The document discusses different types of wireless networks and their characteristics. It summarizes wireless networks as being classified based on their coverage area, from personal area networks (PANs) covering a single room up to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries. It then provides details on various wireless data network standards and technologies, including local area networks (LANs), Bluetooth, wireless metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. It also discusses early wireless data services like cellular digital packet data (CDPD), ARDIS, and RAM mobile data that used packet switching for mobile data connectivity.
This ppt describes about the Different protocols of Ad-Hoc Network .It is a pure survey report which will make clarification about each protocols used in ad-hoc network and helps to future generation to make more publishing of recent trends of ad-hoc networks.
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Definition
Features
Example
Example Diagram
Mechanisms
Chip Sequences Code
Walsh Tables: Chip Sequence Code Generation
CDMA: Representation of Data
CDMA : An Real Example
CDMA : Digital Signal Created
CDMA : Data on the Channel
CDMA: Decoding of composite signals in one station
CDMA : Advantages of Synchronous & Asynchronous
CDMA : Uses
the presentation consists of a brief description about ADAPTIVE LINEAR EQUALIZER , its classification and the associated attributes of ZERO FORCING EQUALIZER and MMSE EQUALIZER
WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment.
This ppt describes about the Different protocols of Ad-Hoc Network .It is a pure survey report which will make clarification about each protocols used in ad-hoc network and helps to future generation to make more publishing of recent trends of ad-hoc networks.
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Definition
Features
Example
Example Diagram
Mechanisms
Chip Sequences Code
Walsh Tables: Chip Sequence Code Generation
CDMA: Representation of Data
CDMA : An Real Example
CDMA : Digital Signal Created
CDMA : Data on the Channel
CDMA: Decoding of composite signals in one station
CDMA : Advantages of Synchronous & Asynchronous
CDMA : Uses
the presentation consists of a brief description about ADAPTIVE LINEAR EQUALIZER , its classification and the associated attributes of ZERO FORCING EQUALIZER and MMSE EQUALIZER
WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment.
Analysis of WiMAX Physical Layer Using Spatial Multiplexing Under Different F...CSCJournals
WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum and its industry. WiMAX is basically a wireless digital communication system which is also known as IEEE 802.16 standard intended for wireless \"metropolitan area networks\". WiMAX is based upon OFDM multiplexing technique. It was developed in order to provide high speed data rates to the users located in those areas also where broadband wireless coverage is not available. MIMO systems also play an important role in the field of wireless communication by allowing data to be transmitted and received over different antennas. WiMAX-MIMO systems are developed to improve the performance of WiMAX system. This paper analyzes WiMAX-MIMO system for different modulation schemes with different CC code rates under different fading channels (Rician and Nakagami channel). Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO system is used for the simulation purpose. Analysis has been done in the form of Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) vs Bit Error Rate (BER) plots.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKING
1.
2. The wireless networks can be classified according to their coverage
areas.
The smallest coverage area ,where the network is called wireless
personal area network(PAN) is limited to an office.
A cell of such a small size would enable connecting computers or
electronic input devices
Example is LAN,SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
The largest area covered to the network is called WAN,MAN.
3. •LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
•SYSTEM INTER CONNECTION
•MERTOPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK(MAN)
•WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN)
4. A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and
associated devices that share a common communications line or
wireless link to a server.
A LAN is also called IEEE 802.11
Typically, a LAN encompasses computers and peripherals
connected to a server within a distinct geographic area such as
an office or university campus a commercial establishment.
5.
6.
7. WIRELESS LAN’S and standards
standards Carrier frequency Data rates
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11g
2.4 GHZ
5.8 GHZ
2.4 GHZ
10 mbps
20 mbps
20 mbps
8. The system inter connection is all about the inter connecting
the components of a computer using short-range radio.
Almost every computer has a monitor,keyboard,mouse and
printers connected to the main unit by cable.
Consequently some companies get to gather to design a
short-range wireless network called BLUETOOTH to
connect these components without wires.
Bluetooth also allows digital cameras,headsets,scanners and
other devices to connect to a computers by mainly brought
with in range.
9.
10. A wireless metropolitan area network
connects the residential and visitors to a city.
11.
12. Finally the most extensive network is a wide area
network which connects the entire country.
13.
14.
15. WIRELESS TELEPHONE NETWORKS
Highly Dynamic.
Often Reconfigure for roaming and Handoffs.
BW constrain ( RF cellular BW).
No cables required.
FIXED TELEPHONE NETWORKS
Virtually Static.
Difficult to change N/W.
Channel BW can be increased.
Comprises of Trunks (cables).
16. Local Landline Telephone Network (PSTN)
Resi denti al
custom er
Busi ness
custom er
Resi denti al
custom er
Busi ness
custom er
Cl ass 1:
regi onal centers
Cl ass 2:
sectional centers
Cl ass 3:
pri m ary centers
Cl ass 4:
tol l centers
Cl ass 5:
l ocal central office
Local
l oops
T andem offi ce
Local
l oops
Local Carrier's Domain of Influence, Intra-LATA
Cl ass 1:
regi onal centers
Cl ass 2:
sectional centers
Cl ass 3:
pri m ary centers
Cl ass 4:
tol l centers
Cl ass 5:
l ocal central office
GOLDMAN & RAWLES: ADC3e
FIG. 02-04
17.
18.
19.
20. Developments of Wireless Networks
First Generation Wireless Networks
Second Generation Wireless Networks
Third Generation Wireless Networks
Fourth Generation Wireless Networks
Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
X.25 Protocol
22. Circuit Switching
There are three phases in circuit switching:
Establish
Transfer
Disconnect
The telephone message is sent in one go, it
is not broken up.
The first generation cellular systems
provide connection-oriented services for
each voice user.
Voice channels are dedicated for users at a
serving base station and network resources
are dedicated to the voice traffic upon
initiation of a call.
23. That is the “MSC” dedicated a voice channel connected between the base
station and the “PSTN” for the duration of a cellular telephone call.
When used in conjunction with radio channels. Connection-oriented services
are provided by a technique called “circuit-switching”.
Since a physical radio channel is dedicated(switched into use) for two way
traffic between the mobile user and the MSC, and the PSTN dedicates a voice
circuit between the MSC and the end-user.
24.
25. Packet Switching
In packet-based networks, the
message gets broken into small data
packets. These packets are sent out
from the computer and they travel
around the network seeking out the
most efficient route to travel as circuits
become available. This does not
necessarily mean that they seek out the
shortest route.
Each packet may go a different route
from the others.
29. Packet Switching
HEADER USER DATA TRAILER
FLAG ADDRESS
FIELD
CONTROL FIELD INFORMATION
FIELD
FRAME CHECK
SEQUENCE FIELD
Packet Data Format
Fields in a Typical packet data
32. X.25 was developed by CCITT to provide
standard connection less network access (packet
switching) protocols for the three lowest layers
(layers 1,2,3) of the open systems
interconnection(OSI MODEL).
DTE:-network interface between originating and terminating equipment (data
terminal equipment.
DCE:-data circuit terminating equipment
DSE:- data switching exchanging
36. WIRE LESS DATA SERVICES
We discussion in previous session a circuit switching is inefficient for
dedicated mobile data services such as facsimile(FAX),electronic mail
(E-mail) and short messaging.
First generation cellular systems that provide data communications
using circuit switching difficulty passing modem signals through the
audio filters of receivers designed for analog , FM ,common air
interfaces .
In voice filtering must be deactivated when data link must be
established over the common interfaces.
How ever in 1993 the US cellular systems developed the cellular
digital packet data (CDPD),In 1980’s two other data-only mobile
services called ARDIS& RAM mobile data(RMD). Were developed to
provide packet radio connectivity throughout a network
37. TYPES OF WIRE LESS DATA SERVICES
These are three types of wireless data services
1.Cellular digital packet data (CDPD)
2. Advanced radio data information systems(ARDIS)
3. RAM mobile data(RMD)
38. 1.Cellular digital packet data (CDPD)
MDBS MD-IS IS
MDBS IS
MDBS MD-IS IS
M-ES
M-ES
Fixed
end
system
I-INTERFACE
(INTERNET
OSI NET)
Fig: the CDPD network
39. M-ES : mobile end station
MDBS: mobile data base station
MD-IS: intermediate server for CDPD traffic
CDPD is a data service for first and second generation US cellular
systems and uses a full 30KHZ AMPS Channel on a shared basis.
CDPD provides mobile packet data connectivity to existing data
networks and other cellular systems without any additional
bandwidth requirements.
It also capitalizes on the un used air time which occurs between
successive radio channel assignments by the MSC.
CDPD does not use the MSC, but rather has its own traffic rather has
its own traffic routing capabilities.
The first generation AMPS, each CDPD channel is duplex in nature.
Each CDPD simplex link occupies a 30KHZ RF channel, and data is
sent at 19,200bps. Since CDPD is packet-switched , a large number
of modems, are able to access the same channel on an as needed
packet-by-packet basis.
40.
41.
42. CDPD supports broadcast, dispatch electronic mail& field monitoring
applications.CDPD transmission are carried out using fixed-length
blocks.
User data is protected using a reed-Solomon (6347) block code with 6-
bit symbols. For each packet 282 user bits are coded into 378 bit
blocks, which provides correction for up to eight symbols.
Two lower layers protocols are used
1. the mobile data link protocol (MDLP)
2. the radio resource management protocol(RRMP)
The MDLP is used to convey information between data link layer
entities (layer 2 devices) across the CDPD air interface.
The MDLP also provides sequence control to maintain the sequence
order of frames across a data link connection, as well as error detection
and flow control.
43. Link layer characteristics for CDPD
Protocols MDLP, RPMP,X.25
Channel data rate (bps) 19,200
Channel Bandwidth (KHz) 30
Spectrum efficiency (b/Hz) 0.64
Random Error Strategy Cover with burst protect
Burst Error Strategy Rs 63,47 (6 bits per symbol)
Fading Performance With stands 2.2ms fade
Channel accur Slotted DSMA/CD
44. Advance radio data information system(ARDIS)
Advance radio data information systems (ARDIS) is a private
network serves provided by motorola and IBM and is based on
MDC4800 and RD-LAP (radio data link access procedure)
protocol developed at motorola.
ARDIS provides 8000MHz two-way mobile data
communication for short-long radio messages in urban and in-
building environments and for user travelling at low speed.
ARDIS has been developed to provide excellent-in-building
penetration, and long-scale spatial antenna density is used to
receive messages from mobile users.
46. RAM Mobile data (RMD)
RAM mobile data (RMD) is a public, two-way data service based upon the mobitex
protocol development by ericossion, RAM provides street level coverege for short
and long message for users moving in an urban environment.
RAM has capability for voice and data transmission but has been designed
primarily for data and facsimiles.
Fax message are transmitted as normal text to a gate way processor.
Which than convents the radio message to an approximate format by messaging it
with a black ground page
The packet-switched wireless transmission consists of a normal length message
instead of a much longer fax image.
47. RAM Mobile data (RMD)
RAM mobile data (RMD) is a public, two-way data service
based upon the mobitex protocol development by ericossion,
RAM provides street level coverege for short and long
message for users moving in an urban environment.
RAM has capability for voice and data transmission but has
been designed primarily for data and facsimiles.
Fax message are transmitted as normal text to a gate way
processor.
Which than convents the radio message to an approximate
format by messaging it with a black ground page
The packet-switched wireless transmission consists of a
normal length message instead of a much longer fax image.
48. protocol mobitex
Speed (bps) 8000
Channel band width(KHZ) 12.5
SPECTRAM EFFICIENCY(b/HZ) 0.64
RANDOM ERROR STRATEGY 12,8 HAMMING CODE
BURST ERROR STRATEGY INTERLEAVE 21 BITS
FADING PERFORMANCE WITH STANDS 2.6ms FADE
CHANNEL ACCESS SLOTTED CSMA
CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS FOR RAM MOBILE DATA
49. Common Channel Signaling
CCS is a digital communication technique that provides
simultaneous transmission of user data, signaling data and
other related traffic throughout a network
CCS by out-of-band signaling channels which logically
separate the network data from the user information (voice or
data) on the same channel.
For second generation wireless communication systems, CCS
is used to pass user data and control signals between the
subscriber and the data station between the base station and the
MSC and between MSCS.
The concept of CCS implies dedicate, parallel channel, it is
implemented in a TDM format for serial data transmissions.
50. CCS is an out-of –band signaling technique which allows
much faster communication between two nodes with in the
PSTN.
CCS supports signaling data risk from 56kbps to many
mega bits per second.
The signaling channel may be operated in a connation less
fashion where packet data transfer technique are efficiently
used CCS generally uses variable length packet sizes and a
layered protocol structure and CCS used same physical
network connection (i.e fiber optic cable) carries both the
user traffic and the network signaling data.
51. Distributed Central Switching office for CCS
MSC
SMS STP’S STP’S
STP’S STP’S
SEP’S
SS7
SS7
SS7
SS7
SS7
SS7
SEP’S
To other SEP’S
Network-A Network-B
52. The CCS network architecture is composed of geographically distributed central
switching office each with embedded switching end point (SEP'S) and management
system(SMS),and a Database service management system(DBAS).
The MSC provides subscriber access to the PSTN via the SEP.
The SEP implements a stored-program-control-control switching system knows as
the service control point (SCP) that uses CCS to setup calls and to access a network
database.
The SCP instructs the SEP to center billing records based on the call information
recorded by the SCP.
The STP controls the switching of message between nodes in the CCS network.
53. For higher reliability of transmission, SEP'S are required to be
connected to the SS7 network via at least two STP'S.
These combination of two STP'S in parallel is known as a mated
pair, and provides connectivity to the network in the execute one
STP fails.
The SMS contains all subscriber records, and also houses toll-free
database which may be excused by the subscribers.
The DBAS is the administrative database that maintains service
records and investigates fraud throughout the network.
The SMS and DBAS work in tandem to provide a wide range of
customer and network provides sences based on SS7