Namrata Kashyap, a Class XII student, conducted a project to detect the presence of anions and cations in different brands of toothpaste. Tests were performed on Colgate, Pepsodent, Close-Up, Dabur Red and Babool toothpastes. The tests identified the presence of calcium carbonate, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and zinc sulfate in most toothpastes. Some variations were found, such as the presence of chloride in Pepsodent and sulfate in Close-Up. The project provides a comparison of the composition of major toothpaste brands.

1. (SESSION 2023-24)
PRESENTED BY-
NAMRATA
KASHYAP
Class XII [PCM]

2. This is to certify that Namrata Kashyap,
student of Class XIIth
, JAWAHAR
NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA JANJGIR
CHAMPA,has completed the project
having the aim “To Detect The
Presence Of Different Anions And
Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste” during the academic year
2023-24 for the chemistry practical
evaluation of CBSE 2024 and submitted
satisfactory report as compiled in the
following pages under my supervision.
DR. NEERAJ MAM
[PGT CHEMISTRY]

3. I would like to express my deep gratitude to
my mentor/teacher DR. NEERAJ MAM who
was a constant source of encouragement and
valuable advices. This project wouldn’t have
come to a successful completion without his
guidance.
I would also like to thank Principal sir Mr.
A.B. Saxena who was always there at my
beck and call, serving me in every best
possible way. He made sure that all the
requirements of the project were fulfilled.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents
for being there with continuing support
morally and financially.
THANKYOU.

4. 1.Objective/Aim
2.Introduction
3.Sample
collection
4.Requirements
5.Theory
6.Tests for different
samples 7.Comparative
table 8.Conclusion
9.Precautions
10. Bibliography

5. To Detect The Presence
Of Different Anions
And Cations In
Different Brands Of
Toothpaste.

6. There’s a wide variety of toothpastes and related
products available today in the market for oral
hygiene. However, for a common man, differentiation
on the basis of quality is really difficult with all the
fancy advertisements and offers.
A toothpaste contains a mildly abrasive substance such
as calcium carbonate and a detergent or soap, some
sweetening agent other than sugar and flavouring oils
to make it pleasant to taste and smell. Some toothpastes
contains fluorides which make the enamel surface of
the tooth more resistant to bacterial activity and act
against micro- organisms as a metabolic poison.
Generally any standard toothpaste contain calcium
carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate, sodium
lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some flavouring
oils are also added.
This project basically deals with the detection of
various ions in toothpaste that determine its quality,
and thus, a comparison between the prominent
toothpaste brands.

7. Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Pepsodent, Close-UP, Dabur Red, Babool.
Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid, concentrated
Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium carbonate, Acetic
acid, Nitric acid, Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
PottasiumFerrocyanide, H2S gas.
Test tubes, Beakers, Flasks, flame, spatula etc.

8. In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed for the radicals, that is,
cations and anions that it contains. The common procedure of testing on
unknown salt is to make its solution and then test this solution for the ions
present in it. Then Preliminary tests such as colour, odour, dry heating, flame
test etc. are performed. These tests are common for all samples under salt
analysis. Further, there are separate procedures for detecting cations and
anions.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)
After the preliminary tests are over with, to identify the anion, three
indicatory tests are carried out. They can be divided in to three categories
each with separate group reagent. Therefore anion may be identified by
performing the following tests in the order given.
Dilute H2SO4 test Concentrated
H2SO4 test
Independent Group (SO 2-
, PO 3-
)
4 4
After an anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are carried out,
corresponding to the anion.
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
To identify the cations, we have been using the flame test(a preliminary
test) for indication. Whichever cation is indicated, it is confirmed on the
basis of corresponding tests.

9. TES TS FOR DI FFERENT S AMPLES
COLGATE
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour White
Odour Minty smell(of
colgate)
Dry Heating Colourless,
odourless gas.
CO3 may be
2-
present.
Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+
may be
present.
2. Dil H2SO4 test-
To the sample, added
some drops of Dil
H2SO4.
Colourless,
odourless gas.
CO3 may be
2-
present.
3. Confirmatory
tests.
To the sample
added MgSO4
solution.
A white ppt.
CO3 confirmed
2-
Took an O.S,
added dil HCl.
Brisk
effervescence.
CO3 confirmed
2-
4. Conc. H2SO4 test-
To the sample
added some drops of
conc.H2SO4
No change Conc. H2SO4
group absent

10. 5. Independent tests-
For SO4 -
2-
To the sample
added
BaCl2solution.
White ppt.
SO4 confirmed.
2-
To the sample
added Lead
acetate soln.
White ppt.
SO4 confirmed.
2-
For PO4 -
3-
Added conc HNO3
to O.S and boiled.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.
Deep yellow
colouration.
PO4 confirmed.
3-
CATIONS
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATI
ON
INFERENCE
6. Group 0-
To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
No change Group 0
absent
7. Group-1
To the sample
added dilute HCl
No change Group I absent
8. Group-II
To the above test
tube added H2S
No change Group II
absent
9. Group-III
To the sample
No change Group III
absent

11. added NH4OH
and NH4Cl
10. Group-IV
To the above test
tube add H2S
No change Group IV
absent
11. Group-V
To the sample
added NH4OH,
and (NH4)2CO3
solution.
A white ppt. Group V
present.
Dissolved the
ppt. in CH3COOH
and divided the
solution into 3
parts.
(i) To the first part
added
K2CrO4solution
No change Ba2+
absent
(ii) To the second
part added
(NH4)2SO4
No change Sr2+
absent
(iii) To the third part
added (NH4)2C2O4
A white ppt. Ca2+
confirmed.
13. Group-VI
Took the filtrate
of above step
and added a few
drops of amm.
oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered.
Took the ppt,
boiled, added
A white ppt. Mg2+
confirmed.

12. NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a
glass rod.
PEPS ODENT
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT Observation Inference
1. Preliminary tests
Colour Baby pink
Odour That of
pepsodent.
Dry Heating White fumes,
pungent smell.
Cl-
may be
present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+
may
be present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test-
To the sample,
added dil. H2SO4.
Colourless,
odourless gas.
CO3 may
2-
be present.
3. Confirmatory Tests
To the O.S added
dil HCl solution.
Brisk
effervescence.
CO32-
confirmed.
To the solution
added MgSO4
solution.
White ppt in
cold.
CO32-
confirmed.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- A colourless Cl-
may be

13. To the sample
added conc. H2SO4
pungent gas. present.
5. Confirmatory tests
To the sample
added MnO2 conc.
H2SO4. Heated.
Greenish,
yellow gas,
pungent smell.
Cl-
confirmed
To the sample
added dilute HNO3,
Boiled, cooled and
added AgNO3
A white ppt. Cl-
confirmed
CATIONS
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIO
N
INFERENC
E
6. Group-0
To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
No change Group 0
absent
7. Group-I
To the sample
added dilute HCl
No change Group I
absent
8. Group-II
To the above test
tube added H2S
No change Group II
absent
9. Group-III
To the sample
added NH4Cl,
boiled, cooled,
White Ppt.
Formed.
Group-III is
present.
Al3+
detected.

14. added NH4OH in
excess.
Lake test-
To the ppt, added
dil HCl, 2 drops of
blue litmus, and
NH4OH dropwise.
A blue ppt.
floating in
colourless
solution.
Al3+
confirmed
10. To the filtrate of
group-III added
H2S solution.
No change Group IV
absent
11. To the sample
added NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
A white ppt. Group V
present.
Dissolved the ppt.
in CH3COOH and
divided it into 3
parts.
(i) To the first part
added
K2CrO4solution
No change Ba2+
absent
(ii) To the second part
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the second part
added (NH4)2C2O4
and NH4OH
solution.
A white ppt. Ca2+
confirmed.
13. Group-VI
Took the filtrate of
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
A white ppt. Mg2+
confirmed.

15. solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
CLOSE- UP
S.NO
.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Close up-smell
Dry Heating Suffocating
smell
SO3 may be
2-
present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+
may be

16. present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test-
To the sample,
added Dil. H2SO4
Colourless,
pungent smell,
turned acidified
K2Cr2O7 solution
green.
SO3 may be
2-
present.
3. Confirmatory tests
To the O.S added
BaCl2 solution.
White ppt.
SO32-
confirmed.
To the ppt from
above step added
KMnO4solution.
Pink colour
discharge.
SO32-
confirmed.
4. Conc. H2SO4 Test-
To the sample
added
conc.H2SO4solution.
No change Conc. H2SO4
group absent
CATIONS
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIO
N
INFERENCE
5. Group-0
To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
No change Group 0
absent
6. Group-I
To the sample
added dilute HCl
No change GroupI absent
7. Group-II
To the above test
tube added H2S
No change Group II
absent
8. Group-III A brown ppt. Group-III

17. To the sample
added NH4Cl,
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
present.
Fe3+
detected.
Dissolved the ppt.
in dilute HCl and
added Potassium
Ferrocyanide.
prussian blue
colour
Fe3+
confirmed
9. To the filtrate of
group-III added
H2S solution.
No change Group IV
absent
10. To the sample
added NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
A white ppt. Group V
present
Dissolved
CH3COOH and
divided into three
parts.
(i) To the first part
added K2CrO4
solution
No change Ba2+
absent
(ii) To the second part
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
No change Sr2+
absent
(iii) To the third part
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
A white ppt. Ca2+
present
11. Group-VI
Took the filtrate of
above step and
No change Mg2+
absent

18. added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.

19. Dabur- RED
S.NO
.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Dabur Red-smell
Dry Heating Colourless,
odourless gas.
CO3 may be
2-
present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+
may be
present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test-
To the sample,
added Dil. H2SO4
No gas evolved. Dil. H2SO4
group
absent.
4. Conc. H2SO4 Test-
To the sample
added
conc.H2SO4solution
.
No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4
group absent
CATIONS
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
5. Group-0
To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
No change Group 0 absent
6. Group-I
To the sample
added dilute HCl
No change Group I absent
7. Group-II No change Group II absent

20. To the above test
tube added H2S
8. Group-III
To the sample
added NH4Cl,
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
No change. GroupIII absent
9. To the filtrate of
group-III added
H2S solution.
No change Group IV absent
10. To the sample
added NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
A white ppt. Group V absent
(i) To the first part
added K2CrO4
solution
No change Ba2+
absent
(ii) To the second part
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
No change Sr2+
absent
(iii) To the third part
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
No change Ca2+
absent
11. Group-VI
Took the filtrate of
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
No change Mg2+
absent

21. NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
Babool
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT Observation Inference
1. Preliminary tests
Colour Reddish
Odour Babool smell
Dry Heating Colourless
odourless gas.
CO3 may be
2
present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+
may be
present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test-
To the sample,
added dil. H2SO4.
Colourless,
odourless gas.
CO3 may
2-
be present.
3. Confirmatory Tests
To the O.S added
dil HCl solution.
Brisk
effervescence.
CO32-
confirmed.
To the solution
added MgSO4
solution.
White ppt in
cold.
CO32-
confirmed.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test-
To the sample
added conc. H2SO4
No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4
group
absent.
5. Independent Group
Tests-

22. For SO4 -
2-
To the sample
added
BaCl2solution.
White ppt.
SO42-
confirmed.
To the sample
added Lead acetate
soln.
White ppt.
SO42-
confirmed.
For PO4 -
3-
Added conc HNO3
to O.S and boiled.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.
No change.
PO43-
absent.
CATIONS
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
6. Group-0
To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
No change Group 0
absent
7. Group-I
To the sample
added dilute HCl
No change Group I
absent
8. Group-II
To the above test
tube added H2S
No change Group II
absent
9. Group-III
To the sample
added NH4Cl,
No change. Group-III
absent
.

23. boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
10. To the filtrate of
group-III added
H2S solution.
No change Group IV
absent
11. To the sample
added NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
A white ppt. Group V
absent
(i) To the first part
added K2CrO4
solution
No change Ba2+
absent
(ii) To the second part
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
No change Sr2+
absent
(iii) To the third part
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
White ppt. Ca2+
present.
11. Group-VI
Took the filtrate of
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
No change Mg2+
absent

24. rod.

25. N A M E OF
THE
TOOTHPAST
E
Ca2 +
CO3
2
-
SO3
2- C
l-
SO4
2-
Al3+
Fe3+
Mg2 +
COLGATE
PEPSO D ENT
C LO SE -U P
D ab u r-RED
B ab ool

26. On the basis of the comparative inference table, we see that
is the best of all toothpastes as it contains a majority of the
essential constituents (anions and cations) of a toothpaste.

27. 1. Handle the chemicals carefully.
2. Use test tube holder to hold the test
tube.
3. Never add water to conc. acids
4. Never touch any chemical with
hands directly.
5. Use a dropper for concentrated
Acids.
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too
close.

28.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste
 http://www.seminarsonly.com
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/78515818/Chemistry-Project-
Work
 http://www.britannica.com/topic/Colgate-Total
 http://www.dabur.com/Export-Dabur%20Red%20Toothpaste