This presentation introduces readers to airline industry's two most common networks. It also compares the features of the two and highlights scenarios when one may be more profitable than the other.
The concepts of yield management in the airline industry have an impact on customer feelings of price fairness, also affecting customer loyalty.
Website: tts.com
Blog: blog.tts.com
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International civil aviation organizationShahnur Munna
ICAO have created to promote the safety and efficient development of civil aviation.
The tremendous development of aviation during World War II demonstrated the need for an international organization to assist and regulate international flight for peaceful.
The concepts of yield management in the airline industry have an impact on customer feelings of price fairness, also affecting customer loyalty.
Website: tts.com
Blog: blog.tts.com
Facebook: facebook.tts.com
Linkedin: linkedin.tts.com
Google Plus: googleplus.tts.com
Youtube: youtube.tts.com
International civil aviation organizationShahnur Munna
ICAO have created to promote the safety and efficient development of civil aviation.
The tremendous development of aviation during World War II demonstrated the need for an international organization to assist and regulate international flight for peaceful.
Route Development - it is task of airlines that done by airports, as most of airports in world try to convince airlines to operate and used their airports, the issue, is not the huge facility and or service, but it is a business, if airline does not get a business, then it is no need to operate to that destination.
Passengers prefer airlines because the people want to reach destination faster and safer. Aviation industry is dependent on a number of industries. It is dependent on smooth and effective functioning’s of the different departments. The airlines are dependent on fuel, cabin crew, weather, flight crew, freight, load of the airplanes, flight dispatch scheduling. The Operational Control Centre (OCC) of the airplanes controls the different aspects and oversees the smooth functioning of the different organizations
Name: HARIKRISHNAN U
REGNO:G1811013
TOPIC : AIRPORT OPERATIONS AND AIRPORT FUNCTIONS
COLLEGE: AGRAGAMI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, YELAHANKA, BANGALORE
www.jetlinemarvel.net
This virtual simulation program was developed to help airline management teams understand competitive market dynamics and improve problem solving and decision-making skills.
Find out more at: http://www.iata.org/airline-business-simulation
Describes the following terms with examples
- ASM (Available Seat Miles)
- RPM (Revenue Passenger Miles)
- PLF (Passenger Load Factor)
There is also an exercise at the end to test the reader's knowledge
Route Development - it is task of airlines that done by airports, as most of airports in world try to convince airlines to operate and used their airports, the issue, is not the huge facility and or service, but it is a business, if airline does not get a business, then it is no need to operate to that destination.
Passengers prefer airlines because the people want to reach destination faster and safer. Aviation industry is dependent on a number of industries. It is dependent on smooth and effective functioning’s of the different departments. The airlines are dependent on fuel, cabin crew, weather, flight crew, freight, load of the airplanes, flight dispatch scheduling. The Operational Control Centre (OCC) of the airplanes controls the different aspects and oversees the smooth functioning of the different organizations
Name: HARIKRISHNAN U
REGNO:G1811013
TOPIC : AIRPORT OPERATIONS AND AIRPORT FUNCTIONS
COLLEGE: AGRAGAMI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, YELAHANKA, BANGALORE
www.jetlinemarvel.net
This virtual simulation program was developed to help airline management teams understand competitive market dynamics and improve problem solving and decision-making skills.
Find out more at: http://www.iata.org/airline-business-simulation
Describes the following terms with examples
- ASM (Available Seat Miles)
- RPM (Revenue Passenger Miles)
- PLF (Passenger Load Factor)
There is also an exercise at the end to test the reader's knowledge
Explains in detail what Revenue Passenger Kilometer & Yield is. There are 7 examples to illustrate the explanations. There are 2 exercises to test the reader's knowledge.
Aircraft Air Conditioning And Pressurisation SystemCahit Kutay Uysal
At this presentation, I try to explain aircraft pressurization systems and air conditioning systems. I hope it will be useful source to understand aircraft systems easily.
This is my final thesis project from my senior year at Philadelphia University. I developed new stations for the two new terminals at Philadelphia International Airport as well as updating the existing stations.
This is the tutorial on AI techniques for traffic management presented at the AAAI 2012 conference, Toronto, Canada presented by Biplav Srivastava and Anand Ranganathan.
Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is a data
switching technique for upcoming computer networks,
since this technique can perform data switching and
data processing operations with high speed and
efficiency. Its main goal is to get rid of problems found
in two main techniques, which are, Optical Circuit
Switching (OCS) and Optical Packet Switching (OPS).
Routing deflection methods route bursts to other output
ports, in fact it is not intended to resolve contention. In
OBS, when burst is not programmed on other output
port through routing deflection then it is simply deleted.
To route data to the receiver, the routing deflection does
not resolve all aspects that resulted loss of data;
therefore, the performance of schemes deflection
existence is not acceptable by the systems and so it
closes with deletion any plan to resolving contention,
backtrack if deflection fails (BDF), that is given as a
second opportunity to burst in order to face the failure
through deflection, the blocked bursts will return to the
previous station, to find suitable alternative available
paths.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON END-TOEND DELAY FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN ITSijngnjournal
This paper focuses on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications in VANET. With the development of vehicles and mobile Ad Hoc network technology, the Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. VANET is a special case of MANET, and will play an important role in city road traffic control. It is a challenging problem for searching and maintaining an effective route for transporting data information. Vehicular Ad Hoc network (VANET), is a hot topic applying mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) to ITS in recent years. In the era of wireless computing, VANET communications are gaining a lot of attention. In this paper we provide a simulation and study of the effect of velocity on end-to-end delay for v2v communication in intelligent transportation Systems
DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR USING MOBILE CLOUD COMPU...IAEME Publication
Literature review revealed application of various techniques for efficient use of existing resources in road transport sector vehicles, operators and related facilities. This issue assumes bigger dimensions in situations where there are multiple routes and the demand in the routes is highly fluctuating over the day. The application of the existing techniques as reported in literature addresses above issues to a considerable extent. However the main draw back in existing techniques is lack of
proper uninterrupted information about vehicles and demand available at a central place for allocation of vehicles in different roads and huge computational times required for processing. Cloud computing is a recently developed processing tool that is used in effective utilization of resources in transport sector under dynamic resource allocation.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban
scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Network Introduction
This presentation is an introduction to and a
comparison of the two of the most common
networks in the airline industry
Direct Network (aka Point-to-Point Network) and
Hub & Spoke Network
A network is required to manage all the
routes that an airline has opened to service its
customers
1/5/2012 2
3. Direct Network
A Direct Network is one where there is a
direct service from one airport to another
without a stop in a third airport
It is optimally used under the following
circumstances
Distance between two cities is small
Demand between two cities is high
Total number of cities served by the airline is small
1/5/2012 3
4. Direct Network Advantages
Schedule reliability (aka on time
performance) is high
The direct flight does not have an
interdependency on other flights
This minimizes the “domino effect” where one
delay can multiply into other delays elsewhere in
the network
Aircraft utilization is high
Flights from one airport do not have to feed into
downstream flights at the destination so schedule
can be optimized for maximum aircraft utilization
1/5/2012 4
5. Direct Network Disadvantages
Schedule frequency (number of flights per
day) is low
Due to the actual flight times, there are only so
many flights you can have in a day when going
from A to B
But when you schedule flights to stop at other
cities before going to B from A, then you can have
a lot more options
Number of routes required to cover all cities
as you introduce more cities in the network
1/5/2012 5
6. Direct Network – Route
Addition
When you start off with Direct Network, it
will grow as demonstrated below
If you fly only between 2 cities, you will need
only 1 route
A B
1/5/2012 6
7. Direct Network – Route
Addition
If you now fly between 3 cities, you will need 3
routes (1 existing route + 2 new routes)
A B
C
1/5/2012 7
8. Direct Network – Route
Addition
If you now fly between 4 cities, you will need
6 routes (3 existing routes + 3 new routes)
A B
D C
1/5/2012 8
9. Direct Network – Route
Addition
If you now fly between 5 cities, you will need
10 routes (6 existing routes + 4 new routes)
A B
E
D C
1/5/2012 9
10. Direct Network – Route
Addition
If you now fly between 6 cities, you will need
15 routes (10 existing routes + 5 new routes)
A B
E
F
D C
1/5/2012 10
11. Direct Network Disadvantages
As you can see the number of routes needed
to cover all the cities in Direct Network
increases very quickly
In this network, if there are n cities, there will
be ((n * (n-1)) / 2) routes
This will get very hard to manage very quickly
This will also be very expensive for the airline
as it will need a lot of aircrafts and personnel
to cover this
1/5/2012 11
12. Hub & Spoke Network
A hub is an airport that an airline uses as a
transfer point to get passengers to their
intended destination
Spokes are airports that usually do not have
major traffic for the airline
A hub & spoke network is one where traffic
from spoke cities are routed to their intended
destination via the hubs
1/5/2012 12
13. Hub & Spoke Network
It is optimally used under the following
circumstances
Distance between two cities is large
Demand between two cities is low
Total number of cities served by the airline is large
1/5/2012 13
14. Hub & Spoke Network
Advantages
Schedule frequency (number of flights per
day) is high
By creating routes through hubs, there can be
more flights scheduled for a route giving more
options to passengers
Due to the nature of how hub & spoke
networks work, addition of a new city does
not need too many routes for complete
coverage
1/5/2012 14
15. Hub & Spoke Network – Route
Addition
When you start off with hub & spoke
network, it will grow as demonstrated below
If you fly only between 2 cities, you will need
only 1 route
A B
1/5/2012 15
16. Hub & Spoke Network – Route
Addition
If you fly between 3 cities, you will need 2
routes (1 existing route + 1 new route)
B C
A
1/5/2012 16
17. Hub & Spoke Network – Route
Addition
If you fly between 4 cities, you will need 3
routes (2 existing routes + 1 new route)
B C
A
D
1/5/2012 17
18. Hub & Spoke Network – Route
Addition
If you fly between 5 cities, you will need 4
routes (3 existing routes + 1 new route)
B C
A
E
D
1/5/2012 18
19. Hub & Spoke Network – Route
Addition
If you fly between 6 cities, you will need 5
routes (4 existing routes + 1 new route)
B C
E A F
D
1/5/2012 19
20. Hub & Spoke Network
Advantages
As you can see, the number of routes
required with hub & spoke network are
greatly reduced
In this network, if there are n cities, there will
be (n-1) routes
This reduces costs for the airline as the
number of aircrafts and personnel required
are reduced
1/5/2012 20
21. Hub & Spoke Network
Disadvantages
Schedule reliability (aka on time
performance) is low
This type of a network suffers from
interdependencies on other flights
This leads to the “domino effect” where one delay
can multiply into other delays elsewhere in the
network
1/5/2012 21
22. Hub & Spoke Network
Disadvantages
Aircraft utilization is low
Flights from one airport usually have to feed into
downstream flights so schedules have to match so
there are no missed connections
This restriction leads to lower flight utilization
Additional delays arise when the traffic at the
hub city has exceeded its limits
1/5/2012 22
23. Improving on Hub & Spoke
Network
One way to deal with increased traffic is to try
to reduce traffic by increasing the fare
Another way is to start diagnosing the traffic
patterns to see which spoke cities do the
travelers go most to and from which spoke
city
It may be wise to create a direct route
between these cities to ease the traffic at the
hub city
1/5/2012 23
24. Improving on Hub & Spoke
Network
Lets take the example of our 6 city network
described earlier
B C
E A F
D
1/5/2012 24
25. Improving on Hub & Spoke
Network
As you can see, there is a significant amount
of traffic going from E to B via A. In this case,
it makes sense to create a separate route
from E to B. This will ease the traffic on A.
This does not mean that we close the existing
routes of E to A and B to A. They are still
required to go to A and other cities connected
from A.
1/5/2012 25
26. Improving on Hub & Spoke
Network
Here, a direct route has been added from E to
B B C
E A F
D
1/5/2012 26
27. Improving on Hub & Spoke
Network
Another way of dealing with congestion in
the hub may be to create another hub
This depends on a number of things
Is the infrastructure at the potential new hub
capable of handling the additional traffic?
Are there enough spoke cities whose traffic can be
diverted to this new hub without rendering the
existing hub unproductive?
How will the two hubs be connected?
1/5/2012 27
28. Summary - Network Comparison
Points Direct Network Hub & Spoke Network
Distance between two Small Large
cities
Demand between two High Low
cities
Number of cities served Small Large
Schedule frequency Low High
(number of flights per
day)
Schedule reliability (on High Low
time performance)
Cost to airlines as routes High Low
grow
Aircraft Utilization High Low
1/5/2012 28
29. References
Handbook of Airline Economics, Second
Edition, Executive Editor - Darryl Jenkins,
published by Aviation Week, ISBN 007-
982394-7,
http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Airline-
Economics-Darryl-
Jenkins/dp/0079823947/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&
ie=UTF8&qid=1325406665&sr=1-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-
point_transit
1/5/2012 29
30. References
Airline Network Design by Phillip J. Lederer &
Ramakrishnan S. Nambimadom,
http://www.simon.rochester.edu/fac/lederer/
SimonFacultyWeb/LedererPapers/AirlineNet
workDesign.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoke-
hub_distribution_paradigm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub
1/5/2012 30