Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
Measures practiced by health care personnel to prevent spread, transmission and acquisition of infection between clients, from health care providers to client and from client to health care providers.
-definition
-why is infection control important in health care facilities
-nosocomial infection
-standard precaution
-additional precaution
-role of infection control nurse
- donning of Ppe kit
- doffing of ppe kit
All these are explained in details with images
A nosocomial infection is contracted because of an infection or toxin that exists in a certain location, such as a hospital. People now use nosocomial infections interchangeably with the terms health-care associated infections (HAIs) and hospital-acquired infections. For a HAI, the infection must not be present before someone has been under medical care.
The most common types of HAIs are:
-urinary tract infections (UTIs)
surgical site infections
-gastroenteritis
-meningitis
-pneumonia
2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health NursingSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to help medics, paramedics and nursing educators to teach their students about dynamic of disease. it also help to create awareness in general people about it.
In this presentation am talking about SIX KILLER DISEASES, [ tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, Pertussis also known as whooping cough and measles ] and you will learn more about their Causes, transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment i hope it helps you more.
Module 5 Case Assignment Pertussis (Whooping Cough)TasksPart .docxadelaidefarmer322
Module 5 Case Assignment:
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Tasks
Part A: In one page maximum
Briefly describe the disease: Pertussis in terms of its infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
Identify any reservoir(s), and mode(s) of transmission
Part B: (1-2 pages)
Weighing the benefits and the risks, take a clear position on whether you feel vaccination programs for Pertussis (whooping cough) should be expanded in your current community. Explain factors that went into your decision.
HELPING REFERENCES
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition (n.d.) Bad Bug Book. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/default.htm
FAO. Epidemiology: some basic concepts and definitions. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5436E/x5436e04.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). How to Investigate an Outbreak. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
Aschengrau A, Seage GR (2003). Chapter 6: Overview of Epidemiologic Study Designs. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health, Boston: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Retrieved February 21, 2013 at:
http://publichealth.jbpub.com/aschengrau/Aschengrau06.pdf
Cosio G (2005). Epidemiological Overview of Tuberculosis [Presentation]. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
www.paho.org/cdmedia/dpccd01/Presentations/Day1/EPIDEMIOLOGICAL%20OVERVIEW%20OF%20TUBERCULOSIS%202.ppt
Optional Readings
Long SG, DuPont HL, Gaul L, Arafat RR, Selwyn BJ, Rogers J, et al. (2007). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for
Salmonella
infection surveillance, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. Retrieved fro
http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/6/983.htm
READ:
Variations in Severity of Illness
The severity of an illness may be measured by the case fatality rate or the proportion of surviving patients with complications. The
case fatality rate
is defined as the number of deaths from a particular disease divided by the number of clinically apparent cases of that disease.
An infectious disease may have a wide variety of clinical symptoms, ranging from no symptoms to severe clinical illness or death. Diseases such as tuberculosis have a high proportion of asymptomatic individuals (low pathogenicity), while diseases such as measles have a high proportion of symptomatic infections and a small percent of severe or fatal illness. Diseases such as the African hemorrhagic fevers caused by Marburg and Ebola virus are very severe and usually fatal. For diseases with low pathogenicity, only a small fraction of cases are often diagnosed and reported. Control measures should be directed toward all infections capable of being transmitted to others, not just the symptomatic cases.
From a public health perspective, diseases of high incidence and lesser severity may be considered a more serious problem becaus.
Measures practiced by health care personnel to prevent spread, transmission and acquisition of infection between clients, from health care providers to client and from client to health care providers.
-definition
-why is infection control important in health care facilities
-nosocomial infection
-standard precaution
-additional precaution
-role of infection control nurse
- donning of Ppe kit
- doffing of ppe kit
All these are explained in details with images
A nosocomial infection is contracted because of an infection or toxin that exists in a certain location, such as a hospital. People now use nosocomial infections interchangeably with the terms health-care associated infections (HAIs) and hospital-acquired infections. For a HAI, the infection must not be present before someone has been under medical care.
The most common types of HAIs are:
-urinary tract infections (UTIs)
surgical site infections
-gastroenteritis
-meningitis
-pneumonia
2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health NursingSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to help medics, paramedics and nursing educators to teach their students about dynamic of disease. it also help to create awareness in general people about it.
In this presentation am talking about SIX KILLER DISEASES, [ tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, Pertussis also known as whooping cough and measles ] and you will learn more about their Causes, transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment i hope it helps you more.
Module 5 Case Assignment Pertussis (Whooping Cough)TasksPart .docxadelaidefarmer322
Module 5 Case Assignment:
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Tasks
Part A: In one page maximum
Briefly describe the disease: Pertussis in terms of its infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
Identify any reservoir(s), and mode(s) of transmission
Part B: (1-2 pages)
Weighing the benefits and the risks, take a clear position on whether you feel vaccination programs for Pertussis (whooping cough) should be expanded in your current community. Explain factors that went into your decision.
HELPING REFERENCES
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition (n.d.) Bad Bug Book. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/default.htm
FAO. Epidemiology: some basic concepts and definitions. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5436E/x5436e04.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). How to Investigate an Outbreak. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
Aschengrau A, Seage GR (2003). Chapter 6: Overview of Epidemiologic Study Designs. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health, Boston: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Retrieved February 21, 2013 at:
http://publichealth.jbpub.com/aschengrau/Aschengrau06.pdf
Cosio G (2005). Epidemiological Overview of Tuberculosis [Presentation]. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from
www.paho.org/cdmedia/dpccd01/Presentations/Day1/EPIDEMIOLOGICAL%20OVERVIEW%20OF%20TUBERCULOSIS%202.ppt
Optional Readings
Long SG, DuPont HL, Gaul L, Arafat RR, Selwyn BJ, Rogers J, et al. (2007). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for
Salmonella
infection surveillance, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. Retrieved fro
http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/6/983.htm
READ:
Variations in Severity of Illness
The severity of an illness may be measured by the case fatality rate or the proportion of surviving patients with complications. The
case fatality rate
is defined as the number of deaths from a particular disease divided by the number of clinically apparent cases of that disease.
An infectious disease may have a wide variety of clinical symptoms, ranging from no symptoms to severe clinical illness or death. Diseases such as tuberculosis have a high proportion of asymptomatic individuals (low pathogenicity), while diseases such as measles have a high proportion of symptomatic infections and a small percent of severe or fatal illness. Diseases such as the African hemorrhagic fevers caused by Marburg and Ebola virus are very severe and usually fatal. For diseases with low pathogenicity, only a small fraction of cases are often diagnosed and reported. Control measures should be directed toward all infections capable of being transmitted to others, not just the symptomatic cases.
From a public health perspective, diseases of high incidence and lesser severity may be considered a more serious problem becaus.
Introduction to communicable and noncommunicable DCs.pptxOsmanHassan35
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. INTRODUCTION
Communicable disease
A disease that is passed from one person to
another person is called a communicable or
transmissible disease. Transmissible diseases
include: measles, HIV infection, tuberculosis,
chickenpox, gonorrhea, scabies, malaria, cholera,
and roundworms among others.
3. Why are the most important in public health
Many of them are common
Some of them are very serious and cause death
and disability
Some of them cause widespread outbreaks of
disease – epidemics
Most of them can be prevented by fairly
simple means
4. Describe pattern of communicable disease
Different diseases are common in different
places and at different times. To understand why
this happens, you need to consider the disease
causative organisms (the agents); the people
they infect (the hosts); and the surroundings in
which they live (the environment).
5. A delicate balance exists between the agent, the
host and the environment and it can change in
different ways.
For instance, the agent needs a suitable
environment in which to grow and multiply and
thus be able to spread and infect other hosts.
If the environment does not support the agent it
dies or transforms to a dormant state. The host
(person) is also affected by the environment.
6. For example, a person may live in a hot, wet
climate where there are many mosquitoes.
However they can change this environment by
draining swamps, clearing the vegetation and
adding competing hosts such as animals. If the
balance is shifted against the agent, the disease
will be controlled and the number of cases will
go down.
7. When the balance between the agent, the host
and the environment is fairly constant, you tend
to see approximately the same number of cases
of the disease every month. When this happens
the disease is said to be endemic.
8. When the balance is shifted in favour of the
agent (organism), for example, when many
nonimmune children have been born in an area
since the last measles epidemic, a large number
of cases of measles may occur in a short time.
This is called an epidemic.
9. Epidemic diseases occur during certain periods or
seasons and cause sudden deaths and much suffering in
the community. An endemic disease can be termed as
that which occurs in a given population at a constant
rate over a period of several years.
An epidemic disease is that which occurs in a
population at a higher rate than is usually the normal for
that population over a given time interval.
11. The Host and Infection
The Host and Infection causing
A person who is invaded by a disease micro-
organism is called a host.
An infection occurs when this micro-organism
begins to reproduce (multiply) and grow.
When an organism infects a person, there are
three possible stages to consider.
12. Incubation Period
The incubation period is the time between
infection and the appearance of symptoms and
signs of an illness.
During the incubation period
the host does not realize that they have an
infection until several days later when detectable
symptoms and signs of the illness occur.
13. Sub-clinical Infection
At this stage, infection does not produce clear
signs and symptoms. The host's immune system
is trying to fight off the agent. In some cases, the
organism is overcome by the host immune cells
hence no signs and symptoms are felt and the
infection process is terminated.
14. Clinical Infection
This is the period when the host develops
detectable symptoms and signs of an illness.
At this time the agent has multiplied within the
host overcoming the host's immune system and
has started causing abnormal functioning of
some body cells and tissues. This produces overt
signs and symptoms of the disease.
15. The Disease Transmission Cycle
A disease transmission cycle is a series of steps
that a disease-causing organism undergoes in its
disease-causing process.
Disease-causing organisms are living things
that need somewhere to live and reproduce.
16. This may be within inanimate or animate environment
(example in rodents, insect, or the human body), which
is known as the reservoir of infection human being is
the main reservoir of most of the communicable
diseases that affect humanity.
This may be within inanimate or animate environment
(example in rodents, insect, or the human body), which
is known as the reservoir of infection human being is
the main reservoir of most of the communicable
diseases that affect humanity.
17. When an infection spreads to a new host, the
place, animal or human from which the organism
came from is called the source of the infection.
The way in which an organism leaves the source
(the infected host) and passes to a new
susceptible host is called the route of
transmission.
18. Each disease has particular routes which play a
large part in how these organisms spread in the
community. For example, some organisms are
spread through water and food, while others are
spread by vectors like mosquitoes and snails.
20. PARTS OF TRANSMISSION CYCLE
Every transmission cycle is made up of three
parts.
The Source
This is where the disease-causing organisms
spreads from. It could be an infected person,
animal, place, or object. The reservoir is the
source of infection.
21. Transmission Route
The main routes of transmission are:
Direct contact, for example sexual contact,
contact with skin or mucous membranes
Vectors
Faecal-oral (ingesting contaminated food and
water)
23. Susceptible Host
An individual who has low resistance to a
particular disease is said to be a susceptible host
for that disease. There are a number of factors
which lower the body's resistance to a disease:
24. Not having come in contact with the disease-
causing organisms before and therefore not
having any immunity to it.
For example, passive immunity against
measles is lost at the age of 6 - 12 months.
Therefore if a child comes into contact with
the measles virus after this age, they may
develop the disease.
25. Having a serious illness like AIDS which
suppresses a person’s immunity. People with
AIDS have a high risk of developing
tuberculosis.
Malnutrition
Certain drugs such as those used to treat
cancer can lower a person’s resistance to
disease.
26. PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL
Methods of Communicable Disease Control
The control and eradication of communicable
diseases can be done by:
Attacking the source of the disease-causing
organism
Interrupting the transmission route
Protecting the susceptible host
27. SUMMARY YOU CAN STATE THAT THE MEASURES FOR
ATTACKING THE SOURCE
Treating the infected person/s
Treating the carrier Mass treatment of
persons at risk
Isolating the infected person/s
Treating the sick animal such as cows
Immunizing animals such as dogs and cattle
Killing the animal reservoir such as rats
Separating humans and animals
28. ATTACKING THE SOURCE
Attacking the Source
There are various specific measures which can
be used to control the spread of an infectious
disease. They include:
Treating the infected person or animal with
the appropriate antibiotics that destroy the
disease causing-organism.
29. Treating the carriers and sub-clinical cases
after carrying out screening tests among
suspected individuals or groups.
Treating specific groups of persons who are at
high risk of being infected(mass treatment).
This is called chemoprophylaxis.
30. SUMMARY YOU CAN STATE THAT THE
MEASURES FOR ATTACKING THE SOURCE
Treating the infected person/s
Treating the carrier Mass treatment of persons
at risk
Isolating the infected person/s
Treating the sick animal such as cows
Immunizing animals such as dogs and cattle
Killing the animal reservoir such as rats
Separating humans and animals
31. Isolating those persons who are infected with
highly infectious diseases such as ebola, Marburg
fever, Lassa fever; so as to prevent the spread of
the organism to other healthy people.
Treating sick animals such as cattle suffering
from brucellosis, immunizing animals such as
cows from anthrax, and dogs from rabies; killing
sick animals such as rats to control plague and
dogs to prevent rabies; separating humans from
animals.
32. Notifying the local health authorities
immediately you suspect a patient is suffering
from an infectious disease.
Though this does not directly affect the source,
it is an essential way of keeping watch on the
number of new cases and thereby monitoring
the effectiveness of the control programme.
33. INTERRUPTING THE TRANSMISSION
CYCLE
A number of methods are used to interrupt the
transmission cycle. They include the following:
Personal hygiene
Environmental health
Water and sanitation
Vector control
Good and adequate housing
Effective food handling and adequate nutrition
34. Protecting the Host
Protecting the Host
This is the third principle of controlling the
spread of communicable disease in the
community.
Any person who is not yet infected by a specific
disease-causing organism is known as a
susceptible host. This is because they are at risk
of contracting the infection. All susceptible hosts
must be protected from contracting the infection.
35. Remember:
The most effective way of controlling
communicable diseases is to use a combination
of methods: attacking the source of the infecting
organism, interrupting the route of transmission,
and protecting the susceptible host.
36. SPECIFIC MEASURES
Immunization using vaccines such as the KEPI
vaccine
Chemoprophylaxis using for example: -
Proguanil ( PaludrineR ) to suppress malaria
parasites
Tetracycline/ doxycycline during cholera
outbreaks
Cotrimoxazole during plague outbreaks
37. General Measures
Use of barriers such as bed nets, gowns, gloves
to prevent insect bites (especially mosquitoes)
Use of chemicals for example insect repellents
to prevent mosquito bites
Wearing shoes to prevent penetration by
hookworms from the soil
39. Other Control Measures
Other Control Measures
There are other useful measures that can be taken
to control the spread of communicable disease.
Among these is the notification of disease.
Notification requires you to keep watch
surveillance) on the number of new cases of
communicable diseases in your area of work and
to immediately inform the local health authority
when you come across a patient suffering from an
infectious disease.
40. One of the main reasons for notification is to
help the health authorities take measures to
confirm your suspicion and to control the spread
of the disease.
Notification of infectious communicable
diseases is the responsibility of all health care
workers.