Forensic science applies scientific methods to solve crimes and analyze evidence, encompassing various disciplines like biology and digital technology. It plays a vital role in criminal investigations, aiding in evidence identification, crime scene reconstruction, and establishing guilt or innocence, while advancements in technology lead to improved methodologies. The history of forensic science reveals its evolution from ancient practices to modern techniques like DNA profiling and digital forensics, enhancing law enforcement's ability to investigate and resolve cases.

1. FORENSIC SCIENCE
Forensic Science & Technology Advancement
DRx Deepak Jatav- B.Pharmacy
Aayushi Namdev – B.Sc. Forensic Science

2. Introduction to
Forensic Science
• Forensic science is the
application of scientific methods
and techniques to solve crimes
and analyze evidence. It
encompasses a wide range of
disciplines, including biology,
chemistry, and digital
technology. The field plays a
crucial role in criminal
investigations, providing
valuable insights to law
enforcement and the justice
system.

3. Evidence Analysis
and Identification:
Forensic science
allows for the
examination and
identification of
physical evidence
found at crime
scenes, such as DNA,
fingerprints, blood,
hair, and fibers. This
helps establish links
between suspects,
victims, and crime
scenes, providing
critical information
Crime Scene
Reconstruction:
Forensic experts use
their knowledge and
skills to reconstruct
the sequence of
events leading to a
crime. This
reconstruction assists
investigators in
understanding how a
crime occurred,
identifying potential
motives, and
establishing
timelines.
Establishing Guilt
or Innocence:
Forensic evidence can
be crucial in
determining the guilt
or innocence of a
suspect. DNA analysis,
for example, has been
particularly impactful
in exonerating
innocent individuals
and convicting the
guilty.
Providing Expert
Testimony: Forensic
scientists often serve as
expert witnesses in court,
explaining the scientific
methods used in analysis and
presenting their findings.
Their testimony helps judges
and juries better understand
complex scientific evidence,
contributing to fair and just
legal outcomes.
Importance of Forensic Science
in Criminal Investigations

4. Cold Case
Resolution:
Advances in
forensic
technologies and
methodologies have
led to the reopening
and resolution of
cold cases,
providing closure to
victims' families
and holding
perpetrators
accountable even
years after the
crimes were
Crime Deterrence:
The knowledge that
forensic evidence can
be used to solve
crimes and identify
perpetrators acts as a
deterrent. Criminals
may be less inclined to
commit offenses if
they believe that
scientific methods can
link them to the crime.
Supporting Law
Enforcement:
Forensic science
supports law
enforcement agencies
by providing them
with reliable tools and
techniques to gather
and analyze evidence.
This enhances the
effectiveness of
investigations and
contributes to public
safety.
Training and Research:
Forensic science research
and ongoing training
programs help advance
methodologies,
technologies, and best
practices. This continuous
improvement ensures that
forensic experts stay abreast
of the latest developments,
contributing to the overall
reliability of forensic
evidence.
Importance of Forensic Science
in Criminal Investigations

5. Historical Perespective
The historical perspective of
forensic science dates back
centuries, and its evolution can be
traced through various milestones
and developments. Here are key
points in the historical
development of forensic science:

6. Ancient China (c. 1248–
1224 BCE): The earliest
recorded use of forensic science
can be traced back to ancient
China, where the book "Hsi
Duan Yu" documented the
examination of crime scenes and
the application of medical
knowledge to solve cases.
Ancient Rome (27 BCE–
476 CE): Roman physician
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
contributed to the field by
emphasizing the importance of
examining crime scenes and
victims' bodies. This laid the
groundwork for future
developments in forensic
medicine.
Middle Ages (5th–15th centuries):
During this period, trial by ordeal was a
common method of determining guilt or
innocence. However, a more rational
approach to investigations began to
emerge as legal systems became more
organized.
Brief Overview of the History
of Forensic Science

7. 16th–18th Centuries:
Ambroise Paré in the 16th
century and scientists like
Mathieu Orfila and Carl
Wilhelm Scheele in the
18th century contributed to
the field. Toxicology and
the study of poisons
gained attention.
19th Century:
Significant developments
occurred during the 19th
century. Sir William
Herschel proposed the use
of fingerprints for
identification, while
Alphonse Bertillon
introduced anthropometry.
Dr. Edmond Locard
established the first forensic
laboratory in Lyon, France,
in 1910, laying the
foundation for systematic
Late 19th–Early 20th
Centuries: The 19th and
early 20th centuries saw the
proposal of fingerprint
identification by Dr. Henry
Faulds and Sir Francis Galton.
This period also witnessed the
formulation of Locard's
Exchange Principle, stating
that "every contact leaves a
trace."
Brief Overview of the History
of Forensic Science

8. 20th Century: Forensic science gained
widespread acceptance and specialization
during the 20th century. Advances in areas
such as ballistics, toxicology, and serology
marked this period. DNA profiling, a
groundbreaking development, emerged in the
1980s and revolutionized forensic
identification.
21st Century: The 21st century brought further
advancements, especially in the realm of
technology. DNA analysis continued to evolve,
and digital forensics became integral to
investigations involving electronic devices.
Forensic science expanded to address emerging
challenges in cybercrime and terrorism.
Brief Overview of the History
of Forensic Science

9. Introduction of Autopsy (13th Century): The practice of conducting post-
mortem examinations, or autopsies, began to gain acceptance in the 13th century.
This laid the groundwork for understanding the causes of death and gathering
evidence from the deceased.
Use of Fingerprints (Late 19th Century): Sir William Herschel, in
British-controlled India, began using fingerprints for identification purposes
in the late 19th century. This laid the foundation for the later work of Dr.
Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton, ultimately leading to widespread
acceptance of fingerprinting as a reliable means of identification.
Bertillonage (Late 19th Century): Alphonse Bertillon introduced
anthropometry, a system of body measurements, to identify individuals.
While eventually overshadowed by fingerprinting, Bertillon's system was an
early attempt at scientific criminal identification.
Milestones in the development
of Forensic Techniques

10. Locard's Exchange Principle (Early 20th Century): Dr. Edmond Locard, often regarded as
the "Sherlock Holmes of Lyon," formulated the Exchange Principle, stating that "every contact
leaves a trace." This principle emphasized the transfer of evidence between individuals and the
crime scene, forming the basis for trace evidence analysis.
Development of Forensic Toxicology (Late 19th–Early 20th Century): Toxicology emerged
as a forensic science discipline with the work of scientists like Mathieu Orfila. Poison detection and
analysis became crucial in solving cases involving suspicious deaths.
Introduction of Ballistics (Late 19th Century): The study of ballistics, which involves the
analysis of firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases, became an essential forensic technique. Experts
could match bullets to specific firearms, aiding in the identification of weapons used in crimes.
Milestones in the development
of Forensic Techniques

11. Development of DNA Profiling (1980s): The advent of DNA profiling, also known as DNA
fingerprinting, revolutionized forensic science. Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the technique in the 1980s,
allowing for highly accurate identification and individualization of biological evidence.
Advancements in Digital Forensics (Late 20th Century–Present): With the rise of digital
technology, digital forensics became crucial in investigating crimes involving computers and
electronic devices. Analysis of digital evidence, including computer files, emails, and network
activity, plays a significant role in modern forensic investigations.
Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (20th Century): Forensic anthropology, the study of
human remains, and forensic odontology, the examination of dental evidence, became specialized
fields within forensic science, contributing to the identification of individuals in various contexts.
Milestones in the development
of Forensic Techniques

12. Traditional Forensic
Methods
Traditional forensic methods refer to the
established and widely practiced techniques that
have been used for many years in the field of
forensic science. These methods have evolved
over time, and while newer technologies have
been introduced, traditional methods remain
fundamental to forensic investigations.

13. Fingerprint Analysis:
•Overview: The examination and comparison of ridge patterns, minutiae points, and other features in
fingerprints.
•Purpose: Identification of individuals based on unique fingerprint patterns.
Ballistics Analysis:
•Overview: Examination of firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases to determine the type of weapon used and
match bullets to specific firearms.
•Purpose: Linking firearms to crime scenes and identifying the source of fired projectiles.
Forensic Toxicology:
•Overview: Analysis of bodily fluids and tissues to detect the presence of drugs, poisons, or toxins.
•Purpose: Determining the role of substances in a person's death or impairment
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis:
•Overview: Study of the size, shape, distribution, and pattern of bloodstains to reconstruct events at a
crime scene.
•Purpose: Providing insights into the dynamics of an incident, including the direction and force of an
impact.
Overview of Conventional
Method

14. DNA Analysis:
•Overview: Examination of DNA profiles to identify individuals or establish biological relationships.
•Purpose: Establishing the identity of individuals, linking them to crime scenes, and identifying
familial relationships.
Hair and Fiber Analysis:
•Overview: Microscopic examination and comparison of hairs and fibers found at crime scenes.
•Purpose: Identifying potential sources and associations between individuals, objects, and locations.
Document Examination:
•Overview: Analysis of handwriting, signatures, typewriting, and other document characteristics.
•Purpose: Determining the authenticity of documents, detecting forgeries, and linking documents to
individuals.
Serology (Blood and Body Fluid Analysis):
•Overview: Analysis of blood and other bodily fluids to determine blood type and identify the presence
of specific proteins.
•Purpose: Establishing links between individuals, confirming or excluding suspects, and providing
information about injuries.
Overview of Conventional
Method

15. Subjectivity and Human
Error:
•Limitation: Some traditional
methods, such as fingerprint
analysis and handwriting
examination, involve a degree
of subjectivity and are
susceptible to human error.
•Challenge: Training and
standardization efforts aim to
minimize errors, but human
subjectivity remains a
challenge.
Sensitivity and Specificity:
•Limitation: Traditional methods
like blood typing and serology
may lack the sensitivity and
specificity offered by more
advanced DNA analysis.
•Challenge: Advancements in
technology have led to increased
sensitivity and specificity in
traditional methods, but they may
still fall short in certain cases.
Limited Discrimination
Power:
•Limitation: Some traditional
methods, like bloodstain
pattern analysis, may have
limited discrimination power
in distinguishing between
individuals or providing
precise timelines.
•Challenge: Integration with
newer technologies and
methodologies can enhance
discrimination power and
accuracy.
Limitations and Challenges
of Traditional Methods

16. Sample Size
Requirements:
•Limitation: Traditional
methods may require larger
sample sizes for analysis,
which can be challenging
when dealing with limited
or degraded forensic
samples.
•Challenge: Continuous
improvement in analytical
techniques seeks to address
issues related to sample size
requirements.
Backlog and Turnaround
Time:
•Limitation: Traditional
forensic analyses, especially
in busy crime labs, may
contribute to backlogs and
longer turnaround times for
obtaining results.
•Challenge: Increasing
resources and implementing
more efficient workflows are
ongoing challenges to reduce
backlogs and improve
turnaround times.
Lack of Standardization:
•Limitation: Some traditional
methods lack standardized protocols
and may vary in application between
different forensic laboratories.
•Challenge: Efforts to establish and
implement standardized procedures
aim to enhance consistency and
reliability across forensic analyses.
Limitations and Challenges
of Traditional Methods

17. Advancements in
Technology:
•Limitation: The rapid pace
of technological
advancements has led to
newer, more sophisticated
forensic techniques that may
outperform certain traditional
methods.
•Challenge: Integrating new
technologies while
maintaining the proficiency of
forensic practitioners in
traditional methods is a
Legal Scrutiny:
•Limitation: Traditional
forensic methods may
face increased legal
scrutiny, especially when
compared to newer
technologies that are
perceived as more
advanced.
•Challenge: Forensic
professionals must
effectively communicate
the reliability and
limitations of traditional
Resource Constraints:
•Limitation: Traditional
methods may require
significant resources, both
in terms of skilled
personnel and equipment.
•Challenge: Adequate
funding and staffing are
ongoing challenges to
maintain the effectiveness
of traditional forensic
analyses.
Limitations and Challenges
of Traditional Methods

18. DNA Profiling
DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting or
DNA analysis, is a powerful forensic technique that
involves the examination of an individual's unique DNA
characteristics for identification purposes. DNA profiling
has revolutionized forensic science and has become a
standard method for establishing identity, solving crimes,
and determining biological relationships.

19. Importance of DNA in
Forensic Investigations
Individual Identification:
•Uniqueness: The DNA sequence is highly specific to each individual, except for
identical twins. This uniqueness allows for the positive identification of individuals.
Linking Suspects to Crime Scenes:
•Evidence Association: DNA found at a crime scene, such as blood, semen, or
hair, can be compared to the DNA of known individuals. A match can link a
suspect directly to the crime.
Cold Case Resolution:
•Reopening Unsolved Cases: Advances in DNA technology have led to the reopening and resolution
of cold cases, providing justice for victims and closure for their families.
Biological Evidence Analysis:
•Bloodstains, Semen, Saliva, and Hair: DNA analysis is applicable to various biological materials found
at crime scenes, aiding in the reconstruction of events.

20. Crime Scene Reconstruction:
•Understanding Dynamics: DNA evidence contributes to understanding the sequence
of events at a crime scene, helping investigators reconstruct the incident.
Enhancing Forensic Investigations:
•Comprehensive Analysis: DNA analysis complements other forensic methods,
providing a comprehensive approach to forensic investigations.
Advancements in Technology:
•Continuous Improvement: Ongoing technological advancements in DNA analysis, such as next-
generation sequencing, continue to enhance the sensitivity, speed, and efficiency of forensic DNA
profiling.
Crime Deterrence:
•Awareness of DNAAnalysis: The knowledge that DNA analysis can link individuals to crimes acts
as a deterrent, potentially reducing criminal activity.
Importance of DNA in
Forensic Investigations

21. Digital Forensic
Digital forensics, also known as computer
forensics, is a branch of forensic science that
involves the collection, analysis, and preservation
of digital evidence to investigate and prevent
cybercrimes. It encompasses a wide range of
activities related to the examination of digital
devices, networks, and electronic data for legal
purposes. Digital forensics is crucial in solving
cybercrimes, identifying security breaches, and
providing evidence in legal proceedings.

22. Explanation of Digital Forensics
and it’s Role
Investigating Cybercrimes:
•Role: Digital forensics plays a critical role in investigating various cybercrimes, including hacking,
malware attacks, identity theft, and online fraud.
•Importance: It helps law enforcement and cybersecurity professionals trace the origin of cyber threats,
identify perpetrators, and gather evidence for prosecution.
Data Recovery and Reconstruction:
•Role: Digital forensics is used to recover and reconstruct data from digital devices, including
deleted files and altered data.
•Importance: This process helps in understanding the sequence of events, reconstructing digital
activities, and providing context to the investigation
Incident Response:
•Role: Digital forensics is an integral part of incident response, helping organizations quickly
identify and mitigate security incidents.
•Importance: Timely and effective incident response can minimize the impact of security
breaches and prevent further damage.

23. Advanced Forensic Tools:
•Overview: Forensic software tools have evolved to provide
more sophisticated capabilities for data acquisition, analysis,
and reporting.
•Impact: These tools offer automated and streamlined
processes, allowing investigators to handle a larger volume of
data and uncover digital evidence more rapidly.
Digital DNA and File Carving:
•Overview: Digital DNA techniques involve creating
unique signatures for files and data, while file carving
techniques recover fragmented or deleted files.
•Impact: These technologies enhance the ability to
identify and reconstruct digital artifacts, even from
damaged or partially overwritten storage media
Advances in technology for
analyzing digital evidence

24. Internet of Things (IoT) Forensics:
•Overview: As IoT devices become more prevalent,
forensic tools have been developed to investigate digital
evidence from smart devices and IoT ecosystems.
•Impact: IoT forensics tools help analyze data from a
diverse range of connected devices, providing insights
into activities and interactions within IoT environments.
Forensic Imaging Advances:
•Overview: Advances in forensic imaging technologies,
such as solid-state drive (SSD) forensics and enhanced
imaging methods, contribute to more accurate and
reliable preservation of digital evidence.
•Impact: These advances ensure the integrity and
authenticity of forensic images, supporting the
admissibility of digital evidence in legal proceedings.
Advances in technology for
analyzing digital evidence

25. Forensic toxicology
Forensic toxicology is a branch of forensic science that
involves the analysis of biological specimens to
determine the presence of drugs, poisons, or toxic
substances in the human body. It plays a crucial role in
legal and criminal investigations, providing information
about the effects of substances on individuals and
contributing to the determination of cause of death or
impairment.

26. Overview of forensic
toxicology
Cause of Death Determination:
•Post-Mortem Analysis: Forensic toxicologists assist
in determining whether the presence of drugs or toxins
contributed to or caused an individual's death.
Criminal Investigations:
•Drug-Facilitated Crimes: Identifying substances used
in criminal activities, such as sexual assaults or robberies,
where drugs are employed to incapacitate victims.
Traffic Accidents:
•Driving Under the Influence (DUI): Analyzing
blood or urine samples to determine the influence of
drugs or alcohol in cases of impaired driving.

27. Forensic Anthropology
Forensic anthropology is a specialized field within
forensic science that involves the application of biological
and anthropological principles to the identification and
analysis of human remains. Forensic anthropologists use
their expertise in skeletal analysis to provide information
about the deceased individual, including their age, sex,
ancestry, stature, and potential signs of trauma or
pathology.

28. Role of Forensic Anthropology
in crime scene Analysis
Recovery of Skeletal Remains:
•Forensic anthropologists are often involved in the initial
stages of a crime scene investigation to assist in the
proper recovery of skeletal remains. They provide
guidance on excavation techniques, ensuring the
preservation of evidence and minimizing the risk of
contamination. Biological Profile Estimation:
•Forensic anthropologists analyze the skeletal elements to
estimate a biological profile of the individual, including
age, sex, ancestry, and stature. This information helps
narrow down potential matches with missing persons or
aids in victim identification.
Missing Persons Cases:
•Forensic anthropologists play a crucial role in identifying
missing persons by comparing the biological profile
derived from skeletal remains with antemortem records,
such as dental records or medical records.

29. Trace Evidence Analysis
Trace evidence analysis is a forensic discipline that involves the
examination and comparison of microscopic materials that can be
transferred during the commission of a crime. These tiny fragments,
known as trace evidence, can include fibers, hair, paint, glass, soil,
gunshot residue, and other materials. The analysis of trace evidence
plays a crucial role in criminal investigations by linking individuals,
objects, or locations to a crime scene.

30. Importance of Trace Evidence in
Forensic Investigations
Individualization and Linking Suspects to Crime Scenes
Establishing Contact and Movement Patterns
Crime Scene Reconstruction
Human Rights Investigations
Corroboration of Other Forensic Evidence
Presenting Physical Evidence in Court
Providing Investigative Leads

31. Forensics Entomology
Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that
involves the study of insects and other arthropods in legal
investigations. In particular, it focuses on the use of
insects as evidence to aid in estimating the time since
death and understanding the circumstances surrounding a
death.

32. Overview of Forensic
Entomology
Postmortem Interval (PMI) Estimation:
•One of the primary purposes of forensic entomology is
to estimate the time since death by analyzing the life
cycle of insects that colonize a body. Different species of
insects are attracted to decomposing remains in a
predictable sequence, and their developmental stages can
be correlated with the PMI.
Insect Evidence in Legal Investigations:
•Insect evidence, including larvae, pupae, and adult
insects, can provide valuable information in legal
investigations. Forensic entomologists may be called
upon to analyze insect specimens collected from crime
scenes, corpses, or other relevant locations.

33. Early Origins of Forensic Science
1 Ancient Civilizations
Forensic techniques were employed in ancient civilizations such
as ancient China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. These early societies
used methods like fingerprinting, autopsy, and handwriting
analysis to solve crimes and settle disputes.
2 Growth of Knowledge
During this time, the understanding of anatomy and bodily
functions evolved, leading to advancements in forensic medicine
and the ability to determine causes of death more accurately.
3 Legal Applications
These early practices laid the foundation for modern forensic
science techniques and played a pivotal role in the development
of legal systems and investigative procedures.

34. Forensic Odontology
Forensic odontology is a specialized branch of forensic
science that involves the application of dental knowledge
and techniques to assist in legal investigations. Dentists
with specialized training in forensic odontology play a
crucial role in the identification of individuals and the
analysis of dental evidence in various legal contexts. This
field encompasses several key areas, including the
comparison of dental records, bite mark analysis, age
estimation, and participation in mass disaster victim
identification efforts.

35. Dental Records Comparison:
•Antemortem Records: Forensic odontologists
compare antemortem dental records (records created
before death) such as dental charts, X-rays, and
photographs with postmortem dental evidence.
•Unique Characteristics: They focus on unique dental
features, restorations, missing teeth, and other distinctive
aspects to establish positive identifications or exclusions.
Bite Mark Analysis:
•In cases where bite marks are present on a victim or at a
crime scene, forensic odontologists analyze these marks
to link them to a specific individual.
•They compare the bite mark with the dental
characteristics of potential suspects, providing evidence
for criminal investigations.
Role of Forensic Odontology in
identifying individuals

36. Age Estimation:
•Forensic odontologists assess dental development,
eruption patterns, and dental wear to estimate the age of
individuals.
•This can be particularly useful when dealing with
unidentified remains, especially in cases involving
children or young individuals.
Missing Persons Cases:
•Forensic odontology is often used to identify individuals
in missing persons cases when dental records are
available for comparison.
•This is especially relevant when other forms of
identification, such as fingerprints or DNA, are not
readily accessible.
Role of Forensic Odontology in
identifying individuals

37. Forensic Imaging
Advancements in forensic imaging
techniques, including 3D reconstructions
and virtual autopsies, have provided new
perspectives in crime scene analysis and
evidence presentation.

38. Importance of Forensic imaging in
crime scene documentation
Accurate Documentation:
•Forensic imaging allows for the accurate and detailed documentation of crime scenes. High-resolution
photographs and 3D scans capture the scene as it was at the time of investigation, providing a
comprehensive visual record.
Chain of Custody Verification:
•Images help establish and verify the chain of custody for evidence. Photographs taken at different stages of
an investigation document who handled the evidence, where it was located, and how it was collected.
Crime Scene Reconstruction:
•Forensic imaging aids in the reconstruction of crime scenes. By capturing the spatial relationships
between objects and evidence, investigators can recreate the sequence of events leading to the crime.
Documentation of Evidence Markers:
•Forensic imaging is used to document the placement and significance of evidence markers. This
ensures that the context of each piece of evidence is recorded and can be referred to during analysis and
testimony.

39. Artificial intelligence in
Forensic Science
• Artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic science refers to the
application of advanced computational techniques to assist in
various aspects of forensic investigations. AI involves the
development and use of algorithms, machine learning, and
computer vision to analyze, interpret, and process large sets of
data, contributing to more efficient and accurate forensic
analyses. The integration of AI into forensic science has the
potential to enhance the capabilities of forensic experts,
automate certain tasks, and improve the overall effectiveness of
forensic investigations. Key areas where AI is applied in forensic
science include biometric analysis, DNA analysis, image and
video analysis, digital forensics, predictive policing, and more.
The goal is to leverage AI technologies to support forensic

40. Automated Pattern Recognition
Biometric Analysis
Image and Video Analysis
Digital Forensics
Case Management and Evidence Tracking
DNAAnalysis and Matching
Efficient Data Processing
Quality Control in Forensic Laboratories
Crime Link Analysis
Importance of AI in
Forensic Investigations

41. Challenges in Forensic Science
Limited Resources and Funding
Forensic laboratories often face
resource constraints, affecting
their ability to process cases
efficiently.
Admissibility of Forensic Evidence in Court
Challenges arise when
determining the reliability and
validity of forensic evidence
for courtroom presentation.
Frequent Technological Advancements
Rapid technological advancements can make it challenging for forensic scientists to stay up to date with
tools and techniques.

42. Ethical Considerations in
Forensic Science
1 Objectivity and Bias
Forensic scientists must strive
to maintain objectivity and
avoid bias, ensuring their
findings are impartial.
2 Privacy and Confidentiality
Maintaining the privacy and
confidentiality of individuals
involved in forensic
investigations is crucial.
3 Stakeholder Involvement and
Transparency
Engaging stakeholders, such as
law enforcement agencies and
legal professionals, promotes
transparency in the forensic
process.
4 Professional Integrity
Forensic scientists must adhere
to high standards of
professional ethics and conduct
to maintain the integrity of the
discipline.

43. Addressing Challenges and
Ethical Considerations
1 Collaboration with Stakeholders
Close collaboration between forensic scientists, law
enforcement, and legal professionals helps address challenges
and ethical considerations.
2 Continuous Professional Development and Training
Forensic scientists should regularly update their skills and
knowledge to keep pace with advancements in their field.
3 Adherence to Professional Codes of Conduct
Strict adherence to professional codes of conduct ensures
ethical behavior and maintains public trust in forensic
science.

44. Future Trends in Forensic
Science and Technology
Forensic science and technology are continuously
evolving to meet the demands of modern crime
investigation and analysis. As new challenges
arise, advancements in forensic tools, techniques,
and technologies play a crucial role in solving
complex cases and ensuring justice. Let's explore
the current trends in forensic science and
technology and their impact on crime scene
investigation and future prospects.

45. Digital Forensic Tools
In the digital age, the demand
for digital forensic tools has
surged. These tools are
essential for extracting and
analyzing evidence from
electronic devices, such as
computers, smartphones, and
cloud storage, contributing
significantly to solving
cybercrimes and white-collar
offenses. The advancements in
this area have enhanced the
capabilities of forensic
investigators to gather crucial
Advancements in DNA Analysis
DNA analysis has been
revolutionized by rapid
advancements in technology.
State-of-the-art equipment and
techniques have significantly
reduced the time required for
DNA profiling, enabling
faster results and aiding in the
identification of suspects and
victims. Moreover,
advancements in next-
generation sequencing have
expanded the possibilities for
forensic DNA analysis.
Forensic Facial Recognition
Facial recognition technology is
being increasingly utilized in
forensic investigations. This
technology enables the
comparison of facial features
from images or videos with
databases, assisting in identifying
individuals and strengthening
investigative leads. The
continuous improvements in
accuracy and performance are
enhancing its applicability in law
enforcement.
Current Trends in Forensic
Science and Technology

46. THANK YOU 😊
DRx Deepak Jatav
Aayushi Namdev