The document provides an overview of a course on microprocessors and microcontrollers. It begins with a brief history of integrated circuits and Moore's Law. It then discusses the evolution of IC technology from discrete components to VLSI and ULSI. Key features of microprocessors and microcontrollers include smaller size, lower cost, higher reliability and power efficiency. Applications include general purpose processors in computers and embedded systems, and microcontrollers in consumer electronics, industrial equipment, and communications. The course outline covers the architecture, programming and interfacing of 8086 microprocessors and 8051 microcontrollers. The goal is for students to understand processor and controller architecture, assembly programming, and interfacing with memory, I/O, communication ports, and sensors.

1. EE8691
MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS
Dr. S. ELANGOVAN

2. INTRODUCTION AND COURSE OUTLINE
• Historical Background
• Moore’s Law
• Evolution of IC Technology
• Evolution tree of Microprocessors
• Key features of MPMC
• Typical applications
• Educational need
• Course Outline

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• 1947 - Invention of Transistor
• 1949 - Invention of Integrated Circuits
• 1965 - Birth of Moore’s Law
• 1971 - Development of first Microprocessor
• 1976 - Introduction of first Microcontroller

4. MOORE’S LAW
Moore’s law isn’t really a law in
the legal sense or even a
proven theory in the scientific
sense (such as E = mc2).
Rather, it was an observation by
Gordon Moore in 1965 while he
was working at Fairchild
Semiconductor: the number of
transistors on a microchip (as
they were called in 1965)
doubled about every year.
Moore went on to co-
found Intel
Corporation and his
observation became the
driving force behind the
semiconductor
technology revolution at
Intel and elsewhere

6. Evolution of IC Technology
Year Technology # of Devices Typical Products
1947 Invention of Transistor 1 -
1950-1960 Discrete components 1 Junction diodes and transistors
1961-1965 SSI 10-100 Planner devices – logic gates, Flip-flops
1966-1970 MSI 100-1000 Counters, MUXs, Decoders, adders
1971-1979 LSI 1000-20,000 8 bit Microprocessor, RAM, ROM
1980-1984 VLSI 20,000-50,000 DSPs, RISC, 16 bit µP, 32 bit µP
1985- ULSI >50,000 64 bit µP

9. KEY FEATURES
• Smaller Size
• Lower cost
• Higher Reliability
• Lower power consumption
• Higher Versatility
• More powerful

10. Moore’s Law
Processor Year of Introduction # of transistors
4004 1971 2250
8008 1972 2500
8080 1974 5000
8086 1978 29000
i286 1982 1,20,000
i386 1985 2,75,000
i486 1989 11,80,000
Pentium 1993 31,00,000
Pentium II 1997 75,00,000
Pentium III 1999 2,40,00,000
Pentium IV 2000 4,20,00,000

11. APPLICATIONS
General Purpose µPs: 32 bit and 64 bit
Desktop, Personal computers, laptops, workstations, servers and
Supercomputers
Microcontrollers: Embedded systems
Consumer Electronics: Toys, camera, camcorders, Robots
Consumer products: Washing machines, Microwave ovens
Instrumentation: Oscilloscopes, medical equipment

12. APPLICATIONS
Process Control: Data Acquisition and control
Communication: Telephone sets, answering machines, cordless phones
Office: FAX machines, printers, EPABX
Emerging multimedia applications: PBAs, cell phones, Teleconferencing
Special purpose µPs: DSP processors, switches, routers, Intrusion
detection etc

13. EDUCATIONAL NEED
• Hardware Designer
• Software Designer
• System Integration

14. COURSE OUTLINE – 8086 Microprocessor
Unit I: The 8086 Microprocessor
Introduction to 8086 – Microprocessor Architecture – Addressing modes – Instruction set
and assembler directives – assembly language programming – modular programming –
linking and relocation – stacks – procedures – Macros – interrupts and interrupt service
routines – Byte and string manipulation.
Unit II: 8086 system bus architecture
8086 signals – basic configurations – system bus timing – system design using 8086 – I/O
programming – introduction to multiprogramming – system bus structure –
Multiprocessor configurations – Coprocessor, closely coupled and loosely coupled
configurations – introduction to advanced processors
Unit III: I/O interfacing
Memory interfacing and I/O interfacing – Parallel communication interface – serial
communication interface – D/A and A/D interface – Timer – Keyboard/display controller –
Interrupt controller – DMA controller – Programming and applications case studies: Traffic
light control, LED display, LCD display, keyboard display interface and Alarm controller.

15. Unit IV: Microcontroller
Architecture of 8051 – Special Function Registers(SFRs) – I/O pins ports and
circuits – Instruction set – Addressing modes – Assembly language
programming.
Unit V: Interfacing Microcontroller
Programming 8051 Timers – serial port programming – interrupts
programming – LCD & Keyboard interfacing – ADC, DAC & Sensor interfacing
– External memory interface – stepper motor and waveform generation –
Comparison of Microprocessor, Microcontroller, PIC and ARM processors.
COURSE OUTLINE – 8051 Microcontroller

16. Course Outcomes
After the completion of the course, the students would have
• Understood the Architecture of 8086 Microprocessors and its assembly
language programming
• Learnt the system bus structure of 8086 for multiprocessor
configuration
• Acquired knowledge to interface 8086 processor with memory, I/O,
parallel and serial communication, A/D & D/A, Timers etc.
• Understood the Architecture of 8051 microcontroller and its assembly
language programming
• Acquired knowledge to interface 8051 microcontroller with memory,
I/O, parallel and serial communication, A/D & D/A, Timers etc.

17. THANK YOU