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1. FORENSIC SCIENCE
KUMAR GAURAV

2. FORENSIC SCIENCE
The word forensic is derived from the Latin forensis meaning forum, a
public place where, in Roman times, senators and others debated,
performed, and held judicial proceedings.
The study and application of science to matters of law.
Includes the business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough
information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system.

3. CONTINUED..
Broadly the Forensic Science is any science used for the purposes of the law,
and therefore provides impartial scientific evidence to be used in the courts of
law i.e. in criminal investigations and trials or it may also be defined as it is the
application of scientific knowledge to law or in other words it is the
applications scientific principles and techniques for the purpose of Justice.
Science in service to the law –
“…the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced
by police agencies in the criminal justice system.”- R. Saferstein

4. NATURE AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
Forensic science draws upon the principles and methods of all the traditional
sciences, such as biology, physics, and chemistry.
But in last few years, it has developed its own branches like fingerprints,
anthropometry, crime scene investigation, track marks, questioned document
examination and forensic ballistics.
Forensic science, in a broader sense, includes forensic medicine, odontology;
anthropology; psychiatry; toxicology; questioned documents examination,
and firearm, tool mark, and fingerprint examinations, as well as
criminalistics.

5. ROLE OF SCIENCE
Forensic Science draws on many sciences to reconstruct the who, what,
where, when and how of events using the tools of science and the logic of
scientific inquiry.
To be a good forensic scientist, you must first be a good scientist.

6. FORENSIC SCIENCE DRAWS ON MANY BRANCHES OF
SCIENCE
Chemistry
Biology
Physics
 Anthropology
 Engineering
Toxicology
 Psychiatry
Entomology
 Odontology
 Computer/Digital
 Pathology

7. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORENSICS
• Criminalistics: The scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes
• Forensic pathology: Establish the cause of death/perform autopsies
• Forensic anthropology: Study human remains to determine cause of death
• Forensic entomology: Study of insects and other arthropods
• Forensic psychiatry: Make assessments about the mental health of people and provide a means of treatment
• Forensic odontology: Study of dental structures
• Forensic engineering: investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not
operate or function as intended.

8. CONTINUED…
Cyber Forensics: It involves the analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media like pen
drives, hard disks etc. Its major objective is identifying, preserving, recovering, analysing, and presenting facts and
opinions about the digital information.
Ballistics: Ballistics is a specialized forensic science that deals with the motion, behaviour, dynamics, angular
movement and effects of projectiles, such as bullets, rockets, missiles, bombs etc. The use of ballistics in forensics is
mainly in criminal investigations.
Environmental science: Uses a combination of analytical and environmental chemistry to examine evidence.
Palynology: Study of pollen and powdered minerals to determine that a body or object was in a certain place at
a certain time.
Polygraphy: Administering the Lie detector test
Voiceprint analysis: Interpretation of listening and visualizing one’s voice

9. THE STALWARTS IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
Mathieu Orfila (1787 – 1853): Considered as the Father of Toxicology.
Alphonse Bertillon (1853 – 1914): Established the first scientific system of personal
identification by a series of bodily measurements. It was later replaced by fingerprints in
the early 1900s.
Francis Galton (1833 – 1911): First to study fingerprints and classify them for filing.
Leone Lattes (1887 – 1954): Discovered that blood can be categorized into four groups.
Calvin Goddard (1891 – 1955): Determined the comparison of bullets in guns –
Ballistics.

10. CONTINUED..
Albert S. Osborn (1858 – 1946): Developed principles of document examination.
Walter C. McCrone (1916 – 2002): Developed advances in microscopic techniques to
solve crimes and analyze evidence.
Hans Gross (1847 – 1915): Studied and developed principles of criminal investigation.
Edmond Locard (1877 – 1966): Had a background in medicine and law, and was the first
one to use scientific methods for criminal investigation.

11. FUNCTIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENTIST
The Forensic expert has to perform dual important functions:
Scientific - The forensic scientist has to play a scientific function i.e.
Recognize the physical evidences
Document the crime scene and evidences
To collect of preserve and prepare inventory of evidences,
Packaging of evidences properly depending upon the type of evidence along with
the list of queries
Transport evidences to the laboratory
To analyse and to evaluate the physical evidences

12. CRIME SCENE

15. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

18. FORENSIC FUNCTIONS
The forensic scientist has also to perform forensic function i.e. to
interpret the results of scientific investigation to form an expert
opinion, and communicating that opinion in layman's terms (i.e. in
simplest possible language without using many technical terms)
both in the form of written statements and oral presentations to
the court of law.

19. Information on the Corpus Delicti
Corpus delicti (Latin: 'body of the crime'; plural: corpora delicti) is a
term from Western jurisprudence referring to the principle that a crime
must be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted of
committing that crime.
Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines "corpus delicti" as: "the fact
of a crime having been actually committed".
Ransacked furniture in the rooms, tool marks, broken doors or
windows, and missing valuables are examples of physical evidence that
would be important in establishing a burglary.

20. CONTINUED..
Corpus delicti is a Latin term meaning "body of the crime". It is the essential
facts that prove that a crime has been committed.
Corpus delicti is very important in investigations and criminal cases.
Basically, the rule states that there should be enough evidence either in the
form of a body or in other forms -- to prove that a crime took place before
an individual can be charged with that crime.

21. Continued..
The term corpus delicti, which literally means “body of crime,” is best understood in
realizing a person cannot be put on trial for a crime, unless it is first proven that the crime
happened to begin with.
In other words, the prosecution would need to demonstrate that something bad happened
as a result of a law having been violated, and that someone – the defendant – was the one
who violated it. There are two elements of corpus delicti in any offense:
1. A certain consequence, or injury, has occurred
2. The consequence, or injury, is a result of a person’s intentional, unlawful act.

23. Information on the Modus Operandi
Many criminals or gangs have a particular modus operandi or method
of operation, MO, which consists of their characteristic way of
committing a crime.
Physical evidences can help in the establishment of an MO. For
example in cases of burglary, the means used to gain entry, the
tools used; types of items taken; and other telltale signs, such as
urine or footwear left behind at the scene, are all important.

26. Linking a Person/Suspect to a Crime Scene
This is another very common and significant linkage provided by physical-evidence
analysis.
Perpetrators as well as victims often leave finger and glove prints, blood, semen, hairs,
fibers, soil, bullets, cartridge cases, tool marks, footprints or shoe prints, tyre tracks,
and objects at the crime scene are examples of deposited evidence.
Depending on the type of crime, various kinds of evidences from the ‘scene’ may be
carried away.

27. Linking a Suspect with a Victim
Physical evidence can help to establish decisive link between a suspect and a victim in particularly
in violent crime.
Blood, hairs, clothing fibers, and cosmetics may be transferred from a victim to a perpetrator or
vice-versa.
A suspect can be found to be in possession of items, which may be linked to a victim, such as a
comparison of bullets or an analysis of blood found on a knife.
Trace evidence can also be transferred from a perpetrator to a victim or vice-versa. Clothing and
other belongings of a suspect and a victim should be thoroughly searched for trace evidence.

28. Identification of a Suspect
Two best evidences for identifying a suspect conclusively are fingerprint and DNA.
A fingerprint found at a scene, and later identified as belonging to a particular person,
results in an unequivocal identification of that person.
Similarly any bodily material left at the crime scene can be used to extract and analyze
DNA, help in the identification of a person conclusively.
The term identification as used here really means "individualization". Although in
common usage people often say "identification of a suspect" or "identification of a
fingerprint," this is not strictly correct.

29. Supporting or Disproving a Witness's
Testimony
Physical evidence analysis can often indicate conclusively whether a person's version
about a set of events is credible or not for example a driver whose car matched the
description of a hit-and-run vehicle.
An examination of the car might reveal blood on the underside of the bumper.
The driver explains the findings by claiming to have hit a dog. Testing species origin from
blood can reveal whether the blood is from a dog or from a human.

30. Providing Investigative Leads
Physical-evidence analysis can play important role in directing the
investigation along a productive path.
For example, in a hit-and-run case, a chip of paint from the
vehicle can be used to narrow down the number and kinds of
different cars that may have been involved.

31. Eliminating a Suspect
A substantial part of the work in a forensic analysis of physical evidences consists of
making comparisons between questioned and known samples. Depending upon the
degree of individuality exhibited by the samples, various conclusions can be drawn to
associate the people and the physical evidence in a particular case.

32. NOT FUNCTIONS OF A FORENSIC
SCIENTIST
Kicking in doors
Chasing suspects
Tackling suspects
Arresting suspects
Reading Miranda rights
Interrogating suspects
Checking alibis
Shooting people
Inventing or using maverick
analytical methods
Having psychic intuition
Solving cases alone

33. Principles of Forensic Science:-
Law of Individuality.
Principle of Exchange.
Law of Progressive Change.
Law of Comparison.
Law of Analysis.
Law of Probability.
Law of Circumstantial Facts / Fact Do Not Lie
Likelihood Ratio

34. Law of Individuality
Every object natural or man made, has all individual which is not
duplicated in any other object. The individuality has been verified in
certain fields. The most extensive work has been carried out in
fingerprints. The law of individuality is of fundamental importance in
forensic science.

35. Principle of Exchange
The exchange principle is attributed to Edmond Locard. The principle states
that whenever two objects or subjects interact, some sort of trace will be left
behind. This is generally at the crime scene. Trace materials include hairs,
blood, fibres, and gunshot residues.
 Locard suggested that there are many traces left behind and if interpreted
properly they provide the most valuable information.

36. The Law of Progressive Change
Different objects change, although they may change across different
time spans. For example, blood samples will eventually degrade. Some
objects are more durable than others and may be relatively permanent,
remaining mostly unchanged during identification. If an object is very
durable it may be quite easy use it for identification. If it is less
permanent and its main features change during the identification
process it is not possible to answer the question of sameness.

37. The Law of Comparison
Different samples must only be compared to
samples which are alike. In other words blood
samples are compared to other blood samples,
fibres are compared to other fibres, and so
forth.

38. The Law of Analysis
The quality of any analysis is determined by
the quality of the sample under analysis, the
chain of custody, and the expertise of the
individual who analyses it.

39. CHAIN OF CUSTODY

40. • The Chain of Custody Form
• In order to prove a chain of custody, you’ll need a form that lists out the details of how the evidence was handled every step of the way. The
form should answer the following questions:
• What is the evidence?: For example- digital information includes the filename, md5 hash, and Hardware information includes serial number,
asset ID, hostname, photos, description.
• How did you get it?: For example- Bagged, tagged or pulled from the desktop.
• When it was collected?: Date, Time
• Who has handle it?
• Why did that person handled it?
• Where was it stored?: This includes the information about the physical location in which proof is stored or information of the storage used to
store the forensic image.
• How you transported it?: For example- in a sealed static-free bag, or in a secure storage container.
• How it was tracked?
• How it was stored?: For example- in a secure storage container.
• Who has access to the evidence?: This involves developing a check-in/ check-out process.

42. Law of Probability
Conclusions drawn from forensic analysis are dependent on the
method used and its advantages and disadvantages. This all has to
be taken into consideration.

43. The Law of Circumstantial Facts
•
This is concerned with eyewitness testimony, victim statements, and so
forth. Anytime that people are called upon to provide evidence there is a
chance that the evidence they supply is not accurate. This can be
unintentional e.g. through mistaken observations, making assumptions or
deliberate e.g. lying or exaggerating. On the contrary, evidence which
gives a factual account e.g. based on investigation and evidence has a
higher chance of being accurate and is more reliable.