This document discusses manual qualitative analysis for acidic radicals in group 2, which includes chloride, bromide, iodide, and nitrate. It describes the physical properties, chemical properties tested through general tests and confirmatory tests. The general test uses concentrated sulfuric acid as a reagent. Observations are made and the radical is identified based on the results. Confirmatory tests are then done through additional reagents to confirm the findings from the general test. The document provides examples of reagents used and observations made to identify each of the four radicals.

1. Analytical
Chemistry
By: Abdelrazek Askar
Undersupervision:
Prof.Dr.Alaa Amin
Dr. Hesham Elfeky

2.  Manual qualitative analysis for
acidic radicals:
 Group number (2) :
[ Cl , Br , I , NO3 ]
 Steps for manual qualitative analysis for first group :
A. Physical properties:
1. Shape : it may be ( powder, crystal, fine crystal, and
sheets )
2. Color : it may be ( colored such as red, yellow,
orange……etc & colorless )
3. Odour : it may has characteristic odour & it has not
characteristic odour.
4. Solubility : it may be [ soluble in cold water & in hot
water & in dill acid & conc acid & aqua regia( max of
conc HNo3+ conc HCl]

3.  B. Chemical properties :
We are going to do tow test ( general
test, and confirmation test ).
1. General test :
*This test depend on using a reagent
which react with salt and according to
the result of this reaction you can
predict which acidic radical present in
the salt.
*We will use ( Conc H2SO4 ) as reagent
for group no(2).

4.  Experimental work:
Conc H2SO4
1 gm of salt

5. Obs Res
1.Effervescence and evolution
of colorless gas ( HCl) which
turn into white cloud when
exposed to glass rod moistend
into ammonium hydroxide
It may be Cl
Equ:
*2NaCl+H2SO4
Na2SO4+2HCl
*HCl+NH4OH NH4Cl
+ H2O
2.Evolution of reddish orange
vapor and solution turn into
orange due to liberation of Br2
It may be Br
Equ:
2NaBr+H2SO4
Na2SO4+2HBr
3.Violet fumes evolved and
brown or black ppt is formed
It may be I
Equ:
2NaI+H2SO4
Na2So4+I2+H2o
4.Evolution of reddish brown
vapor of No2
It may be No3
Equ:
4NaNo3+2H2SO4
2Na2SO4+No2+2H2O+
O2

6.  Note:
When you do general test of group no2 and
no observation has occurred refer to ( Br, I ,
Cl) and you don’t know if this salt contain
( No3) or not . Consequantly, you will do
general test again by this method;
Conc H2SO4 copper turning heating heating
salt
Obs: reddish brown vapor of NO2 evolved
Res: it may be NO3

7.  2. confirmation test :
This test we have to do it for conformation
of the results of general test.
Experimental work:
Reagent
solution (salt+solvent)

8.  1. chloride :
 2. Bromide :
Reagent Obs Res
1. AgNo3 White ppt insoluble
in HNO3
It is ( Cl )
2. Pb(CH3COO)2 Dens white ppt It is ( Cl )
Reagent Obs Res
1. AgNO3 Pale yellow ppt
soluble in dil HNO3
It is ( Br )
2. Pb(CH3COO)2 White ppt It is ( Br )

9.  3. Iodine :
 4. Nitrate:
Reagent Obs Res
1. AgNo3 Canary yellow ppt It is ( I )
2. Pb(CH3COO)2 Yellow ppt It is ( I )
3. HgCl2 Reddish brown ppt It is ( I )
Reagent Obs Res
1. ( FeSO4+ Conc
H2SO4 )
Black or brown ring
is formed
It is ( No3 )
2. ( Zinc dust+
NaOH ) + boiling
Ammonia odor is
evolved
It is ( No3 )