Orthodontics involves correcting teeth alignment and positioning. It aims to achieve functional efficiency, structural balance, and esthetic harmony through treatments like preventive, interceptive, corrective, and surgical orthodontics. Edward Hartley Angle is considered the father of modern orthodontics. He developed classifications of malocclusions and appliances like pin and tube and edgewise appliances. Other contributors included Calvin Case, Martin Dewey, Holly Broadbent, Raymond Begg, and Rolf Frankel who developed growth guidance appliances.

1. Introduction To Orthodontics
Edward Hartley Angle – Father Of Modern Orthodontics
PROF (Dr.) SAIBEL FARISHTA

2. Orthodontics -
Is derived from the Greek words ‘Orthos’ meaning correct and
‘Dontos’ meaning teeth.
In 1922 the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics has
defined the Speciality as –
‘‘Orthodontics includes the study of the growth
and development of the jaws and face particularly, and the
body generally as influencing the position of the teeth; the
study of action and reaction of internal and external influences
on the development and the prevention and correction of
arrested and perverted development’’.

3. Unfavourable Sequelae Of Malocclusion
• Poor Facial Appearance
• Risk Of Caries
• Predisposition To Periodontal Diseases
• Psychological Disturbances
• Risk Of Trauma
• Abnormalities Of Function
• TMJ Problems

4. Aims Of Orthodontics Treatment
The aims and objectives of Orthodontic therapy have been
summarized by Jackson as the Jackson’s Triad. The three
main objectives of orthodontic treatment are –
• Functional Efficiency
• Structural Balance
• Esthetic Harmony
• Functional Efficiency – Many malocclusions affect normal
functioning of the stomatognathic system. The orthodontic
treatment should thus aim at improving the functioning of the
oro-facial apparatus.

5. • Structural Balance - The oro-facial region consists of the
dento-alveolar system, the skeletal tissue and the soft tissue
including musculature. Stable orthodontic treatment is best
achieved by maintaining a balance between these three tissue
systems.
• Esthetic Harmony – The commonest reason for seeking
orthodontic treatment is to improve the appearance of the
teeth and face. Many malocclusions are associated with
unsightly appearance of teeth and can thus affect the
individual’s self image, well being and success in society.
Thus the orthodontic treatment should aim at improving the
esthetics of the individual.

6. Services Offered By Orthodontist
• Preventive Orthodontics
• Interceptive Orthodontics
• Corrective Orthodontics
• Surgical Orthodontics
• Preventive Orthodontics – is defined as, ‘Actions taken to
preserve the integrity of what appears normal for that age’.
• Interceptive Orthodontics – includes procedures that are
undertaken at an early stage of a malocclusion to eliminate or
reduce the severity of the same.
• Corrective Orthodontics – procedures undertaken to correct
a fully established malocclusion.
• Surgical Orthodontics –

7. Brief History Of Orthodontics
• Orthodontics is considered the oldest speciality of dentistry.
Attempts were made to treat malocclusion as early as 1000
BC.
• Greek Physician Hippocrates [460 - 377 BC] is believed to be
the pioneer in Medical Science. A number of references on
teeth and jaws are found in his writings.
• Aristotle [384 - 322 BC] was a Greek Philosopher who for the
first time studied human teeth and compared them with those
of various species.
• The first recorded suggestion for active treatment of
malocclusion was by Aulius Cornelius Celsus [25 BC - AD 50]
who advocated the use of finger pressure to align irregular
teeth.
• Pierre Fauchard a French dentist is considered the founder
of modern dentistry. In 1723 he developed the first
Orthodontic appliance called a Bandelette, which was
designed to expand the arches.

8. • Norman Kingsley an American dentist, was the first to use
extra-oral force to correct protruding teeth. He is considered
pioneer in cleft palate treatment. He also developed the
obturator in 1859.
• Emerson C Angell [1823 - 1903] was the first person to
advocate the opening of the mid palatal suture, which was
later known as rapid maxillary expansion.
• William E Magill [1823 - 1896] was the first person to band
teeth for active tooth movement.
• Henry Baker in 1893 introduced his Baker’s anchorage or
the use of intermaxillary elestics to treat malocclusion.
• Edward H Angle [1855 - 1930] is considered as the ‘Father of
Modern Orthodontics’ for his numerous contributions. Due to
his efforts Orthodontics was separated from other branches
of dentistry. In 1899 he classified malocclusions, he also
developed pin and tube and Edgewise appliances. He started
an Orthodontic school in Connecticut. He was a firm believer
of non extraction and advocated arch expansion in most
cases.

9. • Calvin Case [1847 - 1923] was the first orthodontist to use
intermaxillary elastics. He was a critic of Angle and opposed
Angle’s philosophy of arch expansion to treat most cases. He
advocated the removal of certain teeth ta achieve stable
results and improve facial esthetics.
• Martin Dewey [1881 - 1933] also advocated non extraction.
He modified Angle’s classification.
• In 1931, Holly Broadbent and Hofarath developed
cephalometric radiography.
• Buonocore in 1955 introduced the acid etch technique.
• Raymond Begg of Australia in 1956 introduced a light wire
fixed appliance technique that was based on the concept of
differential force.
• While the American orthodontists were showing keen
interest in improving fixed orthodontic appliances, their
European counterparts continued to develop removable and
functional appliances for guidance of growth.

10. • Pierre Robin in 1902 introduced a Monobloc, which
protruded the mandible forward
• Viggo Anderson in 1910 developed the activator, which
made use of the facial musculature to guide the growth of the
jaws.
• Rolf Frankel [1969 - 1973] proposed the Function Regulator
to treat a variety of skeletal malocclusions.
• Lawrence Andrews introduced the Straight Wire Appliance
[PEA] in the early seventies.

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