Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it.So these slides give you an introduction to cryptography and types of ciphers.
The presentation describes basics of cryptography and information security. It covers goals of cryptography, history of cipher symmetric and public key cryptography
The presentation describes basics of cryptography and information security. It covers goals of cryptography, history of cipher symmetric and public key cryptography
This PPT explains about the term "Cryptography - Encryption & Decryption". This PPT is for beginners and for intermediate developers who want to learn about Cryptography. I have also explained about the various classes which .Net provides for encryption and decryption and some other terms like "AES" and "DES".
Information and network security 13 playfair cipherVaibhav Khanna
The Playfair cipher was the first practical digraph substitution cipher. The scheme was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone but was named after Lord Playfair who promoted the use of the cipher. In playfair cipher unlike traditional cipher we encrypt a pair of alphabets(digraphs) instead of a single alphabet
In this whole idea of v symmetric cipher model and also cryptography and cryptanalytics, also substitution techniques and transposition techniques and steganography.
The presentation covers the following:
Basic Terms
Cryptography
The General Goals of Cryptography
Common Types of Attacks
Substitution Ciphers
Transposition Cipher
Steganography- “Concealed Writing”
Symmetric Secret Key Encryption
Types of Symmetric Algorithms
Common Symmetric Algorithms
Asymmetric Secret Key Encryption
Common Asymmetric Algorithms
Public Key Cryptography
Hashing Techniques
Hashing Algorithms
Digital Signatures
Transport Layer Security
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
This PPT explains about the term "Cryptography - Encryption & Decryption". This PPT is for beginners and for intermediate developers who want to learn about Cryptography. I have also explained about the various classes which .Net provides for encryption and decryption and some other terms like "AES" and "DES".
Information and network security 13 playfair cipherVaibhav Khanna
The Playfair cipher was the first practical digraph substitution cipher. The scheme was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone but was named after Lord Playfair who promoted the use of the cipher. In playfair cipher unlike traditional cipher we encrypt a pair of alphabets(digraphs) instead of a single alphabet
In this whole idea of v symmetric cipher model and also cryptography and cryptanalytics, also substitution techniques and transposition techniques and steganography.
The presentation covers the following:
Basic Terms
Cryptography
The General Goals of Cryptography
Common Types of Attacks
Substitution Ciphers
Transposition Cipher
Steganography- “Concealed Writing”
Symmetric Secret Key Encryption
Types of Symmetric Algorithms
Common Symmetric Algorithms
Asymmetric Secret Key Encryption
Common Asymmetric Algorithms
Public Key Cryptography
Hashing Techniques
Hashing Algorithms
Digital Signatures
Transport Layer Security
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
a short presentation about different ciphers and codes used in time.Included are ciphers used from the romans in the ancient time and going on to our days.Hope you like it.
Enhancing security of caesar cipher using differenteSAT Journals
Abstract Cryptography is an art and science of converting original message into non readable form. There are two techniques for converting data into no readable form:1)Transposition technique 2)Substitution technique. Caesar cipher is an example of substitution method. As Caesar cipher has various limitations so this talk will present a perspective on combination of techniques substitution and transposition. In this paper I have focused on the well known classical techniques the aim was to induce some strength to these classical encryption for that purpose I blended classical encryption with the some more techniques. my proposed method showed that it is better in terms of providing more security to any given text message. In our experiments I took Caesaer Ciphers as representatives of Classical Techniques. To make it more secure I have used some techniques like I have used multiple level Row Transposition Ciphers, encryption with same key at each level and encryption with different key at each level. Keywords— substitution, transposition, cryptography, Caesar cipher
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Introduction to Cryptography Week4 Part1-ISrevisionSu.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Cryptography
Week4 Part1-ISrevisionSu2013
Introduction to Cryptography
If you are implementing a secure environment and you do not implement encryption you
will not have a secure environment. You can implement routers, firewalls, intrusion
detection, virus protection, policies and procedures, but if there is no encryption you will
not have a secure environment.
Encryption is fundamental to a secure information environment. Passing data around a
system and over the network in a clear text form is very insecure. Systems and
communication lines can be monitored by unscrupulous individuals who make valuable
information vulnerable to viewing or modification. Encryption in a secure information
infrastructure is implemented at various levels in the architecture and in various
components. This is consistent with the idea of security in depth. Encryption technologies
are included as part of many products; applications, operating systems, network devices.
How (and if) the encryption technology is used is dependent on the organization and its
users.
Cryptography is the science of disguising messages. Disguising a readable message is
called encryption. Translating the disguised message back to a readable form is called
decryption.
Encryption has been used for centuries to disguise messages from adversaries. The
Romans used encryption in their military operations to protect sensitive messages. The
Germans during World War 2 used the enigma machine to encrypt messages about
military secrets so the allies would not be aware of strategy and tactics.
Nowadays in addition to protecting government secrets there are many uses for
encryption technology in commercial applications. The need to protect medical, financial
records or company trade secrets are a few of the areas that encryption is used.
Terminology
Cryptography is a field loaded with terminology, acronyms and concepts. Many of the
concepts are rooted in mathematics and computer science. Following are some common
terms you should become familiar with for understanding encryption.
Cryptosystem – A cryptosystem encrypts and decrypts messages allowing only
people (or processes) that possess the correct keys to read the messages.
Cryptography – The science of designing, developing and using cryptosystems.
Cryptanalysis – The science of breaking a cryptosystem, so that the content of
messages is no longer hidden.
Cryptology – The study of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
Cipher – another term used to describe an encryption or decryption algorithm.
Types of Encryption Technology
There are several technologies, tools and techniques we will be discussing that fall under
the category of encryption.
Encryption algorithms fall into two broad categories; symmetric and asymmetric
encryption. Let’s first look at the components that make up a symmetric encryption
system or symmetric crypt.
Similar to Introduction to cryptography and types of ciphers (20)
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. It is the practice and study of techniques for secure
communication in the presence of third parties.
Science and art of transforming messages to make them
secure and immune to attack.
The art of protecting information by transforming it ie;
encrypting it into an unreadable format is called
ciphertext.Only those who possess a secret key can decipher
the message into plain text.
4. It is a method of encoding by which units of plaintext are
replaced with ciphertext ,according to a fixed system;the
“units” may be single letters,pairs of letters,triplets of
letters,mixtures of the above and so forth.
The receiver deciphers the text by performing the inverse
substitution.
5. It is a simple data encryption scheme in which
plaintext characters are shifted in some regular pattern
to form cipher text.
In transposition ciphers letters are jumbled up together.
Highly secure
7. Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of alphabet
with the letter standing three places further down the
alphabet.
Encryption
Algorithm: C= (p+3)mod26
Decryption
Algorithm: P= (c-3)mod26
8. In an Autokey cipher the plain text itself is used
as a keyword with a slight modification.
Encryption
We have to start the keyword with a short seed,
Generally a plain text followed by a single letter.
Then write that seed letter below to first letter and plain
text itself is written below all other letters. Then sum up
the corresponding digital equivalence of the letters, and
convert it into cipher text.
9. Decryption
Decryption is done by rewriting to each numerical term of
both plaintext and cipher text. Suppose the plain text has
digital equivalent cipher text is c1,c2,……..cn.
If S indicate the numeral for C then the plain text number is,
P1 = (c1-S) mod26
Pk = (ck- P k-1)mod 26
10. Example of Monoalphabetic Cipher.
Here the encryption process is substantially mathematical.
Encryption
The first step in the encryption process is to transform each
of the letters in the plaintext alphabet to the corresponding
integer in the range 0 to m-1. With this done, the
encryption process for each letter is given by
E(x) = (ax + b) mod m Where a and b are the key for the cipher.
11. Decryption
In deciphering the cipher text, we must perform the
opposite (or inverse) functions on the cipher text to
retrieve the plaintext. Once again, the first step is to
convert each of the cipher text letters into their integer
values. We must now perform the following calculation
on each integer
D(x) = c(x - b) mod m
Where c is the modular multiplicative inverse of a.
12. The Vigenere Cipher is an adaptation of the Trithemius
Cipher, but instead of systematically progressing through the
cipher text alphabets in the Tabula Recta, it uses a keyword to
pick which columns to use.
13. Encryption
A sequence of n letters with numerical equivalence b1,b2,...bn will serve as
keyword. The plane text message is expressed as p1,p2....pn say pi.Then
conversion to cipher text using the congruence relation.
Ci=Pi +bi (mod26) ; i=1,2....n
For eg: plaintext message is “a simple example”
Decryption
Deciphering is carried out by the relation
Pi =Ci –bi (mod26)
Plain text a s i m p l e e x a m p l e
Key
stream
b a t t i s t a b a t t i s
15. The Rail fence cipher is an easy to apply transposition cipher
that jumbles up the order of the letters of a message in a quick
convenient way.
It also has the security of a key to make it a little bit harder to
break.
The Rail Fence cipher works by writing your message on
alternate lines across the page, and then reading off each line in
turn.
16. Encryption
Write the plaintext message in zigzag lines across the page,
and then read off each row.
Firstly, we need to have a key, which for this cipher is the
number of rows you are going to have. then start writing the
letters of the plaintext diagonally down to the right until you
reach the number of rows specified by the key. then bounce
back up diagonally until we hit the first row again. This
continues until the end of the plaintext.
Eg:
17. Decryption
We start writing the message, but leaving a dash in place of
the spaces yet to be occupied. Gradually, you can replace all
the dashes with the corresponding letters, and read off the
plaintext from the table.
We start by making a grid with as many rows as the key is,
and as many columns as the length of the cipher text. We then
place the first letter in the top left Square, and dashes
diagonally downwards where the letters will be. When we get
back to the top row, we place the next letter in the cipher text.
Continue like this across the row, and start the next row when
you reach the end.
18. The Route Cipher is a transposition cipher where the key is which
route to follow when reading the cipher text from the block created
with the plaintext. The plaintext is written in a grid, and then read
off the following route chosen
Encryption
First we write the plaintext in a block of reasonable size for the
plaintext. Part of your key is the size of this grid, so you need to decide
on either a number of columns or number of rows in the grid before
starting. Once the plaintext is written out in the grid, you use the Route
assigned. This could be spiralling inwards from the top right corner in a
clockwise direction, or zigzagging up and down.
19. Decryption
To decrypt a message received that has been encoded with the
Route Cipher, we need to know the route used and the width
or height of the grid. We then start by constructing a blank
grid of the right size, and then place the cipher text letters in
the grid following the route specified.
20. Columnar Transposition involves writing the plaintext out in rows, and then reading
the cipher text off in columns.
In its simplest form, it is the Route cipher where the route is to read down each
column in order.
Encryption
We first pick a keyword for our encryption. We write the plaintext out in a grid
where the number of columns is the number of letters in the keyword. We then title
each column with the respective letter from the keyword. We take the letters in the
keyword in alphabetical order, and read down the columns in this order. If a letter
is repeated, we do the one that appears first, then the next and so on.
Eg:
21. Decryption
The decryption process is significantly easier if nulls have been
used to pad out the message in the encryption process. Below
we shall talk about how to go about decrypting a message in
both scenarios.
Firstly, if nulls have been used, then you start by writing out the
keyword and the alphabetical order of the letters of the
keyword. You must then divide the length of the cipher text by
the length of the keyword. The answer to this is the number of
rows you need to add to the grid. You then write the cipher text
down the first column until you reach the last row. The next
letter becomes the first letter in the second column (by the
alphabetical order of the keyword), and so on.
22. The same methodology as for Columnar Transposition is
used, where the plaintext is written out in rows under the
keyword. The only difference is that when there are repeated
Letters in the keyword, rather than number them from left to
right, give all the same letters the same number.
Then read across columns which have the same number in
the keyword.
23. Encryption
We have to choose our keyword for the encryption process first.
We then write out the plaintext in a grid, where the number of
columns in the grid is the number of letters in the keyword. We
then number each letter in the keyword with its alphabetical
position, giving repeated letters the same numbers. We then start at
number 1 (the first letter alphabetically in the keyword), and if it is
the only appearance of 1, we read down the column just like
in Columnar Transposition. If, however, the number 1 appears
more than once, we read from left to right all the first letters of the
columns headed by 1. Then we move to the next row, and read
across, left to right, the letters in the rows headed by 1. Once
complete, we move on to the number 2, and so on.
24. Decryption
The decryption process is very similar to Columnar
Transposition. We shall go through how to do it if nulls have
been used to fill spaces. By comparing this method with that
given in Columnar Transposition when nulls are not used, you
should be able to work out what to do.
We start by writing out the keyword, and the alphabetical order
of the letters, remembering to give repeated letters the same
number. We then divide the length of the cipher text by the
length of the keyword to work out how many rows we need to
add to our grid. We then have to systematically put the cipher
text back in to the grid. Start at number 1, and continue to the
highest number. If the number only appears once, we fill down
the column. If the number appears twice, we move from left to
right across the columns with that number heading them.