Introduction to chromosomes
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This document provides an introduction to chromosomes and key chromosome concepts. It discusses that chromosomes are packages of DNA and protein that occur in distinct numbers in each species. In humans there are 46 total chromosomes, including 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes and an XY or XX sex chromosome pair that determines gender. The document contrasts karyotypes, which show a cell's chromosome arrangement, of normal human cells versus abnormal cells and explains the differences between diploid and haploid cell types.
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This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
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The document discusses cell reproduction through mitosis and meiosis. It provides details on:
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2) The key differences between mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
3) The stages and outcomes of meiosis I and meiosis II, which reduce the chromosome number and lead to genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over.
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Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and protein found within cells. They contain DNA bound to proteins and serve to package and control DNA functions. Chromosomes have two key features - centromeres and telomeres. The centromere is the region where sister chromatids are joined and allows for proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Telomeres provide terminal stability to chromosomes and ensure their survival. Both centromeres and telomeres play essential roles in maintaining chromosome and genome integrity.
meiosis powerpoint presentation
Meiosis is the process that produces gametes such as sperm and egg cells with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. It occurs in two divisions called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid parent cell. This ensures genetic variation and prevents problems caused by having an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Linkage & Crossing Over
1. Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Linked genes remain in their original combination during inheritance.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis when exchange of genetic material occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of genes.
3. Recombination produces new variations in offspring through the formation of recombinant chromosomes from crossing over. This contributes to genetic variation and evolution.
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This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
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2) The key differences between mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
3) The stages and outcomes of meiosis I and meiosis II, which reduce the chromosome number and lead to genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over.
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Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and protein found within cells. They contain DNA bound to proteins and serve to package and control DNA functions. Chromosomes have two key features - centromeres and telomeres. The centromere is the region where sister chromatids are joined and allows for proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Telomeres provide terminal stability to chromosomes and ensure their survival. Both centromeres and telomeres play essential roles in maintaining chromosome and genome integrity.
meiosis powerpoint presentation
Meiosis is the process that produces gametes such as sperm and egg cells with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. It occurs in two divisions called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid parent cell. This ensures genetic variation and prevents problems caused by having an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Linkage & Crossing Over
1. Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Linked genes remain in their original combination during inheritance.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis when exchange of genetic material occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of genes.
3. Recombination produces new variations in offspring through the formation of recombinant chromosomes from crossing over. This contributes to genetic variation and evolution.
Chromosome structure
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and play several important roles in the cell. They package and organize the genome, act as the basic units of heredity during cell division, and determine traits by controlling which genes are expressed. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other components. In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes, which condense into chromatin and further condense into visible chromosomes during cell division. Prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes while eukaryotes chromosomes are linear and located within the nucleus. Chromosomes ensure accurate replication and transmission of genetic material between parent and daughter cells.
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Chromosome
Chromosomes are structures that package and organize DNA and associated proteins. In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form chromatin, which condenses into linear or circular chromosomes. Key features of eukaryotic chromosomes include centromeres, telomeres, and repetitive sequences. Chromosomes are compacted through DNA supercoiling and packaging into nucleosomes. The structure and packaging of chromosomes allows for efficient storage and regulation of the genetic material.
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Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, for sexual reproduction. It reduces the chromosome number by half to maintain the diploid number between generations. Mitosis cannot be used for this purpose because it would double the chromosome number with each cell division. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - with each division receiving a Roman numeral designation. The first division separates homologous chromosome pairs, while the second separates sister chromatids, ultimately resulting in four haploid cells.
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1. Trisomy occurs when there are three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies, due to errors during meiosis.
2. Trisomies can be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the nature of the extra chromosome. Primary trisomies involve a completely extra homologous chromosome, while secondary trisomies have a chromosome arm duplicated. Tertiary trisomies involve an extra chromosome with segments from two different chromosomes.
3. The first case of a trisomy was observed in jimson weed in 1924, and trisomies can produce variable effects on phenotypes in plants.
Chromosome structure
1. Viral genomes contain DNA or RNA and are packaged into capsids through assembly processes. Bacterial chromosomes contain genes and other sequences compacted by looping and supercoiling.
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Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and play several important roles in the cell. They package and organize the genome, act as the basic units of heredity during cell division, and determine traits by controlling which genes are expressed. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other components. In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes, which condense into chromatin and further condense into visible chromosomes during cell division. Prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes while eukaryotes chromosomes are linear and located within the nucleus. Chromosomes ensure accurate replication and transmission of genetic material between parent and daughter cells.
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The chromosome theory of inheritance states that chromosomes contain genes and are responsible for Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment during meiosis. Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiments with fruit flies led to the discovery of sex linkage, where genes on the X chromosome show different inheritance patterns between males and females. Nettie Stevens' analysis of beetle karyotypes revealed that females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome, establishing the sex chromosome system. Morgan then used this information to propose X-linked inheritance for white eye color in fruit flies, providing support for the chromosome theory of inheritance.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876 while studying sea urchin eggs. Meiosis involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. This reduces the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. This ensures offspring receive a unique set of chromosomes from each parent.
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Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and occurs in somatic (body) cells. The DNA replicates and chromosomes condense and separate into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes through two cell divisions and occurs in sex cells. During meiosis, one round of DNA replication is followed by two cell divisions, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. The major difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis maintains chromosome number while meiosis halves the chromosome number.
Meiosis and genetic variation (first ppt)
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, that pair up during meiosis. Sister chromatids are identical copies of the same replicated chromosome. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, completing meiotic cell division with four haploid daughter cells each containing one representative from each homologous pair of the original cell.
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The document discusses the cell nucleus, providing details on its history, characteristics, structure, and functions. It describes how the nucleus was discovered in 1831 and named by Robert Brown. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found at the center of eukaryotic cells that can vary in shape and size depending on the cell. It houses genetic material in the form of chromatin and chromosomes and directs protein synthesis, cell growth and regulation, and transportation between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains a nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin, and DNA and serves as the command center of the cell.
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This document discusses cell division through mitosis and asexual reproduction. It begins by outlining the essential questions and vocabulary. It then explains that mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell. The four main steps of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Asexual reproduction is any form of reproduction that does not involve fusion of gametes and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.
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Chromosome
Chromosomes are structures that package and organize DNA and associated proteins. In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form chromatin, which condenses into linear or circular chromosomes. Key features of eukaryotic chromosomes include centromeres, telomeres, and repetitive sequences. Chromosomes are compacted through DNA supercoiling and packaging into nucleosomes. The structure and packaging of chromosomes allows for efficient storage and regulation of the genetic material.
Mitosis
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Meosis
Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, for sexual reproduction. It reduces the chromosome number by half to maintain the diploid number between generations. Mitosis cannot be used for this purpose because it would double the chromosome number with each cell division. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - with each division receiving a Roman numeral designation. The first division separates homologous chromosome pairs, while the second separates sister chromatids, ultimately resulting in four haploid cells.
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The document summarizes the process of sexual reproduction through meiosis. It explains that meiosis involves two cell divisions that reduce the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid. This allows for the formation of gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes. When gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting zygote is diploid again. Meiosis leads to genetic variation through processes like independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over.
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1. Trisomy occurs when there are three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies, due to errors during meiosis.
2. Trisomies can be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the nature of the extra chromosome. Primary trisomies involve a completely extra homologous chromosome, while secondary trisomies have a chromosome arm duplicated. Tertiary trisomies involve an extra chromosome with segments from two different chromosomes.
3. The first case of a trisomy was observed in jimson weed in 1924, and trisomies can produce variable effects on phenotypes in plants.
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Lec 11 Habitat
1) The document discusses the migration and habitat choices of white sharks, including their use of pelagic habitats in the subtropical gyre and migration between Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions.
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3) Their migrations and habitat usage may be related to finding food resources, escaping winter conditions, or potentially mating and giving birth, though the reasons for their extensive pelagic migrations are not fully understood.
Animal Behavior: Habitat selection sudeshrathod
Animal Behavior: Habitat selection sudeshrathodDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc. Chromosomes
This document summarizes key information about chromosomes. It defines chromosomes as carriers of genetic information visible during cell division. It describes the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote chromosomes. It discusses chromosome number, size, and types (autosomes and sex chromosomes). It explains cell division processes like meiosis and fertilization. It provides examples of human chromosomal abnormalities including both numerical disorders like Down syndrome and structural disorders. It describes chromosome structure and banding patterns used to identify chromosomes. It concludes with references for further reading.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and protein found in cells. They contain genes and other sequences that control functions. Chromosomes come in two types - prokaryotic chromosomes are usually circular DNA molecules while eukaryotic chromosomes contain linear DNA molecules organized into multiple structures. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins. The DNA is tightly coiled and packaged into nucleosomes, which further coil to form higher-order structures. Centromeres and telomeres play important roles in cell division and chromosome stability. Chromosome number and structure can vary between species and provide insights into evolution.
organization of DNA in chromosomes.
Chromosomes contain an organism's genetic material and come in different structures depending on the organism. Bacteria typically have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. Genetic material is highly compacted through various mechanisms to fit inside cells. In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which further compact to form a 30nm fiber and loop domains that attach to a nuclear matrix, compacting the DNA over 1000-fold to fit in the nucleus.
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Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes total that are arranged in 23 homologous pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells in either a diploid form with two of each chromosome or a haploid form with one. The first 22 chromosome pairs are autosomes, while the 23rd pair determines sex as either XX or XY.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 pairs, with one set from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells as duplicated structures called chromatids connected at the centromere. Each species has a specific number of chromosomes that are either diploid (2 sets) in non-sex cells or haploid (1 set) in sex cells like eggs and sperm. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex as either XX female or XY male.
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Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes total that are arranged in 23 homologous pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells in either a diploid form with two of each chromosome or a haploid form with one. The first 22 chromosome pairs are autosomes, while the 23rd pair determines sex as either XX or XY.
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Chromosomes determine the characteristics transferred from parents to offspring. They are thread-like structures that can be seen during cell division. Chromosomes contain DNA and are made up of chromatids joined at the centromere. Autosomes determine the body's characteristics while sex chromosomes determine gender, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and Y chromosome. Cells are either haploid with half the number of chromosomes during gamete formation or diploid with a full set in somatic cells. The number of chromosomes varies between species from yeast's 2 to human's 46.
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Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. The key events of meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over between nonsister chromatids, and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I. This results in genetic variation among gametes and offspring.
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Cell division involves DNA replication and chromosome separation to form new cells. Mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material for cell growth and replacement. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic diversity in offspring from sexual reproduction.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins that store genetic information. They exist in cells only during cell division and unravel into chromatin between divisions. Prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes have multiple larger rod-shaped chromosomes in the nucleus. Humans have 46 chromosomes including 22 homologous chromosome pairs that determine traits and 2 sex chromosomes that determine gender. A karyotype is a picture of a cell's chromosomes arranged by homologous pairs to identify their number and structure.
Human Chromosomes ,Genetics, genetics problems.pptx
Human Chromosomes ,Genetics, genetics problems explain chromosomes and disorder related to chromosomes
Meiosis Notes
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells are produced with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. This ensures genetic variation between parents and offspring and maintains chromosome number from one generation to the next. Errors during meiosis can result in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome, leading to disorders like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell. This allows for genetic variation between offspring of sexual reproduction. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and crossover, exchanging genetic material. The paired chromosomes then separate, followed by the separation of sister chromatids, resulting in four unique gametes. Fertilization of an egg and sperm combines the genetic variation from each parent into a new diploid zygote.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the number of chromosome sets from two to one. Meiosis II then separates the chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with one set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic diversity in the offspring from sexual reproduction.
IB Biology 3.2 Slides: Chromosomes
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes may also contain extra circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histone proteins and contain different genes, existing as homologous chromosome pairs in diploid cells and single copies in haploid cells like eggs and sperm. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species and can be used to determine sex or diagnose conditions like Down syndrome.
Chromosomal basis of genetics
Chromosomes contain a cell's genetic material and come in pairs. They have short and long arms separated by a centromere. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA, RNA, proteins, and ions. DNA is made of four bases that pair together in a double helix structure. During cell division, chromosomes replicate and separate into two identical sets that are distributed into new daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes which combine during fertilization. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, consisting of 22 paired autosomes and an X and Y sex chromosome. Variations in chromosome number or structure can occur and cause genetic disorders.
Meiosis presentation for bsc students pptx
1. Meiosis is a cell division process that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
2. During meiosis, a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes two cell divisions to produce 4 haploid cells each with 23 chromosomes.
3. The first meiotic division, Meiosis I, separates homologous chromosome pairs, reducing the chromosome number from 46 to 23. The second meiotic division, Meiosis II, separates sister chromatids, resulting in 4 haploid cells.
Chromosomes & intro to meiosis 6.1
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in cells from 46 to 23 so that when an egg and sperm fuse during fertilization, the normal number of 46 chromosomes is restored in the resulting zygote. Body cells have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 pairs, while gametes like eggs and sperm only have 23 single chromosomes so that when they join, the child's cells have 46 chromosomes again.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. This results in four daughter cells with half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number.
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes2 (2).ppt
DNA contains genes that code for proteins and RNA. Genes are segments of DNA found on chromosomes in the cell nucleus. Chromosomes are made of DNA coiled around histone proteins. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 pairs, with one set from each parent. Chromosomes contain genes and determine traits through their DNA sequence. Changes to genes through mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer if they alter proteins that regulate the cell cycle.
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Human Chromosomes ,Genetics, genetics problems.pptx
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Introduction to chromosomes
- 1. Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction Introduction to Chromosomes
- 2. Important Words Chromosomes – tightly coiled Strands of DNA wrap packages of DNA; they are rod around proteins called shaped and proteins hold them Histones. together.
- 4. Important Words Chromatid – each half of a chromosome; forms as DNA copies itself before cell division Centromere – holds the chromatids together until they separate
- 5. Important Words How many chromosomes do humans have? Each species has a unique number of chromosomes. 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
- 6. Types of Chromosomes 2 Types of Chromosomes: 1. Sex Chromosomes – are the chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism. Female: XX Male: XY 2. Autosomes – all other chromosomes Humans: 44 autosomal chromosomes
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- 8. Chromosomes Karyotype – is a picture of the chromosomes in a somatic (body) cell. 22 homologous pairs of autosomes. 2 sex chromosomes Is this person male or female? Male: XY Normal or abnormal Normal: 23 pairs
- 9. Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes – two copies of each autosome (maternal and paternal) Homologous chromosomes are the same size, shape, and carry genes for the same trait. Final pair is not numbered: Sex Chromosomes.
- 10. Compare the karyotypes. Record your observations Karyotype A Karyotype B
- 11. Comparisons Karyotype A Karyotype B 19 pairs: Not Human 23 pairs: Human Sex: Male (XY) Sex: Female (XX) Sister chromatids are still Single Copy of each attached at their chromosome. centromeres (these are This picture was taken double copies of each AFTER the cell divided! chromosome). Be prepared to analyze a This is a picture karyotype regardless of BEFORE the cell divided! when the picture of the chromosomes was taken.
- 14. Chromosomes Diploid – cells have two sets (maternal and paternal) of chromosomes. Have all 46 chromosomes. Represented by 2n (means a full set of DNA) Somatic Cells (cells making up the body) Haploid – cells have one set of chromosomes. Have 23 chromosomes. Represented by n (means a half set of DNA) Gametes (reproductive cells : egg and sperm)
- 15. Haploid Cells Reproductive Cells Gametes - sperm and egg cells; they have 23 chromosomes Fertilization 23 in sperm + 23 in egg = 46 in zygote Gametes are produced through Meiosis (cell division results in 4 genetically different cells)
- 16. Diploid Cells Somatic Cells Cells that make up the body of organisms. Somatic Cells are produced through Mitosis (cell division results in 2 genetically identical cells).