Introduction to microcomputer by VU.pptx

CHAPTER 1
Introduction To Microcomputer

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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Explanation of Basic Terms
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
 Microprocessor-based System
 Evolution of Microprocessor
 Classification of Microprocessor

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INTRODUCTION
 The microprocessor is an electronic chip that
functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of
a computer.
 In other words, the microprocessor is the heart of
any computer system.
 Is silicon chip which includes
 ALU,
 Register circuits and
 Control circuits

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INTRODUCTION
 is the logic circuitry that responds to and
processes the basic instructions that drives a
computer
 is a programmable device that takes in
numbers, performs on them arithmetic or
logical operations according to the program stored
in memory and then produces other numbers as a
result

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INTRODUCTION
 Examples
 Intel 4004 – The First Microprocessor
 Intel 8008
 Intel 8085
 Intel 8086
 Intel Pentium 4
 Intel Core i7
 AMD Athlon
 Motorola C680

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APPLICATION AREA OF
MICROPROCESSOR
 Computer printers
 Washing machines
 Microwave ovens
 Mobile phones
 Fax machines, and
 Photocopiers

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TERMS
 Bus
 A bus is a set of conductors intended to transmit data,
address or control information to different elements in a
microprocessor.
 Usually a microprocessor will have 3 types of buses
 Data Bus, Control Bus and Address Bus.

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TERMS
 Instruction Set
 Instruction set is the group of commands that a
microprocessor can understand.
 Is an interface between hardware and software
 An instruction commands the processor to switch
relevant transistors for doing some processing in data.
 e.g. ADD A, B ; is used to add two numbers stored in
; the register A and B.

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TERMS
 Word Length
 is the number of bits in the internal data bus of
a processor
 is the number of bits a processor can process at a
time.
 e.g.
 An 8-bit processor will have an 8-bit data bus, 8-bit
registers and will do 8-bit processing at a time.
 Higher bits (32-bit, 16-bit) operations, it will split that into
a series of 8-bit operations.

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TERMS
 Cache memory
 is a random access memory that is integrated into the
processor.
 So the processor can access data in the cache memory
more quickly than from a regular RAM.
 It is also known as CPU Memory.
 Cache memory is used to store data or instructions that
are frequently referenced by the software or program
during the operation. So it will increase the overall
speed of the operation.

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TERMS
 Clock Speed
 Microprocessors uses a clock signal to control the
rate at which instructions are executed,
synchronize other internal components and to control
the data transfer between them.
 Clock speed refers to the speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions.
 It is usually measured in Hertz and are expressed in
megahertz (MHz), gigahertz (GHz) etc.

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MICROPROCESSOR VS
MICROCONTROLLER
 Microprocessor consists
of only a CPU,
 Microprocessor is used
in Personal Computers
 Microprocessor uses an
external bus to
interface to RAM, ROM,
and other peripherals,
 Microcontroller contains
a CPU, Memory, I/O all
integrated into one chip.
 Microcontroller is used
in an embedded system.
 Microcontroller uses an
internal controlling
bus

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MICROPROCESSOR VS
MICROCONTROLLER
 Microprocessors are
based on Von
Neumann mode
 Microprocessor is
complicated and
expensive, with a
large number of
instructions to process
 Micro controllers are
based on Harvard
architecture
 Microcontroller is
inexpensive and
straightforward with
fewer instructions to
process.

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MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM
 Block diagram
MICROPROCESSOR
INPUT OUTPUT
MEMORY

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 Block diagram
ALU
Register Control
INPUT/OUTPUT
MEMORY
SYSTEM BUS

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 System bus interface
PHERIPHERAL
CONTROLBUS
ADDRESS BUS
RAM ROM
INTERFACE
DATABUS
Microprocessor

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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 1st
generation microprocessor
 In 1971
 Intel 4004
4 bit processing
Speed: 108KHz
PMOS transistors
45 instruction set

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 1st
generation microprocessor:
 Problem
Low Speed , not compatible with TTL
Small number of Instruction
Memory size, less memory address
Word width, 4/8 – bit width

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 1st
generation microprocessor cont..
Examples
 4-bit Microprocessors
 INTEL 4004
 INTEL 4040
 FAIRCHILD PPS-25
 ROCKWELL PPS-4
 NATIONAL IMP-4

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 1st
generation microprocessor cont..
Examples
 INTEL 8008
 NATIONAL IMP-8
 ROCKWELL PPS-8
 AMI 7200
 MOSTEK 5065

21
 2nd
generation Microprocessor:
 NMOS technology
 faster speed, higher density and better
reliability
 addressed an expanded memory size
(64K bytes)
 48 Instruction set
 address more I/O Ports

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 2nd
generation Microprocessor:
 Better Interrupt handling capabilities
 Problem:
Memory size
Speed

Instruction set limitation

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2nd
generation Microprocessor cont..
 Examples:
 INTEL 8080
 INTEL 8085
 FAIRCHILD F8
 MOTOROLA M6800
 ZILOG Z-80
 SIGNETICS 2650
 INTERSIL 6100
 TOSHIBA TLCS-12

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3rd
generation Microprocessor
 Introduced in 1978.
 16-bit microprocessors
 HMOS (High Density MOS) technology.
 better speed and higher packing density
than NMOS.

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3rd
generation Microprocessor
 Size of internal registers were 8/16/32 bits,
 had the multiply/divide arithmetic hardware
 Physical memory space was from 1 to 16 MB
 Powerful interrupt and hardware capabilities
 Segmented address and virtual memory
features.

26
3rd
generation Microprocessor cont..
 Examples
 INTEL 8086
 INTEL 8088
 INTEL 80186
 INTEL 80286
 MOTOROLA-68000
 MOTOROLA-68010
 NATIONAL NS-16016
 TEXAS INSTRUMENTTMS-99000
 INTERSIL 6100
 TOSHIBA TLCS-12
 ZILOG Z-8000

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4th
 32 bit microprocessor
 HCMOS(High-density n- type CMOS
transistor technology)
 addressed up to 4G bytes of memory

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4th
 Examples
 INTEL 80386
 INTEL 80486
 NATIONAL NS16022
 MOTOROLA MC 88100
 MOTOROLA M-68020
 MOTOROLA M-68030
 BELLMAC-32

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 5th
 Introduced by INTEL Corporation in 1993
 PENTIUM with 64 data bus.
 Clock frequency of 60 MHz and 66 MHz
 Speed of 110 MIPS

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COMPARISON OF GENERAL PURPOSE
PROCESSORS

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on the size of the data that the
microprocessors can handle, they are
 4-bit
 8-bit
 16-bit
 32-bit
 64-bit

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on application
I. General-purpose processors
 used in general computer system
integration and can be used by the
programmer for any application.
 Common processors : Intel 8085 to Pentium

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
II. Microcontrollers
 chips with built-in hardware for the memory
and ports
 can be programmed by the user for any generic
control application

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
III. Special-purpose processors
 to handle special functions required for an
application
 Digital signal processors
 Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on Architecture and Hardware
I. RISC
 supports limited machine language
instructions
II. CISC
 Large number of instruction
 Easier to program
 Slower and expensive

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on Architecture and Hardware
III. VLIW(Very large Instruction Word)
 instruction-level parallelism
 Large number of registers
IV. Superscalar processor
 Use complex hardware to achieve parallelism.
 overlapping of instruction execution

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SOURCE
 https://t.me/microprocessorandinterfacing

Introduction to microcomputer by VU.pptx

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