VLC Simulation

Mission
Christ University is a nurturing ground for an
individual’s holistic development to make effective
contribution to the society in a dynamic environment
Vision
Excellence and Service
Core Values
Faith in God | Moral Uprightness
Love of Fellow Beings | Social
Responsibility | Pursuit of Excellence
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
PROJECT PHASE II
PANEL PRESENTATION - 5
Research Area: Optical Communication
Proposed Title: Visible Light Communication
Name of Candidate: ALWIN POULOSE
Register Number: 1567001
Under the Guidance of
ABHIJITH B N
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Problem Formulation
 Problem Identification
 Problem Statement & Objectives
 Limitations
 Literature Survey And Review
 VLC Simulation Using Optisystem Simulation Tool
 Experimental Setup
 Results & Analysis
 Conclusion
 Scope for Future Work
 Bibliography
 Publication Details
 Acknowledgement
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION

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ABSTRACT
• Visible light communication (VLC) is one of the key area in
wireless communications.
• Which work similarly to fiber optic links, except the beam is
transmitted through free space.
• While the transmitter and receiver must require line-of-sight
conditions, they have the benefit of eliminating the need for
broadcast rights and buried cables.
• VLC communications systems can be easily deployed since
they are inexpensive, small, low power and do not require
any radio interference studies.

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Applications include :
1. Vehicle to vehicle data transmission
2. Position detection,
3. Intelligent transport system,
4. Image sensor communications
5. Internet access,
6. Audio and video transmission.
• The detailed study of VLC research, it was found that it can be
used for various applications.
• In this paper discuss performance analysis of visible light
communication system using Optisystem simulation tool.

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INTRODUCTION
• The idea of using light as a communication
medium was implemented by Alexander
Graham Bell in 1880 with his invention of
the photo phone, a device that transmitted a
voice signal on a beam of light.
• The invention of Graham Bell was not
success because he could not generate a
useful carrier frequency for the transmission
of light beam from point to point.
• The idea of light communication also
evolved from Morse code transmission.
• Now the light we use in our daily life can
not only be used for providing light but also
for communication.
• With the invention of LED the idea of using
light as a communication medium has
started again.
• In VLC light is used between 400THz to
800THz of frequency and wavelength is
between 400nm to 700nm.

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Problem Formulation
• This project proposes simulation model of high data rate
VLC system and evaluation of the relationship between
the data rate, delay spread and signal distortion.
• Multiple reflection paths are considered in this study.

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Problem Identification
• From the literature survey various aspects related to visible light communication are
investigated.
• The basic concept of visible-light communication system using LED as a source
appears to be the key part in a lot of applications.
• Some of the challenges faced in the realm of VLC systems for various applications are
inspected. Few among them are:
• High Data Rate
• Uplink Issue
• Regulatory Issues
• Line of sight
• Range (distance between transmitter and receiver)
• Interference from sunlight
• Out of these issues, the data rate plays a major role in the VLC systems.
• This project investigates the possibility of a high data rate system in multi-reflection
environment.

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Problem Statement & Objectives
• The objective of this project is to analyze and understand the
existing VLC systems to investigate the possibilities of improvising
the performance of the system in multi reflection environment.
• Using the Optisystem simulation tool for modeling multiple
reflection VLC systems, the relation between the data rate and
manually calculated RMS delay spread has been established.
• The project investigates the relation between the RMS delay spread
and the data rate of the VLC system given by the equation
1
10
b
RMS
R
D


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Limitations
• The proposed VLC system can be used only in an indoor environment.
• The system cannot be used outdoor since the distortion from sunlight is very
high.
• When distance between the transmitter and the receiver increases the data loss
is high.
• Another major limitation is the line of sight condition.
• The complexity of the system design increases as the data rate of the real
system is very high and hence the cost of the system increases considerably.
• So high speed switching electronics and high speed LEDs and phototransistors
are required for the hardware implementation.

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LITERATURE SURVEY AND REVIEW
• Nowadays, a lot of researchers are working on the
development of LED lighting systems.
• This literature review is conducted to understand the various
aspects of visible light communication and to develop a
VLC system model for analysis.
• This literature review involves understanding the
fundamental concepts of visible-light communication,
applications and challenges faced by VLC.
• For the literature review 12 papers related to visible-light
communication were considered.

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Literature Collection & Segregation
[20] Toshihiko Komin and Masao Nakagawa, “Fundamental analysis for visible-light
communication system using LED lights,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 100-107, February 2004.
In this paper, Toshihiko Komine and his student member had a fundamental analysis on VLC
system using LED lights. In which requirements for optical lighting and optical transmission
were discussed and an example of design was set up.
Optical Wireless Communication Design
Setup
• From their work they understood that the
system made communication and lighting
possible and they discussed about the
influence of reflection and inter symbol
interference.
• From their analysis they showed that the
communication performance is degraded
severely by inter symbol interference.
• Finally they concluded that relation between
the data rate and the FOV and suggested the
potential of high speed data transmission
like 10 GB/s.

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[19] P. Amirshahi and M. Kavehrad, “Broadband access over medium and low
voltage power-lines and use of white light emitting diodes for indoor
communications,” In proceedings of IEEE Consumer Communications and
Networking Conference (CCNC), University park, PA, pp. 897-901, 8th-10th
January, 2006.
In this paper, P. Amirshahi and M. Kavehrad not only discussed the potential capacities of
emerging power line communications and white LED indoor communications for broadband
access, but also the fundamental analysis of VLC systems using white LEDs. In which they
designed a white LED system for lighting and high data rate indoor communications in a
model room such that there is no blind spot in the room for data communications.
Some of the important things that were observed from this paper are as follows:
• The receiver receives at least one LOS signal when the receiver’s coverage radius is greater
than 2 meters.
• The minimum field of view needed for the receiver is equal or greater than 250
• LOS path signals have higher powers as compared to reflected path signals.

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[18] Dominic O’Brien Hoa Le Minh, Lubin Zeng, Grahame Faulkner, Kyungwoo
Lee, Daekwang Jung, YunJe Oh and Eun Tae Won, “Indoor visible light
communications: challenges and prospects,” In proceedings of Free-Space Laser
Communications VIII(FSLC), San Diego, California, USA , 19th August, 2008.
• In this paper they explained the typical basic configuration, and the performance
available using simple modulation schemes for visible light communication
• Unmodified LEDs typically have modulation bandwidths of several MHz, but
typical lighting levels provide a communications channel with a Signal to Noise
Ratios in excess of 40dB.
• Different techniques can be used to improve the data rate and one of the
techniques is the equalization process.
• In this paper they explained several approaches to offer data rates of 100 Mb/s and
above.

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[17] H. Q. Nguyen et al., “A MATLAB-based simulation program for indoor visible
light communication system,” In proceedings of International Symposium on
Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP),
Newcastle upon Tyne, pp. 537-541, 21st-23rd July, 2010.
• In this paper they report a simulation program for indoor visible light
communication environment based on MATLAB and Simulink.
• The program considers different positions of transmitter and the reflections at
each wall.
• For visible light communication environment, the illumination light-emitting
diode is used not only as a lighting device, but also as a communication device.
• Using the simulation program, calculates the illumination distribution, RMS
delay spread, and received signal waveform considering the positions of the
transmitters and the reflections on walls.

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[9] Yingjie He, Liwei Ding, Yuxian Gong and Yongjin Wang, “Real-time audio and
video transmission system based on visible light communication,” Journal of
Optics and Photonics, vol. 3, no. 2B, pp. 153-157, June 2013.
• In this paper Real-time Audio & Video Transmission System Based on Visible Light
Communication presents a prototype of real-time audio and video broadcast system
using inexpensive commercially available light emitting diode (LED) lamps.
• Their Experimental results showed that real-time high quality audio and video with the
maximum distance of 3 m can be achieved through proper layout of LED sources and
improvement of concentration effects.
• They designed and simulated the Lighting model within room environment which
indicates close relationship between layout of light sources and distribution of
illuminance.
• As compared to other papers, in this paper they explained the simulation of illuminance
distribution for two different light source arrangements is shown in Figure
Square array (Left) & Round array (right)

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[13] P. Lou, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, M. Yao and Z. Xu, “Fundamental analysis for
indoor visible light positioning system,” In proceedings of IEEE International
Conference on Communications in China Workshops (ICCC), Bejing, pp. 59-63,
15th-17th August,2012.
• In this paper, they first demonstrate the indoor positioning system prototype.
• Some numerical analyses for the proposed system were performed, and a
MATLAB–based simulation is made to study the effectiveness and accuracy of
positioning algorithm, the probability distribution of detection and the
acceptable movement speed.
• Thereafter, they concluded that their lab prototype basically satisfies the
required accuracy in some coarse location environments.
• After studying the paper it is clear the concept of Fundamental Analysis for
Indoor Visible Light Positioning System.

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[10] R. Yoneda, K. Okuda and W. Uemura, “A tight curve warning system using FSK
visible light and road-to-vehicle communication,” In proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Berlin, pp. 1-3, 9th-11th
September, 2013.
• This paper proposed a warning system for road to vehicle communication.
• In this proposed system they use FSK coding because their receiver has to receive
both low and high frequency data when it is close to the transmitter, and it can
receive only low frequency data when it is far away from the transmitter.
• Their experimental results showed that a car on their prototype system put on its
brakes 2m from an LED using 16:6kHz.
• In this experiment the influence of the weather, susceptibility to noise and multi-
fading on rainy days are not considered. For real-world usage we have to consider
these parameters.

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[3] Y. H. Kim, W. A. Cahyadi and Y. H. Chung, “Experimental demonstration of
LED based vehicle to vehicle communication under atmospheric turbulence,” In
proceedings of International Conference on Information and Communication
Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, pp. 1143-1145, 28th-30th October, 2015.
• In this paper the author explained a vehicle-to-vehicle transmission under
atmospheric condition.
• In this paper they demonstrated a vehicle-to- vehicle communication under
Atmospheric Turbulence.
• For this purpose they used modified fixed decision threshold (MFDT) scheme in
the presence of rain drops.
• Red LED is used as the transmitter and a photodiode is used to detect the
transmitted data using MFDT.
• This proposed model is accurate and reliable under the rainy conditions.

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[15] S. Nishimoto, T. Yamazato, H. Okada, T. Fujii, T. Yendo and S. Arai, “High-
speed transmission of overlay coding for road-to-vehicle visible light communication
using LED array and high-speed camera,” In proceedings of IEEE Globecom
Workshops(IGW), Anaheim, CA, pp. 1234-1238, 3th-7th December, 2012.
• In this paper the author presented a road to vehicle VLC using LED array and
high speed camera.
• In this paper they proposed a new method for data improvement. For data
improvement they used overlay coding.
• In overlay coding they used two types of data called as the long range data and
the short range data.
• In long range data method they transmitted original signals and inverted signals
alternately.
• In short range data method they transmitted only original signals.

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Critical Review of Literature
[1] Y. Liu et al., “Light encryption scheme using light-emitting diode and camera
image sensor,” Journal of IEEE Photonics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-7, February 2016.
• This paper introduces a new encryption scheme for visible-light communication.
• The original visible signal being sent from the lamp can first be received by the
proposed light encrypter.
• The information can be encrypted and then emitted. The light encrypter acts as
an encryption gateway for signals in optical domain.
• The rolling shutter effect of the complementary metal–oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) camera in the mobile phone can be used.
• By demodulating the rolling shutter pattern, the data information can be
obtained.

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[8] H. Parikh, J. Chokshi, N. Gala and T. Biradar, “Wirelessly transmitting a gray
scale image using visible light,” In proceedings of International Conference on
Advances in Technology and Engineering (ICATE), Mumbai, pp. 1-6, 23th-25th
January, 2013.
• In this paper the author explain use of visible-light communication instead of
wireless radio communication.
• They use common data encryption techniques followed by modulation of the
signal using OFDM.
• The modulated signal is used to drive led which transmit a binary bit-stream in
the form of light, through air as the medium.
• In the receiving end a photo detector is used which converts the transmitted
signal back. After the photo detector a driver circuit and an appropriate
decryption block is used to get back the transmitted signal.

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F. Mousa et al., “Investigation of data encryption impact on broadcasting visible
light communications,” In proceedings of International Symposium on
Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP), Manchester, pp. 390-
394,23rd-25th July, 2014
• In this paper the author proposed a new data encryption scheme for visible-light
communication.
• This paper presents the effect of encryption and decryption used in the indoor
visible-light communication system.
• Here they used the RSA algorithm for encryption.
• This paper also explains the bit error rate performance for unsecured and secured
visible-light communication systems.

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VLC Simulation Using Optisystem Simulation Tool
Optisystem is a comprehensive
software design suite that
enables users to plan, test, and
simulate optical links in the
transmission layer of modern
optical networks.

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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
• LOS Propagation Model
• Non LOS Propagation Model
* Single LED Non LOS Propagation
Model
* Two LED Non LOS Propagation
Model

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LOS Propagation Model
𝑙 = 11 𝑚 = 𝜃𝑠 = 220
𝜃𝑑 = 250

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Results
Input Output

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Non LOS Propagation Model
𝑙1 = 11 𝑚 =
𝜃1 𝑠 = 220
𝜃1 𝑑 = 250
𝑙2
′
= 9 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′
𝑠 = 500
𝜃2
′
𝑑 = 400
𝑙2
′′
= 5 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′′
𝑠 = 600
𝜃2
′′
𝑑 = 400
𝑙3
′
= 5 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′
𝑠 = 430
𝜃3
′
𝑑 = 480
𝑙3
′′
= 10 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′′
𝑠 = 400
𝜃3
′′
𝑑 = 600
Single LED Non LOS Propagation Model

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Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model

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LED - 1 LED - 2
𝑙1 = 15 𝑚 =
𝜃1 𝑠 = 150
𝜃1 𝑑 = 150
𝑙2
′
= 16.5 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′
𝑠 = 600
𝜃2
′
𝑑 = 650
𝑙2
′′
= 12 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′′
𝑠 = 350
𝜃2
′′
𝑑 = 600
𝑙3
′
= 9 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′
𝑠 = 500
𝜃3
′
𝑑 = 450
𝑙3
′′
= 13 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′′
𝑠 = 380
𝜃3
′′
𝑑 = 520
𝑚1 = 15.5 𝑚 =
𝜃1 𝑠 = 230
𝜃1 𝑑 = 230
𝑚2
′ = 6 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′
𝑠 = 500
𝜃2
′
𝑑 = 380
𝑚2
′′ = 15 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′′
𝑠 = 450
𝜃2
′′
𝑑 = 450
𝑚3
′ = 20 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′
𝑠 = 550
𝜃3
′
𝑑 = 350
𝑚3
′′ = 10.5 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′′
𝑠 = 150
𝜃3
′′
𝑑 = 750

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Channel Delay Spread
Propagation model of diffused link
The received power at a point for
both the direct and the first-order
reflected paths is given by:
 Re
(0) (0)
LEDN
r t d t refflections
P PH PdH  
The total received power for
multipath scenario is given by
, ,
1 1
M N
rT d i ref j
i j
P P P
 
  
Where M is the number of direct paths from
transmitter to a specific receiver
N is the reflection paths to the same receiver.
𝑃𝑑,𝑖 is the received optical power from the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
direct path.
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓,𝑗 is the received power from the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ
reflected path.
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓,𝑗

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The mean excess delay is defined by
The RMS delay spread is given by,
Where
The maximum bit rate that can be transmitted through the VLC
channel without the need for an equalizer is given by
, , , ,
1 1
M N
d i d i ref ref j
i j
rT
P t P t
P
  


 
2 2
( )RMSD   
2 2
, , , ,
1 12
M N
d i d i ref j ref i
i j
rT
P t P t
P
  


 
1
10
b
RMS
R
D


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The gain of the optical concentrator at the receiver is given by
The order of Lambertian emission defined as
where n is the refractive index
1/2
ln(2)
ln(cos )
ml



2
2
,0
sin
0,0( )
com
com
com
n
g
 


 


 


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The DC channel gain of the first reflection is given by
𝑑1 is the distance between an LED chip and a reflective point
𝑑2 is the distance between a receiver point and receiver surface
𝑑𝐴 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 is a reflective area of small region
∅ 𝑟 is the angle of irradiance to a reflective point
𝛼𝑖,𝑟is the angle of irradiance to a reflective point
𝛽𝑖,𝑟is the angleof irradiance to a receiver
is the angle of incidence from the reflective surface
2
1 2
( 1)
(0) cos ( )cos( ) cos( ) ( ) ( )cos( )
2( )
mlr
ref wall r ir ir s r
A ml
H dA T g
d d
      

 
 

𝜌 is the reflectance factor
r

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Example: Non LOS propagation-Single LED
Transmitter
𝑙1 = 11 𝑚 =
𝜃1 𝑠 = 220
𝜃1 𝑑 = 250
𝑙2
′
= 9 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′
𝑠 = 500
𝜃2
′
𝑑 = 400
𝑙2
′′
= 5 𝑚 =
𝜃2
′′
𝑠 = 600
𝜃2
′′
𝑑 = 400
𝑙3
′
= 5 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′
𝑠 = 430
𝜃3
′
𝑑 = 480
𝑙3
′′
= 10 𝑚 =
𝜃3
′′
𝑠 = 400
𝜃3
′′
𝑑 = 600

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Power transmitted,𝑃𝑡 = 1;
Semi -angle at half power,∅1/2 = 700
;
Gain of an optical filter,𝑇𝑠 = 1;
Refractive index, n=1.5;
FOV=700
2 2
2
(1.5) 2.25
( ) 2.3949
(sin( )) sin 70 0.939692
n
g
FOV
    
1/2
ln(2) ln(2) 0.6931
0.64601
ln(cos ) ln(cos70) 1.07288
ml

  
   


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First Reflection:
Reflection coefficient,𝜌=0.8;
cos(48)=0.66913;
Ts=1; Ar=1;
𝑑𝐴 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
1
25
= 1.04;
𝑔 𝜓 =2.3944;
𝑑1 = 5𝑚;
𝑑2 = 10𝑚;
𝛼𝑖𝑟 = 480
;
𝛽𝑖𝑟 = 400
;
cos40 = 0.7660;
ml = 0.64601;
∅ 𝑟 = 430
;
𝜓 𝑟 = 480;
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑙(𝜙 𝑟)=0.8168;
𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑓 0 = 7.1660 × 10−7
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑, 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 × 𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑓 0 = 7.1660 × 10−7
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑐
=
5 + 10
3 × 108
= 5 × 10−8

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Second Reflection:
𝑑1 = 9𝑚;
𝑑2 = 5𝑚;
𝛼𝑖𝑟 = 480;
𝛽𝑖𝑟 = 400;
cos40 = 0.7660;
cos60 = 0.5;
ml = 0.64601;
∅ 𝑟 = 500;
𝜓 𝑟 = 400
;
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑙(𝜙 𝑟)= 0.75163;
7
6.96459 10refH 
 
8
8
tan 9 5
, 4.666 10
3 10
dis ce
Time t
c

   


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Direct Path:
ml = 0.64601;
∅ 𝑟 = 220;
𝜓 𝑟 = 250;
d=11m;
(cos25) = 0.90630;
(𝑐𝑜𝑠22)0.64601= 0.9523
2
1
cos ( ) ( ) ( )cos( )
2
ml
r t r s r
ml
P P T g
d
   



33.40153
4.4764 10
759.88
rP 
  
15
68.33134 10 
 
2 23
330.83801 10 
 
2 2 11
( ) 5.75184 10rmsD   
   
𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑅 𝑏 =
1
10 × 5.75184 × 10−11
= 1.7385 × 109
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐

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MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution
Of LOS Link at Receiving Plane For a Typical Room
Case1: Single LED transmitter

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Case 2: Four LED transmitter

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MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution
Of First Reflection at the Receiving Plane for a Typical Room

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• VLC Transmitter

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VLC Transmitter Terminal

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• VLC Receiver

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Results & Analysis
• In this project we analyzed the VLC system using Optisystem simulation tool.
• We considered two propagation models (LOS and Non LOS propagation
Model).
• In channel delay spread analysis, considered an example of non LOS
propagation model with single LED as transmitter.
• In the example powers in the first reflection, second reflection and direct path
are considered.
• In the receiving end all the powers are combined and the total received power is
calculated.
• Using this total received power the bit rate was calculated.

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Conclusion
• Visible-light communication technology has a great scope in
future.
• This technology provided a solution to the problem of
integrating Visible-light communication technology with present
infrastructure, without having to make major changes to it.
• In the field of communication it is a rapidly growing segment
and it can be implemented easily with reduced cost.
• The study gives light on how to analyze a VLC system using
computer simulation and mathematical techniques.
• This analysis can be used to estimate the parameters required for
an efficient VLC system.

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Scope for Future Work
• In the future a generalized method for evaluating RMS
delay spread for n-LED system should be framed.
• Similarly multiple receivers working synchronously can
be used to post process the signal to improve the
deformation due to the delay spread of multiple reflected
optical signal.

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Bibliography
[1] Y. Liu et al., “Light encryption scheme using light-emitting diode and camera image
sensor,” Journal of IEEE Photonics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-7, February 2016.
[2] M. Beshr, C. Michie and I. Andonovic, “Evaluation of visible light communication
system performance in the presence of sunlight irradiance,” In proceedings of
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Christ University
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Christ University
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Christ University
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Christ University
PUBLICATION DETAILS
Alwin Poulose, “An Optisystem Simulation for indoor
visible light communication system,” In proceedings of
National Conference on Emerging Technologies (NCET),
Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, 11th March, 2017.

Christ University
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Christ University Vice Chancellor, Dr. Rev. Fr. Thomas C Mathew,
Pro Vice Chancellor,Dr. Rev. Fr. Abraham, Director of Faculty of Engineering,Fr. Benny
Thomas and the Associate Dean Dr. Iven Jose for their kind patronage.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the Coordinator of
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Prof.
Inbanila K, for giving me this opportunity to take up this project.
I am also extremely grateful to my guide, Mr. ABHIJITH B N, who has supported and
helped to carry out the project. His constant monitoring and encouragement helped me
keep up to the project schedule.
I also thank all the teaching and non-teaching staffs of the department who have indirectly
helped me to complete this project work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their unending support.

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