1) The document discusses various components and techniques of mass spectrometry including ionization sources for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS).
2) Key ionization techniques discussed are electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization (ESI), and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI).
3) The workings of the ESI probe, APCI probe, and stack connecting the ion sources to the mass analyzer are explained through diagrams and descriptions.
mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis- L3sherif Taha
This is the third lecture in series of lectures on mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis. This lecture (3) include: Electrospray ionization and Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Mass spectrometry(Ionization Techniques) by Ashutosh PankeAshutosh Panke
The document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. It describes several gas phase ionization methods including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, and field ionization. It also discusses several desorption ionization techniques, notably fast atom bombardment, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, electrospray ionization, and surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of these various ionization methods. It also categorizes mass analyzers and discusses time-of-flight mass analyzers.
This document summarizes a training presentation on inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) given to CRCL Group A officers. The presentation covers the basic principles and instrumentation of ICP-OES, including sample introduction using nebulization, plasma generation using a radio frequency coil, excitation of atoms in the plasma, and emission detection using a photomultiplier tube. Applications discussed include clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial analysis, as well as specific examples analyzing metals in CRCL samples such as estimating elements in alloys and heavy metals in oils and minerals. The document provides details on sample and standard preparation, microwave digestion of samples, and calculations for determining unknown sample concentrations from ICP-O
ICP-AES is a technique that uses inductively coupled plasma to atomize and excite a sample, then detects the emission of light at specific wavelengths to identify elements present and their concentrations. It has several advantages like high sensitivity, ability to detect trace elements, capacity for multi-element analysis, and producing accurate and precise results. However, it also has some disadvantages such as high costs, complex sample preparation requirements, and requiring a skilled operator.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is a sensitive analytical technique used for elemental analysis. It involves generating gaseous atoms of elements from liquid samples using an argon plasma at temperatures of 7000-10000°C, then using a quadrupole mass analyzer to separate and detect ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. ICPMS provides very low detection limits down to parts-per-trillion levels, multi-element capabilities, and a wide linear dynamic range of 9 orders of magnitude. However, it can be subject to spectral interferences from polyatomic ions, isobaric ions, and doubly charged ions that must be overcome through methods like collision or reaction cells. Advances in
The document provides information about mass spectrometry including:
- Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that uses instruments called mass spectrometers to identify molecules by breaking them into ionized fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.
- The basic components of a mass spectrometer are the sample inlet, ionization source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization sources are electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and electron ionization. Common mass analyzers are quadrupoles, ion traps, and time-of-flight.
- Mass spectrometry has a variety of applications and has undergone significant technological developments since its invention in the early 20th
This document provides an overview of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). ICP-MS uses a plasma to atomize and ionize elemental samples and then a mass spectrometer to separate and detect ions to determine elemental composition. Key components include the sample introduction system, plasma torch, mass filter, and detector. ICP-MS can detect over 70 elements at very low concentrations (parts-per-trillion levels) and is widely used in applications like semiconductor analysis, biological research, and geochemistry. Limitations include potential matrix effects and polyatomic interferences.
mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis- L3sherif Taha
This is the third lecture in series of lectures on mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis. This lecture (3) include: Electrospray ionization and Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Mass spectrometry(Ionization Techniques) by Ashutosh PankeAshutosh Panke
The document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. It describes several gas phase ionization methods including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, and field ionization. It also discusses several desorption ionization techniques, notably fast atom bombardment, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, electrospray ionization, and surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of these various ionization methods. It also categorizes mass analyzers and discusses time-of-flight mass analyzers.
This document summarizes a training presentation on inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) given to CRCL Group A officers. The presentation covers the basic principles and instrumentation of ICP-OES, including sample introduction using nebulization, plasma generation using a radio frequency coil, excitation of atoms in the plasma, and emission detection using a photomultiplier tube. Applications discussed include clinical, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial analysis, as well as specific examples analyzing metals in CRCL samples such as estimating elements in alloys and heavy metals in oils and minerals. The document provides details on sample and standard preparation, microwave digestion of samples, and calculations for determining unknown sample concentrations from ICP-O
ICP-AES is a technique that uses inductively coupled plasma to atomize and excite a sample, then detects the emission of light at specific wavelengths to identify elements present and their concentrations. It has several advantages like high sensitivity, ability to detect trace elements, capacity for multi-element analysis, and producing accurate and precise results. However, it also has some disadvantages such as high costs, complex sample preparation requirements, and requiring a skilled operator.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is a sensitive analytical technique used for elemental analysis. It involves generating gaseous atoms of elements from liquid samples using an argon plasma at temperatures of 7000-10000°C, then using a quadrupole mass analyzer to separate and detect ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. ICPMS provides very low detection limits down to parts-per-trillion levels, multi-element capabilities, and a wide linear dynamic range of 9 orders of magnitude. However, it can be subject to spectral interferences from polyatomic ions, isobaric ions, and doubly charged ions that must be overcome through methods like collision or reaction cells. Advances in
The document provides information about mass spectrometry including:
- Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that uses instruments called mass spectrometers to identify molecules by breaking them into ionized fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.
- The basic components of a mass spectrometer are the sample inlet, ionization source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization sources are electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and electron ionization. Common mass analyzers are quadrupoles, ion traps, and time-of-flight.
- Mass spectrometry has a variety of applications and has undergone significant technological developments since its invention in the early 20th
This document provides an overview of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). ICP-MS uses a plasma to atomize and ionize elemental samples and then a mass spectrometer to separate and detect ions to determine elemental composition. Key components include the sample introduction system, plasma torch, mass filter, and detector. ICP-MS can detect over 70 elements at very low concentrations (parts-per-trillion levels) and is widely used in applications like semiconductor analysis, biological research, and geochemistry. Limitations include potential matrix effects and polyatomic interferences.
The presentation is about Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is a type of mass spectrometry that is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as parts per billion.
Mass spectrometry deals with the study of charged molecules and fragment ions produced from a sample exposed to ionizing conditions. It works by bombarding samples with electron beams or chemical ions, which causes the samples to form positively charged molecular or fragment ions. These ions are then separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio, producing a spectrum that can be used to determine molecular weights, identify unknown compounds, and detect impurities. Mass spectrometry is a versatile analytical technique with applications in pharmaceutical analysis, proteomics, and other areas.
1. LC-MS is a technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using an interface to transfer ions from LC eluent into the gas phase for mass analysis.
2. Common ionization sources for mass spectrometry include electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and fast atom bombardment.
3. Electrospray ionization is widely used for analyzing biomolecules. It involves producing charged droplets from a sample solution, reducing droplet size through solvent evaporation and fission, and generating gas phase ions.
Nanobiosensors use biological elements on the nanoscale to detect target analytes. They incorporate a biological recognition element connected to a transducer that converts the biological interaction into an electrical or optical signal. Common recognition elements include antibodies, DNA, enzymes and whole cells. Transduction methods include electrical techniques like field effect transistors and electrochemical methods, as well as optical techniques like fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance. Nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle-based sensors are examples explored in the document. Potential applications include disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and point-of-care testing.
A tandem mass spectrometry (TANDEM MS), also named as MS/MS, is a two-step technique used to analyze a sample either by using two or more mass spectrometers connected to each other or a single mass spectrometer by several analyzers arranged one after another.
This document provides an overview of atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, and examples of quantitation for each technique. AES works by exciting the atoms of an element, which then emit light at characteristic wavelengths. AAS analyzes samples by measuring the absorption of light from a lamp, with higher concentrations absorbing more light. Both techniques can be used to quantify elements in samples like infusion solutions and identify metallic impurities.
Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allow ionization of analytes at atmospheric pressure for mass spectrometry analysis. The three main API techniques discussed are electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). ESI uses an electric field to generate charged droplets and gas phase ions. APCI uses the solvent as a reagent gas for chemical ionization of analytes. APPI uses ultraviolet light to ionize analytes or dopants which then undergo gas phase reactions. These API techniques revolutionized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry by enabling ionization of biomolecules at atmospheric pressure for analysis.
liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)akbar siddiq
LC-MS combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. It involves removing the detector from the LC column and interfacing the column directly with the mass spectrometer. The two key components are the ion source, which generates ions, and the mass analyzer, which sorts the ions. Common ion sources used include electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric pressure photoionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. LC-MS has applications in fields like molecular weight determination, structural determination, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and environmental analysis.
Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources like inductively coupled plasma to excite sample atoms and cause them to emit electromagnetic radiation of characteristic wavelengths. ICP is advantageous over flame sources because its higher temperatures of 6000-10000 K allow for excitation of more elements. The ICP system consists of an argon plasma torch and RF generator. Argon is used because it is inert and maintains high temperatures. ICP-AES provides rapid, multi-element analysis with low detection limits and matrix interferences. However, spectral interferences can still occur from overlapping emission lines.
Mass spectroscopy ionization sources by RAJKIRAN REDDYRAJ KIRAN'S
This document summarizes the principles and various ionization sources of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry works by vaporizing and ionizing a sample, accelerating the ions through a magnetic field which separates them based on mass. The main ionization sources discussed are electrospray ionization, nano electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, fast atom bombardment, electron ionization, and chemical ionization. Each source is briefly described in terms of its process and applications.
This document discusses several ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, field ionization, MALDI, FAB, ESI, APCI, APPI, and their applications. It also describes the working of common mass analyzers like quadrupole mass analyzer and time-of-flight analyzer. Finally, it mentions some applications of mass spectrometry like protein characterization, isotope tracking, molecular weight determination, studying reaction mechanisms etc.
LC-MS is a hyphenated technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate and analyze mixtures of compounds. LC is used to resolve complex mixtures, while MS ionizes and analyzes individual resolved components based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common interfaces like electrospray ionization are used to transfer samples from LC into the mass spectrometer without degrading thermally labile compounds. LC-MS has various applications including quantitative bioanalysis, clinical drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies, and impurity profiling.
IONIZATION TECHNIQUES IN MASS SPECTROMETRY CHEMISTRY UAJK.pptxMushahidMunir1
This document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. It describes gas phase ionization methods like electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real time. It also covers desorption ionization methods such as fast atom bombardment, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Finally, it discusses atmospheric pressure ionization spray methods like electrospray ionization and thermospray ionization. For each technique, it provides details on the basic principles, advantages, limitations, and applicable mass ranges. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of the major ionization methods employed in mass spectrometry.
The document discusses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a hyphenated analytical technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. LC-MS involves using liquid chromatography to separate sample components and introducing them to a mass spectrometer for detection and identification. Key components of LC-MS include the liquid chromatography system, an interface to volatize the liquid eluent and transfer ions into the mass analyzer, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight that separate ions by mass-to-charge ratio for detection. LC-MS provides sensitive, specific analysis of molecules and is widely used in pharmaceutical, biomedical and environmental applications.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryMohamed Fayed
ICP-MS has been widely used for elemental analysis in various fields such as environmental, clinical, and geological applications. It functions by inductively coupling plasma to generate ions from a sample, which are then sorted by mass and detected. Key advantages include excellent detection limits in the parts per trillion range, ability to detect multiple elements simultaneously, and capacity for isotopic analysis. The instrument features a sample introduction system that turns the sample into an aerosol, an ionization region where the plasma converts atoms into ions, ion extraction interfaces that transport ions into the mass spectrometer, and ion optics that focus the ion beam.
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It begins with an introduction that defines LC-MS and discusses its advantages. It then describes the basic principles and instrumentation of LC-MS, including the liquid chromatography component, various ionization interfaces like electrospray ionization, and mass analyzer types. Applications and a reference section are also listed. The document is intended as a presentation on LC-MS for an academic course.
This chapter describes the fabrication of a zirconia nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide (ZrO2/rGO) nanocomposite for an electrochemical sensor to detect the anticancer drug regorafenib. Characterization using XRD, FT-IR, XPS, TEM and EDX confirmed the successful synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles on rGO. Electrochemical tests using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry showed the ZrO2/rGO modified electrode has excellent electrocatalytic activity for regorafenib oxidation, with a wide linear detection range of 11-343 nM and a low detection limit of 3.7 nM. The sensor also demonstrated good
This document provides an overview of plasma processing from Matthew Goeckner of Plasma Laboratories. It discusses 1) why plasma processing is studied, 2) diagnostic tools used, 3) examples of plasma processes, 4) types of plasma discharges, and 5) opportunities in the field. Plasma processing is a complex interaction between plasma physics, gas phase chemistry, and surface chemistry that is important across many industries. Understanding these interactions enables improving processes and finished products.
This document discusses inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a technique used to detect chemical elements. ICP-OES uses inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths specific to each element. The plasma is generated by inductive coupling from cooled electrical coils operating at megahertz frequencies, reaching temperatures of 6000-10,000 K. Sample solutions are nebulized and injected into the argon plasma, where atoms are excited and emit light proportional to their concentration, which is measured by a spectrometer. Typical applications include environmental testing, food and drinks analysis, materials testing, and healthcare.
Here are the lecture notes from the presentation titled 'ICP-OES/MS Analysis: Advancements, Limitations, and Future Applications in Soil and Water Research,' delivered to a group of researchers affiliated with the Soil & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Seagram Center) in 2023. The aim was to explore advanced technologies in elemental analysis and their application to soil and water research. The Lecture Notes Brochure (22 pages) can serve as a concise guide to ICP-OES/MS for researchers and students, assisting them in selecting the appropriate technique for their projects
The presentation is about Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is a type of mass spectrometry that is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as parts per billion.
Mass spectrometry deals with the study of charged molecules and fragment ions produced from a sample exposed to ionizing conditions. It works by bombarding samples with electron beams or chemical ions, which causes the samples to form positively charged molecular or fragment ions. These ions are then separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio, producing a spectrum that can be used to determine molecular weights, identify unknown compounds, and detect impurities. Mass spectrometry is a versatile analytical technique with applications in pharmaceutical analysis, proteomics, and other areas.
1. LC-MS is a technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using an interface to transfer ions from LC eluent into the gas phase for mass analysis.
2. Common ionization sources for mass spectrometry include electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and fast atom bombardment.
3. Electrospray ionization is widely used for analyzing biomolecules. It involves producing charged droplets from a sample solution, reducing droplet size through solvent evaporation and fission, and generating gas phase ions.
Nanobiosensors use biological elements on the nanoscale to detect target analytes. They incorporate a biological recognition element connected to a transducer that converts the biological interaction into an electrical or optical signal. Common recognition elements include antibodies, DNA, enzymes and whole cells. Transduction methods include electrical techniques like field effect transistors and electrochemical methods, as well as optical techniques like fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance. Nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle-based sensors are examples explored in the document. Potential applications include disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and point-of-care testing.
A tandem mass spectrometry (TANDEM MS), also named as MS/MS, is a two-step technique used to analyze a sample either by using two or more mass spectrometers connected to each other or a single mass spectrometer by several analyzers arranged one after another.
This document provides an overview of atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, and examples of quantitation for each technique. AES works by exciting the atoms of an element, which then emit light at characteristic wavelengths. AAS analyzes samples by measuring the absorption of light from a lamp, with higher concentrations absorbing more light. Both techniques can be used to quantify elements in samples like infusion solutions and identify metallic impurities.
Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allow ionization of analytes at atmospheric pressure for mass spectrometry analysis. The three main API techniques discussed are electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). ESI uses an electric field to generate charged droplets and gas phase ions. APCI uses the solvent as a reagent gas for chemical ionization of analytes. APPI uses ultraviolet light to ionize analytes or dopants which then undergo gas phase reactions. These API techniques revolutionized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry by enabling ionization of biomolecules at atmospheric pressure for analysis.
liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)akbar siddiq
LC-MS combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. It involves removing the detector from the LC column and interfacing the column directly with the mass spectrometer. The two key components are the ion source, which generates ions, and the mass analyzer, which sorts the ions. Common ion sources used include electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric pressure photoionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. LC-MS has applications in fields like molecular weight determination, structural determination, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and environmental analysis.
Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources like inductively coupled plasma to excite sample atoms and cause them to emit electromagnetic radiation of characteristic wavelengths. ICP is advantageous over flame sources because its higher temperatures of 6000-10000 K allow for excitation of more elements. The ICP system consists of an argon plasma torch and RF generator. Argon is used because it is inert and maintains high temperatures. ICP-AES provides rapid, multi-element analysis with low detection limits and matrix interferences. However, spectral interferences can still occur from overlapping emission lines.
Mass spectroscopy ionization sources by RAJKIRAN REDDYRAJ KIRAN'S
This document summarizes the principles and various ionization sources of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry works by vaporizing and ionizing a sample, accelerating the ions through a magnetic field which separates them based on mass. The main ionization sources discussed are electrospray ionization, nano electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, fast atom bombardment, electron ionization, and chemical ionization. Each source is briefly described in terms of its process and applications.
This document discusses several ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, field ionization, MALDI, FAB, ESI, APCI, APPI, and their applications. It also describes the working of common mass analyzers like quadrupole mass analyzer and time-of-flight analyzer. Finally, it mentions some applications of mass spectrometry like protein characterization, isotope tracking, molecular weight determination, studying reaction mechanisms etc.
LC-MS is a hyphenated technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate and analyze mixtures of compounds. LC is used to resolve complex mixtures, while MS ionizes and analyzes individual resolved components based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common interfaces like electrospray ionization are used to transfer samples from LC into the mass spectrometer without degrading thermally labile compounds. LC-MS has various applications including quantitative bioanalysis, clinical drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies, and impurity profiling.
IONIZATION TECHNIQUES IN MASS SPECTROMETRY CHEMISTRY UAJK.pptxMushahidMunir1
This document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. It describes gas phase ionization methods like electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real time. It also covers desorption ionization methods such as fast atom bombardment, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Finally, it discusses atmospheric pressure ionization spray methods like electrospray ionization and thermospray ionization. For each technique, it provides details on the basic principles, advantages, limitations, and applicable mass ranges. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of the major ionization methods employed in mass spectrometry.
The document discusses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a hyphenated analytical technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. LC-MS involves using liquid chromatography to separate sample components and introducing them to a mass spectrometer for detection and identification. Key components of LC-MS include the liquid chromatography system, an interface to volatize the liquid eluent and transfer ions into the mass analyzer, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight that separate ions by mass-to-charge ratio for detection. LC-MS provides sensitive, specific analysis of molecules and is widely used in pharmaceutical, biomedical and environmental applications.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryMohamed Fayed
ICP-MS has been widely used for elemental analysis in various fields such as environmental, clinical, and geological applications. It functions by inductively coupling plasma to generate ions from a sample, which are then sorted by mass and detected. Key advantages include excellent detection limits in the parts per trillion range, ability to detect multiple elements simultaneously, and capacity for isotopic analysis. The instrument features a sample introduction system that turns the sample into an aerosol, an ionization region where the plasma converts atoms into ions, ion extraction interfaces that transport ions into the mass spectrometer, and ion optics that focus the ion beam.
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It begins with an introduction that defines LC-MS and discusses its advantages. It then describes the basic principles and instrumentation of LC-MS, including the liquid chromatography component, various ionization interfaces like electrospray ionization, and mass analyzer types. Applications and a reference section are also listed. The document is intended as a presentation on LC-MS for an academic course.
This chapter describes the fabrication of a zirconia nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide (ZrO2/rGO) nanocomposite for an electrochemical sensor to detect the anticancer drug regorafenib. Characterization using XRD, FT-IR, XPS, TEM and EDX confirmed the successful synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles on rGO. Electrochemical tests using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry showed the ZrO2/rGO modified electrode has excellent electrocatalytic activity for regorafenib oxidation, with a wide linear detection range of 11-343 nM and a low detection limit of 3.7 nM. The sensor also demonstrated good
This document provides an overview of plasma processing from Matthew Goeckner of Plasma Laboratories. It discusses 1) why plasma processing is studied, 2) diagnostic tools used, 3) examples of plasma processes, 4) types of plasma discharges, and 5) opportunities in the field. Plasma processing is a complex interaction between plasma physics, gas phase chemistry, and surface chemistry that is important across many industries. Understanding these interactions enables improving processes and finished products.
This document discusses inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a technique used to detect chemical elements. ICP-OES uses inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths specific to each element. The plasma is generated by inductive coupling from cooled electrical coils operating at megahertz frequencies, reaching temperatures of 6000-10,000 K. Sample solutions are nebulized and injected into the argon plasma, where atoms are excited and emit light proportional to their concentration, which is measured by a spectrometer. Typical applications include environmental testing, food and drinks analysis, materials testing, and healthcare.
Here are the lecture notes from the presentation titled 'ICP-OES/MS Analysis: Advancements, Limitations, and Future Applications in Soil and Water Research,' delivered to a group of researchers affiliated with the Soil & Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Seagram Center) in 2023. The aim was to explore advanced technologies in elemental analysis and their application to soil and water research. The Lecture Notes Brochure (22 pages) can serve as a concise guide to ICP-OES/MS for researchers and students, assisting them in selecting the appropriate technique for their projects
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4. Agenda
Mass Spectrometry
Block diagram of MS
Ionization Techniques for GC/MS
Electron Ionization/Impact (EI)
Chemical Ionization (CI)
Ionization Techniques for LC/MS
ESI Probe
Working, Diagrams, operation
APCIC Probe
Working, Diagrams, operation
Stack
Summery
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
5. Conventional Definition
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique for
the determination of the elemental composition of a
sample or molecule. It is also used for elucidating the
chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides* and
other chemical compounds. ...
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
*polymer of Amino Acid
6. Another Definition
An analytical technique that measures the mass /
charge ratio of the ions formed when a molecule or
atom is ionized, vaporized and introduced into a
vacuum. Mass spectrometry may also involve breaking
molecules into fragments - thus enabling its structure to
be determined
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry
7. Why MS…
It is used for determining masses of particles, for
determining the elemental composition of a sample or
molecule.
Elucidating (clarification for explanation) the chemical
structures of molecules.
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
8. Simple Mass Spectrometer
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
All Instruments Have:
1. Sample Inlet
2. Ion source
3. Mass Analyzer
4. Detector
5. Data System
http://www.asms.org
LC/GC out
14. Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR 14
Sheath(nitrogen)
nebulized/spray
Auxilaryoutside ESI to
guide spray gas
Sweep gas prevent in
stack to enter other gas
Typical LCMS Detector (Black Diagram)
15. Main parts
Ion input/production assemblies/Probes
COMMON IN GS AND LC
Ions guided by ion optics
Quadropole /Octopole separation
Detector dynode
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
16. Mass Spectrometer Requirements
1- A stable Electric Power Source with 220 VAC
with 50 Hz and minimum current 20A.
2- Operating Temperature is 15 to 27 C deg.
3- Humidity range is 40% to 80%
4- Gases requirement
Helium Ultra high purity (99.999%) with less
than 1.0ppm Water, Oxygen and total
Hydrocarbons with (40+10) psi pressure.
Nitrogen High purity (99.%) with (100+20) psi
pressure. This is used as Sheath Gas, Auxiliary
Gas and Sweep Gas.
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
17. Ionization Techniques for
GC and MS
Gas-Phase Methods (common for GC/MS)
Electron Ionization/Impact (EI)
Chemical Ionization (CI)
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Spray Methods (common for LC/MS)
Electrospray (ESI)
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)
18. Electron Ionization
Electrons are produced by heating a wire filament
that has electric current running through it.
The electrons are accelerated to 70 eV in the region
between the filament and the entrance to the ion
source block.
The accelerated electrons are then concentrated
into a beam by being attracted to the trap
electrode.
Sample molecule is in perpendicular direction to the
electron beam.
Ionized and pass to MS
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21. Electron Impact
Advantages
Well-Established
Fragmentation Libraries
No Supression
Insoluble Samples
Interface to GC
Non-Polar Samples
Disadvantages
Parent Identification
Need Volatile Sample
Need Thermal Stability
No Interface to LC
Low Mass Compounds
(<1000 amu)
Solids Probe Requires
Skilled Operator
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(low picomole)
22. Chemical ionization
Inside the ion source, the reagent gas is
present in large excess compared to the
Analyte.
Electrons (produced by filament) entering
the source will ionize the reagent gas.
The resultant collisions with other
reagent gas molecules will create an
ionization.
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24. Chemical Ionization
Advantages
Parent Ion
Interface to GC
Insoluble Samples
Disadvantages
No Fragment Library
Need Volatile Sample
Need Thermal Stability
Quantitation Difficult
Low Mass Compounds
(<1000 amu)
Solids Probe Requires
Skilled Operator
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
25. ESI Probe Assembly
This Electro Spray Ionization (ESI)
Probe Assembly accommodates
liquid flows of 1 ul/min to 1000
ul/min and produce very small
charged droplets that contain
sample ions.
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
27. ESI Probe Working Principle
1- Sample solution enters ESI needle, Where a high voltage
is applied.
2- ESI needle sprays the sample into mist of droplets that
are electrically charged at their surfaces.
3- The electrical charge density at the surface of the
droplets increases due to solvent evaporation from the
droplets
4- The electrical charge density at the surface of the
droplets increases to a critical point (Rayleigh Stability
Limit). At this critical point the droplets divide into
smaller droplets because the electrostatic repulsion is
grater than the surface station. This process is repeated
many times to form very small droplets.
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
28. ESI Probe Working Principle
5- From the very small high charged droplets, sample ions are ejected
into the gas phase by electrostatic repulsion
6- The sample ions pass through an ion transfer capillary, enter the MS
detector and are analyzed.
7- The rest of the material and liquid go out of the probe through the
waste out let.
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32. Rules for a good Electro Spray
Keep the salts out of the solvent system
Use the lowest possible HPLC flow rates
Use organic/aqueous solvent system and volatile
acids and bases
Optimize the pH value of the solvent system
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36. ESI
Advantages
Parent Ion (direct
injection)
High Mass Compounds
(>100,000 amu)
Thermally Labile
Compounds (<0º C)
Easy to Operate
Interface to HPLC
Disadvantages
No Fragmentation
Need Polar Sample
Sensitive to Salts
Suppression
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(low femtomole to zeptomole)
40. APCI Probe-Features (A)
1-APCI is a gas phase (Soft) ionization
technique but not as soft as ESI.
2- It is use to analyze compounds of medium
polarity that have some volatility.
3- It is also use to analyze small molecules
with molecular weight up about 1500 u.
4- It is also very robust ionization
technique. That is way it is not effected
by minor charges in most variables, such
as charges in the buffers or buffer
strength.
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
41. APCI Probe-Features (B)
5- The gas phase Acidities and Basicities of
the analyte and the solvent vapor play an
important role in APCI process.
6- APCI process has two modes
- Positive Ion Polarity Mode
- Negative Ion Polarity Mode
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
42. APCI Probe Working Principle
1-The APCI nozzle sprays the sample solution into fine mist of droplets.
2- These droplets vaporized in a high temperature tube.
3- A high voltage is applied to a needle located near the exit end of the
tube.
4- This high voltage creates a corona discharge that forms reagent ions
through the series of chemical reactions with the solvent molecules and
the sheath gas (Nitrogen)
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43. APCI Probe Working Principle
5- The reagent ions react with the sample
molecules to form sample ions.
6- The rest of the material, Solvent and
water molecules go out of the system
through waste out let.
7- The sample ions enter the mass
spectrometer and are analyzed.
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44. Sample Ion Formation
Primary Ion Formation
e- + N2 N2
+ + 2e-
Secondary Ion Formation
N2
++ H2O N2 + H2O+ H2O+ + H2O H3O+ + HO
Proton Transfer
H3O+ + M (M + H)+ + H2O
(Proton)
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
47. API-stack (Ion Source Housing)
1- Ion Source Housing seals the atmospheric
Pressure region of the API Source.
2- All probes (ESI and APCI ) are easily
interchangeable and mount to
the housing tool less mounts.
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48. (Ion Source Housing) parts
1- Probes access door
2- Sheath Gas Inlet
3- Auxiliary Gas Inlet
4- Sweep Gas Inlet
5- Drain Port For Waste Liquid
6- High Voltage for Electro spray
needle (ESI), the Vaporizer and
corona
7- Safety Interlock Switch
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
54. APCI
Advantages
Parent Ion
Insensitive to Salts
Interface to HPLC
Can use Normal Phase
Solvents
Handles High Flow Rates
Disadvantages
Need Volatile Sample
Need Thermal Stability
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR
68. Ion source cleaning
uninstall ion sources such as EI,ESI prob/stack etc
Remember connections, pipes, directions etc.
Wear Gloves, mask, etc. to stop any contaminations
Used HPLC grade methanol to clean
Tissue, cotton bad etc. not used/ clean air/nitrogen et.
to dry parts
Install ion assembly
Faisal Ghazanfar, PCSIR