This document provides an introduction to psychology and abnormal behavior. It discusses the normal functions of the mind, including theories of consciousness and the id, ego, and superego. It then covers altered functions and different definitions of abnormal behavior, such as statistical deviations, violations of social norms, maladaptive behavior, and personal distress. The medical model of abnormal behavior and biopsychosocial perspective are introduced. Defense mechanisms and their examples in everyday life and illness are defined.

1. Introduction to Psychology I
Dr Zahiruddin Othman
Universiti Sains Malaysia

2. A. Normal Functions Of The Mind
1. Define mental health.
2. Describe the theory of the mind
- id, ego, superego
- conscious, preconscious, subconscious and unconscious
B. Altered Function Of The Mind
1. Grasp the different definitions of abnormal behaviour as described by
clinical psychologists :
1.1. abnormal behaviour as statistical deviations
1.2. abnormal behaviour as violation of social norms
1.3. abnormal behaviour as maladaptive behaviour
1.4. abnormal behaviour as personal distress
2. The medical model of abnormal behaviour :
2.1. the disease concept of psychiatric illness
2.2. the biopsychosocial perspective of understanding and managing abnormal behaviour
3. Defense mechanism
3.1. Define the concept of defenses mechanisms
3.2. List out common defense mechanisms
3.3. Define and give examples of these defenses in everyday life, both illness and in
normality
3.4 Know the defense that can be classified as mature and possibly begin using them,
instead of immature and neurotic ones.

3. Health Ideal
• State of wellbeing
–Physical,
–Emotional
–Spiritual
• Absence of
–Pathological
process
–Symptoms
–Illness, disease

4. THEORY OF THE MIND

5. DEFENSE MECHANISMS

8. Defense Mechanism in
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
- Repression
- Isolation of affect
- Reaction formation
- Undoing

9. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS
STATISTICAL DEVIATIONS

10. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS VIOLATION
OF SOCIAL NORMS
In reality, there is no clear boundary between "normal" and "abnormal." We each live
in close proximity to the artificial line created by society, psychiatry and psychology
separating "sane" from “psychotic," "normal" from "neurotic.”

11. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS VIOLATION
OF SOCIAL NORMS

12. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS VIOLATION
OF SOCIAL NORMS
Many flirt with or cross over this threshold temporarily, returning sooner or
later to the land of the "normal." And some never recover from this departure
from "normalcy”

13. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR
DISTURBANCE of
• Cognition (thinking)
– Perception
– Thought
– Memory
– Judgment, insight
– etc
• Emotion
• Behaviour

14. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS MALADAPTIVE
BEHAVIOUR
• Affecting important
areas of functioning
– Self care
– Social
– Occupational
– etc

15. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AS PERSONAL
DISTRESS
In certain cases, the individual may not report subjective
suffering, but his or her behavior is either chronically self-
destructive and/or results in negative social consequences
and excessive suffering in others

16. THE MEDICAL MODEL OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
The Disease Concept of Psychiatric Illness
• A scientific process involving observation, description
and differentiation, which moves from recognising
and treating symptoms to identifying disease
aetiologies and developing specific treatments (Clare, A.
(1980) Psychiatry in Dissent. Routledge)
• The predominant Western approach to illness, the
body being a complex mechanism, with illness
understood in terms of causation and remediation, in
contrast to holistic, and social models (Wikipedia)

17. THE MEDICAL MODEL OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
The Biopsychosocial Perspective Of Understanding And Managing Abnormal Behaviour

18. THE MEDICAL MODEL OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
The Biopsychosocial Perspective Of Understanding And Managing Abnormal Behaviour

19. THE MEDICAL MODEL OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
The Biopsychosocial Perspective Of Understanding And Managing Abnormal Behaviour

20. DSM-5 definition of MENTAL
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by
• clinically significant DISTURBANCE in
individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or
behaviour that reflects
• DYSFUNCTION in the psychological,
biological, or developmental process underlying
mental functioning.
• Mental disorders are usually associated with
significant DISTRESS or disability in social,
occupational, or other important activities.

21. • An expectable or culturally approved
response to common stressor or loss, such
as the death of a loved one, is not a mental
disorder.
• Socially deviant behaviour (e.g., political,
religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are
primarily between the individual and society
are not mental disorder unless the deviance
or conflict results from a dysfunction in the
individual, as described above.