This document provides an introduction to SSH and PGP protocols for secure communication. It discusses how SSH uses public-key cryptography to authenticate connections and encrypt data transmitted over untrusted networks, protecting against threats like IP spoofing. It also explains how SSH uses key pairs and configuration files. PGP is introduced as providing encryption, authentication and integrity for email through techniques like hashing, symmetric/asymmetric encryption and digital signatures. It describes how PGP handles the technical challenges of encoding encrypted data for transmission in email systems.
Overview of the SSH protocol.
SSH (Secure SHell) is a secure replacement for TELNET, rcp, rlogin, rsh (for login, remote execution of
commands, file transfer).
Security-wise SSH provides confidentiality (nobody can read the message content), integrity (guarantee that data is unaltered in transit) and authentication (of client and server). This provides protection against many of the possible attack vectors like IP spoofing, DNS spoofing, Password interception and eavesdropping.
SSH exists in 2 versions. SSH-2 fixes some of the shortcomings of SSH-1 so it should be used in place of SSH-1.
SSH also comes with features that in itself raise security concerns like tunneling and port forwarding.
Shell is a protocol that provides authentication, encryption and data integrity to secure network communications. Implementations of Secure Shell offer the following capabilities: a secure command-shell, secure file transfer, and remote access to a variety of TCP/IP applications via a secure tunnel. Secure Shell client and server applications are widely available for most popular operating systems.
Overview of the SSH protocol.
SSH (Secure SHell) is a secure replacement for TELNET, rcp, rlogin, rsh (for login, remote execution of
commands, file transfer).
Security-wise SSH provides confidentiality (nobody can read the message content), integrity (guarantee that data is unaltered in transit) and authentication (of client and server). This provides protection against many of the possible attack vectors like IP spoofing, DNS spoofing, Password interception and eavesdropping.
SSH exists in 2 versions. SSH-2 fixes some of the shortcomings of SSH-1 so it should be used in place of SSH-1.
SSH also comes with features that in itself raise security concerns like tunneling and port forwarding.
Shell is a protocol that provides authentication, encryption and data integrity to secure network communications. Implementations of Secure Shell offer the following capabilities: a secure command-shell, secure file transfer, and remote access to a variety of TCP/IP applications via a secure tunnel. Secure Shell client and server applications are widely available for most popular operating systems.
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. This presentation is made as an assignment during our university course.
Slides from a presentation I gave on SSH. Covers basics of ssh, password|keys|host-based authentication, agent/key forwarding, configuration files (global and user-specific), local/remote port forwarding, scp, rsync, and briefly mentions git's support.
SSH is a protocol for secure remote access to a machine over untrusted networks.
SSH is a replacement for telnet, rsh, rlogin and can replace ftp.
Uses Encryption.
SSH is not a shell like Unix Bourne shell and C shell (wildcard expansion and command interpreter)
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
install hadoop in windows using maven and windows sdk and visual c++ compiler.
To install hadoop on windows see below link step by step guidance.
From version 2.3 hadoop suppot windows also but by default it supports linux and other version. to install in windows need to compile the hadoop source in native windows sdk and then that hadoop distribution generated can be used to run hadoop in windows.
hadoop installation on windows
The design criteria behind TLS/SSL, presented at Cal Poly on 2010/6/3. An updated version of a previous talk, this presentation includes descriptions of the Null-byte certificate attack and the recent session renegotiation attack (both from 2009).
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. This presentation is made as an assignment during our university course.
Slides from a presentation I gave on SSH. Covers basics of ssh, password|keys|host-based authentication, agent/key forwarding, configuration files (global and user-specific), local/remote port forwarding, scp, rsync, and briefly mentions git's support.
SSH is a protocol for secure remote access to a machine over untrusted networks.
SSH is a replacement for telnet, rsh, rlogin and can replace ftp.
Uses Encryption.
SSH is not a shell like Unix Bourne shell and C shell (wildcard expansion and command interpreter)
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
install hadoop in windows using maven and windows sdk and visual c++ compiler.
To install hadoop on windows see below link step by step guidance.
From version 2.3 hadoop suppot windows also but by default it supports linux and other version. to install in windows need to compile the hadoop source in native windows sdk and then that hadoop distribution generated can be used to run hadoop in windows.
hadoop installation on windows
The design criteria behind TLS/SSL, presented at Cal Poly on 2010/6/3. An updated version of a previous talk, this presentation includes descriptions of the Null-byte certificate attack and the recent session renegotiation attack (both from 2009).
Course CryptographyAnswer in C or C++create a program that can .pdfameerandsons
Course: Cryptography
Answer in C or C++
create a program that can securely transfer files between two computers using RSA encryption.
RSA is a widely used public key encryption algorithm that uses two keys, a public key for
encryption and a private key for decryption.
Requirements:
1. The program should allow the user to select a file to transfer and the public key of the
recipient.
2. Implement a key exchange protocol, such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, to securely
exchange the public keys between the sender and the recipient.
3. The program should then encrypt the file using RSA encryption with the recipient's public key
or create your own encryption algorithm.
4. The program should transfer the encrypted file to the recipient's computer using a secure
connection, such as SSH or HTTPS.
5. The recipient's computer should then use their private key to decrypt the file.
Implementation:
1. Start by importing the necessary libraries for RSA encryption, such as `openssl/rsa.h` and
`openssl/pem.h`.
2. Define a function that takes two arguments: the file to be encrypted and the public key of the
recipient.
3. Use the RSA algorithm to encrypt the file with the recipient's public key, using a block size of
128 bits and padding scheme such as PKCS#1 v1.5 or OAEP.
4. Use a secure connection protocol, such as SSH or HTTPS, to transfer the encrypted file to the
recipient's computer.
5. On the recipient's computer, use their private key to decrypt the file, using the same RSA
algorithm and padding scheme as before.
6. Test the function by transferring files between two computers and verifying that the files are
correctly encrypted and decrypted.
Modifications:
1. Add a checksum to the encrypted file to ensure that it has not been tampered with during
transfer.
2. Implement a secure file transfer protocol, such as SFTP or SCP, to transfer the encrypted file
without relying on a separate secure connection.
3. Apply the encryption technique to a larger dataset, such as a database of sensitive information
or a cloud storage service..
Course CryptographyAnswer in C or C++create a program that can .pdfinfo145003
Course: Cryptography
Answer in C or C++
create a program that can securely transfer files between two computers using RSA encryption.
RSA is a widely used public key encryption algorithm that uses two keys, a public key for
encryption and a private key for decryption.
Requirements:
1. The program should allow the user to select a file to transfer and the public key of the
recipient.
2. Implement a key exchange protocol, such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, to securely
exchange the public keys between the sender and the recipient.
3. The program should then encrypt the file using RSA encryption with the recipient's public key
or create your own encryption algorithm.
4. The program should transfer the encrypted file to the recipient's computer using a secure
connection, such as SSH or HTTPS.
5. The recipient's computer should then use their private key to decrypt the file.
Implementation:
1. Start by importing the necessary libraries for RSA encryption, such as `openssl/rsa.h` and
`openssl/pem.h`.
2. Define a function that takes two arguments: the file to be encrypted and the public key of the
recipient.
3. Use the RSA algorithm to encrypt the file with the recipient's public key, using a block size of
128 bits and padding scheme such as PKCS#1 v1.5 or OAEP.
4. Use a secure connection protocol, such as SSH or HTTPS, to transfer the encrypted file to the
recipient's computer.
5. On the recipient's computer, use their private key to decrypt the file, using the same RSA
algorithm and padding scheme as before.
6. Test the function by transferring files between two computers and verifying that the files are
correctly encrypted and decrypted.
Modifications:
1. Add a checksum to the encrypted file to ensure that it has not been tampered with during
transfer.
2. Implement a secure file transfer protocol, such as SFTP or SCP, to transfer the encrypted file
without relying on a separate secure connection.
3. Apply the encryption technique to a larger dataset, such as a database of sensitive information
or a cloud storage service..
o Review of PGP - Authentication and Confidentiality.
o Review of MIME and S/MIME with a short review of SMTP.
o Review of S/MIME in MS-Outlook - worksheet.
o Review of SSL Protocols.
o Review of SSH, its phases and its supported channel types.
o Demonstration SSL through Wireshark
o Demonstration SSH Channel
o Need for IPSec
o Details of ESP and brief idea of AH.
o SAD and SPD with inbound/outbound packet processing.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Agenda
Dial Up & broadband connections
Introduction to SSH protocol & applications
SSH-TRANS
Client- Server Authentication
SSH configuration
Public & Private key pair generation
Digital Signatures
Use of SSH in Port Forwarding
3. SSH in subversion control
Introduction to PGP protocol & applications
Email compatibility of PGP
7. Broad band connection
Passwords go through ISPs/
untrusted networks.
How can there be a secure way of
sending passwords across the
internet ?
8. The need for encryption
This can be solved by encrption of
the data sent over the untrusted
networks .
This improves the strength of the
authentication mechanism people
use to login.
We call this mechanism as …
11. SSH
Replaces less secure telnet &
rlogin* programs.
Uses public key cryptography to
authenticate remote PCs.
*rlogin is a software utility for Unix-like computer operating
systems that allows users to log in on another host via
a network, communicating viaTCP port 513.
14. SSH can protect against ..
Manipulation of data at intermediate
elements in the network.
IP address spoofing where attack
hosts pretends to be trusted host by
sending packets with source address
of trusted hosts
DNS spoofing.
15. SSH will not protect against ..
A compromised root account .
Insecure home directories
Eg : if an attacker tries to modify
files in the home directory.
16. SSH version 2 protocols
SSH-TRANS , a transport layer
protocol
SSH-AUTH , an authentication
protocol.
SSH-CONN , a connection
protocol.
SSH-AUTH & SSH-TRANS are used for remote
login.
17. SSH - TRANS
Provides encrypted channel
between client & server machines.
Runs on top of TCP connection.
18. SSH-TRANS mechanism
Client authenticates server using RSA
algorithm.
After authentication , it establishes a
session key to encrypt data sent over
the channel.
Message integrity check is done for
all data exchanged over the channel.
19. Public key is owned by the server .
How come client possesses the
server’s public key?
20. Step-1 : Client authenticates the server
The server tells the client its public
key at the connection time.
During first time , SSH application
warns the client that it has never
connected to the server before .
21. The client remembers the server’s
public key.
From the second time, the client
compares the key with the stored
public key.
22. Step 2 : Client authenticates itself to the
server
This can be done in 3 ways :-
User sends his password to user
directly in the secure channel.
This is safe as the password is
encrypted.
23. Public key is placed on the server
prior to connection .
HOST BASED AUTHENTICATION
The server has a set of trusted
hosts.
Client claims to be a “trusted
host” .
24. Installing SSH on YOUR PC
You can download the source code
from
http://www.openssh.com/
25. Configuration files
SSH has 2 different sets of
configuration files :-
System wide configuration files
User specific config files
26. System Wide Configuration Filles
Stored in /etc/ssh directory
Ssh_config : client config file.
Sshd_config : sshd server config
files.
Sshd.pid : Server’s pid in stored
here.
27. User specific configuration files ..
Stored in ~UserName/.ssh
directory.
Known_hosts : This file contains
host keys of SSH server s accessed
by the user.
28. Authorized_keys2 : holds a list of
authorized public keys for users.
When a client connects to a server
, server authenticates client by
checking the public key stored
here.
29. Why config files are important :
Specify authentication methods.
Specify SSH protocols supported .
Behavior of server can be
controlled by :-
Compling time configuration
Config file
Command line options
30. Key management in SSH
SSH authenticates users using
keypairs :-
Private key
Public key
42. PGP is a data encryption and
decryption computer program that
provides cryptographic privacy
and authentication for data
communication.
PGP combines the best available
cryptographic algorithms to achieve
secure e-mail communication.
43. PGP encryption is a serial combination
of :-
Hashing
Data Compression
Symmetric Key Cryptography
Public Key Cryptography
45. Using PGP to create Digital Signatures
*plaintext : information a sender wishes to transmit to a receiver
Hash function from plaintext*
+
Sender’s private keys
46.
47. Using PGP in emails
Authentication
Confidentiality
Compression
Email compatibility using Radix 64
conversion
48. Alice sends Bob an email , again !
Ad/Ae = private/public keypair
m = digitally signed message
SHA-1 = hashing function
49. Authentication- Sending
Alice hashes the message using
SHA-1 to obtain SHA(m).
Alice encrypts the hash using her
private key Ad to obtain
ciphertext c given by
c=pk.encryptAd(SHA(m))
Alice sends Bob the pair (m,c).
50. Authentication - Receiving
Bob receives (m,c) .
Bob decrypts c using Alice's public
key Ae to obtain signature s
s=pk.decryptAe(c)
51. Bob computes hash of m to get
signature s
If s==m ,
Authenticated !!
52. Confidentiality – Added Security
Process is repeated with session
key sk
m=sk.decryptk(c)
NOTE : encryption is done for
session key+public key (same
time)
53. E-Mail compatibility
Modern email system can transmit
only blocks of ASCII text.
Encrypted ciphertext blocks may
not correspond to ASCII characters
.
This problem is overcome by …
54. Radix-64 conversion/base 64 encoding
The binary input is split into blocks of 24 bits
(3 bytes).
Each 24 block is then split into four sets each
of 6-bits.
Each 6-bit set will then have a value between
0 and 26-1 (=63).
This value is encoded into a printable
character.