This document provides an introduction and overview of programming languages. It discusses the different types of programming languages including machine languages, assembly languages, and high-level languages. It also outlines the components of programming languages, such as syntax and semantics. Finally, it categorizes programming languages into structured programming languages, modular programming languages, and object-oriented programming languages.

1. Introduction to programming
Mr. Imran
Lecturer,
Department of Computer Science,
Jahan University
Kabul, Afghanistan.

2. Text Books to Follow
• Dietal & Dietal, C/C++: How to Program 7th Edition.
• Programming with C++ by CM Aslam & TA Qureshi (Aikmen Series).
• Object oriented programming using C++ by IT Series.

3. Lecture Outline
• Programming languages
• Components of programming languages
• Categories of Programming Languages
• Programming techniques

4. Programming Languages
• A programming language is used to write computer programs.
• It is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a
machine.
• Some of them are directly understandable by computer and some of
them are needed to be converted first.

5. Programming Languages
• Computer languages are divided into three broad types:
• Machine Language
• Assembly Language
• High-Level Language

6. Programming Languages
• Machine Languages
• A computer understands machine language.
• Machine language is also called binary language.
• It is consist of two digits that instructs computers to perform their operations.
• They are machine-dependent.
• No translation is required – directly understandable by computer.
• They are hard to learn and understand.

7. Programming Languages

8. Programming Languages
• Assembly Language
• A language in which instead of binary codes we use English like abbreviations
(mnemonics) to represent the operations for the computer.
• A language that uses symbolic names to represent operations, registers and
memory locations.
• It uses a translator called Assembler.

9. Programming Languages

10. Programming Languages
• High-Level Language
• A language in which the instructions are written in the form of everyday
English and contain commonly used mathematical notations.
• Compiler and Interpreter are used to covert the high-level code to machine
code.

11. Programming Languages

12. Programming Languages
Hierarchy of Languages
Language Representations

13. Components of Programming Languages
• Syntax
• It is about the structure of the grammar of the language.
• In programming language, the rules and regulations for writing code are
called the syntax.
• A syntax can be used to construct a valid sentence/statement.

14. Components of Programming Languages
• Semantic
• It describes the meaning of the sentence.
• It describes that whether the sentence is correct or not. If so, what does the
sentence mean?

15. Categories of Programming Languages
• Major programming languages falls in the category of:
• Structured Programming Languages
• Modular Programming Languages
• Object-Oriented Programming Languages

16. Categories of Programming Languages
• Structured Programming Languages
• Languages in which the program is divided into smaller components –
functions.
• The structured programming contains three major concepts that are:
• Top-down Design / Divide and Conquer
• Code Reusability
• Information Hiding

17. Categories of Programming Languages
• Modular Programming Languages
• Languages in which the program is broken into individual components called
modules that can be programmed and tested independently.

18. Categories of Programming Languages
• Object-Oriented Programming Languages
• Languages in which object technology is supported.
• It allows the pieces of software to be reused and interchanged between
programs.
• The major concepts used in OOP are:
• Data Abstraction – Describes user defined datatypes.
• Encapsulation – Information Hiding
• Inheritance – Describes the reusability of a class.
• Polymorphism – Describes the ability to produce different results based on the object
that is sent to.

19. Summery
• Programming languages
• Components of programming languages
• Categories of programming languages

20. Thank You
For your Patience