This document outlines the steps for investigating an epidemic or disease outbreak. It discusses verifying the diagnosis, confirming the outbreak, defining cases and those at risk, rapidly identifying and collecting information on all cases, analyzing descriptive data on person, place and time, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through analytical studies, evaluating ecological factors, further investigating the population at risk, communicating results including an outbreak report, control measures, and preventive measures. The goal of an outbreak investigation is to stop the outbreak by finding and neutralizing the source, and to prevent future outbreaks and improve surveillance.
To understand:
The principles of detecting and controlling an
outbreak.
What is needed for outbreak investigation
Steps in disease outbreak investigations.
Screening for disease or Early detection of disease is detecting a disease at an earlier stage than would usually occur in standard clinical practice.
This denotes detecting disease at a pre-symptomatic stage, at which point the patient has no clinical complaint ( no symptoms or signs) and therefore no reason to seek medical care for the condition
Early detection of disease is beneficial and that intervention at an earlier stage of the disease process is more effective or easier to implement than a later intervention
To understand:
The principles of detecting and controlling an
outbreak.
What is needed for outbreak investigation
Steps in disease outbreak investigations.
Screening for disease or Early detection of disease is detecting a disease at an earlier stage than would usually occur in standard clinical practice.
This denotes detecting disease at a pre-symptomatic stage, at which point the patient has no clinical complaint ( no symptoms or signs) and therefore no reason to seek medical care for the condition
Early detection of disease is beneficial and that intervention at an earlier stage of the disease process is more effective or easier to implement than a later intervention
How to Use Data to Improve Patient Safety: A Two-Part DiscussionHealth Catalyst
As healthcare organizations continue to experience expenses growing faster than revenues, value based care, and consumer transparency of costs and quality, patient safety will be an important determinant of success. This session will describe the sociotechnical attributes of a safe system, the challenges, the barriers and opportunities, and how to use data and your culture of safety as a powerful tool to drive down adverse events.
Attendees will learn:
Why patient safety and quality are important.
How data can help improve patient safety.
The history of patient safety and where we are today.
What components make up a safety analytics culture.
How the internal safety culture directly impacts patient safety metrics.
To describe basic guidelines for improving a safety culture with analytics.
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
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Introducing Comprehensive, Concurrent Patient Safety Surveillance for Hospita...Health Catalyst
Health Catalyst is excited to announce the Patient Safety Monitor™ Suite: Surveillance Module, the industry’s first comprehensive patient safety application to use predictive and text analytics combined with concurrent clinician review of data to help monitor, detect, predict and prevent threats to patients before harm can occur.
The Patient Safety Monitor Suite leverages AI and machine learning to quickly identify patterns of harm, learn from those patterns, and suggest strategies to eliminate patient safety risks and hazards. This potent combination of AI, machine learning, text analytics and near real-time data from multiple IT systems enables the Patient Safety Monitor Suite to predict harm events and guide clinical interventions while the patient is still in the hospital.
In this webinar you will learn how the Surveillance Module can provide:
* Greater clarity to the types, numbers, and causes of adverse events, enabling leaders to quickly prioritize improvement efforts.
* Improved patient outcomes such as reduced morbidity, mortality, and length-of-stay, and increased quality-of-life and satisfaction.
* Bottom-line cost savings and improved brand recognition related to unnecessary or preventable high-cost care and reduced/eliminated penalties.
* The ability for clinicians and infection preventionists to focus on patient care instead of burdensome manual data extraction, aggregation, and reporting.
cohort study is clinical study design. particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort group of people. type of panel study.
cohort study represent fundamental designs of epidemiology in field of medicine, social science & psychology.
Systems Medicine: an introduction to the application of systems biology to health care applications. A prime for engineers, physicist, and mathematicians interested in a career in biomedicine
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptxKUYA KABALO
this presentation gives an overview of epidemiology , concepts ,definition , types of epidemiological studies , uses of epidemiology , scope and application of epidemiology
advantages and disadvantages of each epidemiological study
aims of epidemiology is also covered in this presentation
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
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7. What is an outbreak ?
Occurrence of more cases of disease than
expected
in a given area
among a specific group of people
over a particular period of time
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8. Why investigate outbreaks?
Stop the outbreak
Find and neutralise the source (cause)
Prevent additional cases
Prevent future outbreaks
Improve surveillance and outbreak detection
Improve our knowledge
Keep the public’s confidence
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9. Specific Demands
When Investigating Outbreaks
Unexpected event
Act quickly
Rapid control
Bias caused by media reports
Legal and financial pressure
Interdisciplinary coordination
Work carried out in the field
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10. Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
1. Verification of Diagnosis
2. Confirmation of the existence of an Epidemic
3. Define a case , population at risk
4. Rapid search of all cases & obtain information
5. Describe data collected and data analysis
6. Develop hypothesis
7. Test hypothesis: analytical studies
8. Evaluation of Ecological Factors
9. Further investigation of population at risk
10. Communicate results,
including outbreak report
control measures & preventive measures
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12. Confirm outbreak and diagnosis
Is this an outbreak?
• More cases than expected?
• Surveillance data
• Surveys: hospitals, labs, physicians
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13. Confirm outbreak and diagnosis
• Laboratory confirmation
– serology
– isolates, typing of isolates
– toxic agents
• Contact (visit) the laboratories
• Meet attending physicians
• Examine some cases
Not always necessary to confirm all the cases
but confirm a proportion
throughout the outbreak
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14. Outbreak confirmed
Immediate control
measures?
Further
investigation?
Treatment
prophylaxis
exclusion / isolation
public warning
hygienic measures
others
aetiological agent
mode of transmission
vehicle of transmission
source of contamination
population at risk
exposure causing illness
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19. Descriptive epidemiology
- Who are the cases? (person)
- Where do they live? (place)
- When did they become ill? (time)
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20. Epidemic Curve
• Histogram
• Distribution of cases by time of onset of symptoms,
diagnosis or identification
– time interval depends on incubation period
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21. Epidemic curve
Describe
start, end, duration
peak
importance
atypical cases
Helps to develop hypotheses
incubation period
etiological agent
type of source
type of transmission
time of exposure
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26. Place
Place of residence
Place of possible exposure
– work
– meals
– travel routes
– day-care
– leisure activities
Maps
– identify an area at risk
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27. Distribution of cases of cholera,
London 1854
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28. Person
Distribution of cases by age, sex, occupation,etc
(numerator)
– 60 female
– 50 male
Distribution of these variables in population
(denominator)
– 600 females
– 350 males
Attack rates
– female: 60/600
– Males: 50/350
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29. Develop hypotheses
- Who is at risk of becoming ill?
- What is the disease?
- What is the source and the vehicle?
- What is the mode of transmission?
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30. Compare hypotheses
with facts
Test specific hypotheses
Analytical studies
- cohort studies
- case-control studies
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31. Verify hypothesis
Special investigations/studies
Microbiological investigation
Environmental investigation
Trace back investigations (origin of foods)
Entomological investigations
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32. Implement control measures
1) Control the source of pathogen
2) Interrupt transmission
3) Modify host response
At first, general measures
According to findings, more
specific measures
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33. Outbreak report
Regular updates during the investigation
Detailed report at the end
communicate public health messages
influence public health policy
evaluate performance
training tool
legal proceedings
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36. Role of the Epidemiologist
Systematic Description
Identification of risk factors (by descriptive or
analytical means)
Identification of interventions
Work with others to implement control measures
Evaluate the impact of control measures
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37. Steps of an outbreak investigation
1. Verification of Diagnosis
2. Confirmation of the existence of an Epidemic
3. Define a case , population at risk
4. Rapid search of all cases & obtain information
5. Describe data collected and data analysis
6. Develop hypothesis
7. Test hypothesis: analytical studies
8. Evaluation of Ecological Factors
9. Further investigation of population at risk
10. Communicate results,
including outbreak report
control measures & preventive measures
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38. • z
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