matrix.
2) The composite containing 5% by wt. of fly ash showed
superior mechanical properties than that containing 2.5 wt.
%.
3) Composite were successfully heat treated in different
conditions like quenching in water (25o
C) and peak
hardened state.
4) The hardness (VHN), tensile strength and wear
characteristics were improved much in the peak hardened
state.
5) Aluminium fly ash composites can be used in wear
resistant applications there by reducing the cost of
components in various applications.
REFERENCES
[1] T.P.D. Rajan , R.M. Pillai , B.C. Pai , K.G.
Satyanarayana and P.K. Rohatgi, “Fabrication and
characterisation of Al–7Si–0.35Mg/Flyash metal
matrix composites processed by different stir casting
routes,” Composites Science and Technology, Vol.
67, 2007,pp.3369–3377.
[2] M. Ramachandra and K. Radhakrishna, “Effect of
reinforcement of Flyash on sliding wear, slurry
erosive wear and corrosive behavior of Aluminium
matrix composite,” Wear,Vol.262,2007,pp.1450–
1462.
[3] K.V. Mahendra and K. Radhakrishna, “Fabrication
of Al–4.5% Cu alloy with Flyash metal matrix
composites and its characterization,” Materials
Science-Poland, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007, pp.57-68.
10. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 37
[4] Sudarshan and M.K. Surappa, “Synthesis of Flyash
particle reinforced A356 Al composites and their
characterization,” Materials Science and
Engineering A, Vol.480, 2008, pp.117–124.
[5] Sudarshan and M.K. Surappa, “Dry sliding wear of
Flyash particle reinforced A356 Al composites,”
Wear ,Vol.265,2008,pp.349–360.
[6] S. Sarkar, S. Sen and S. C. Mishra, “Studies on
Aluminium – Flyash Composite Produced by
Impeller Mixing,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics
And Composites, Vol. 00, No. 00, 2008.
[7] A. Daouda, M.T. Abou El-Khair, A.Y. Shenouda, E.
Mohammed and P.K. Rohatgi, “Microstructure,
tensile properties and electrochemical behavior of
Pb alloy–45 vol.% Flyash microballoon
composites,” Materials Science and Engineering A ,
Vol.526,2009,pp.225–234.
[8] W.A. Uju and I.N.A. Oguocha, “Thermal cycling
behaviour of stir cast Al–Mg alloy reinforced with
Flyash,” Materials Science and Engineering
A,Vol.526,2009,pp.100–105.
[9] D.P. Mondal , S. Das, N. Ramakrishnan and K.
Uday Bhasker, “Cenosphere filled Aluminium
syntactic foam made through stir-casting technique,”
Composites: Part A ,Vol.40,2009,pp.279–288.
[10] N. Suresh, S. Venkateswaran and S. Seetharamu,
“Influence of cenospheres of Flyash on the
mechanical properties and wear of permanent
moulded eutectic Al–Si alloys,” Materials Science-
Poland, Vol. 28, No. ,2010, pp.55-65.
[11] Sathyabalan, P, V. Selladurai and P. Sakthivel ,
“ANN Based Prediction of Effect of Reinforcements
on Abrasive Wear Loss and Hardness in a Hybrid
MMC,” American J. of Engineering and Applied
Sciences Vol.2 No.1,2009,pp.50-53.
[12] N. Sobczak , J. Sobczak , J. Morgiel and L.
Stobierski , “TEM characterization of the reaction
products in Aluminium–Flyash couples,” Materials
Chemistry and Physics,Vol.81,2003,pp.296–300.
BIOGRAPHIES
Chandrakant R Kini is the first author.
Presently he is a Research Scholar in the
Department of Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal
Institute of Technology, Manipal
University, India. He has B.E in
Mechanical Engineering and M. Tech in
Thermal Engineering from NITK, Surathkal. Presently he is
doing PhD. His area of research includes materials and
metallurgy, CFD analysis of Gas Turbine Blade cooling.
www.manipal.edu
Mr. Shivaprakash Y.M is the
corresponding author and working as
Assistant Professor(sr.scale) in the
Department of Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering, MIT,
Manipal,Karnataka,India. He did his B.E
in Mechanical Engineering from Gulbarga University and
M.E in Machine design from Bangalore University.
Presently he is pursuing the Ph.D (composite materials)
under the supervision of Dr.K.V.Sreenivasa Prasad at SJCE,
Mysore, affiliated to VTU, Belgaum. www.manipal.edu
Mr. Gowri shankar M. C received his
Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical
Engineering (Mysore University, India
1998) and Master’s Degree in Precision
and Quality Engg (IIT Kharagpur, India
2006). He has to his credit 7 years of
professional experience in industry and
more than six years in teaching and research. His area of
interest includes Manufacturing, Heat treatment and
Metallurgy. He is a faculty member at Manipal Institute of
Technology, Manipal and carrying his research in the area
of heat treatment of composites from Manipal University.
He has published 3 research papers in journals and presented
5 research papers in conferences. www.manipal.edu
Dr. S. S. Sharma holds Bachelor’s degree
in Industrial & Production Engineering
(Mysore University, India 1987), Master’s
degree in Materials Engineering
(Mangalore University, India 1996) and
PhD degree in Materials Engineering
(Manipal University, India 2007). He has
24 years of teaching experience. His area of interest includes
Heat Treatment, Deformation of Metals, Material
Characterization, Composite Materials. He has published 28
research papers in journals and presented 47 research papers
in conferences.www.manipal.edu
Dr. K.V.Sreenivasa Prasad is the
Professor and Head of IPE at SJCE,
Mysore, Karnataka, India. He obtained
his M.E in Mechanical Engineering from
IISc, Bangalore and Ph.D from IITK. His
area of specialization is Materials and
Metallurgy. Till date he has published
about 40 research papers in various reputed journals,
conferences and symposia. www.sjcemysore.org