Today, many institutions and organizations are facing serious problem due to the tremendously increasing
size of documents, and this problem is further triggering the storage and retrieval problems due to the
continuously growing space and efficiency requirements. This problem is becoming more complex with
time and the increase in the size and number of documents in an organization. Therefore, there is a
growing demand to address this problem. This demand and challenge can be met by developing a
technique to enable specialized document imaging people to use when there is a need for storing
documents images. Thus, we need special and efficient storage techniques for this type of information
storage (IS) systems.
In this paper, we present an efficient storage technique for electronic documents. The proposed technique
uses the Information Pixels concept to make the technique more efficient for certain image formats. In
addition, we shall see how Storing Information Pixels Addresses ( SIPA ) method is an efficient method for
document storage and as a result makes the document image storage relatively efficient for most image
formats.
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classi...IJERA Editor
Lossless image compression is needed in many fields like medical imaging, telemetry, geophysics, remote
sensing and other applications, which require exact replica of original image and loss of information is not
tolerable. In this paper, a near lossless image compression algorithm based on row by row classifier with
encoding schemes like Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), Huffman and Run Length Encoding (RLE) on color images
is proposed. The algorithm divides the image into three parts R, G and B, apply row by row classification on
each part and result of this classification is records in the mask image. After classification the image data is
decomposed into two sequences each for R, G and B and mask image is hidden in them. These sequences are
encoded using different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman and RLE. An exhaustive comparative analysis is
performed to evaluate these techniques, which reveals that the pro
Design of Efficient High Speed Vedic Multiplierijsrd.com
Multipliers are extensively used in Microprocessors, DSP and Communication applications. For higher order multiplications, a huge number of adders are to be used to perform the partial product addition. This paper proposed the design of high speed Vedic Multiplier using the techniques of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics that have been modified to improve performance. Vedic Mathematics is the ancient system of mathematics which has a unique technique of calculations based on 16 Sutras. The work has proved the efficiency of Urdhva Triyagbhyam. It enables parallel generation of intermediate products, eliminates unwanted multiplication steps. Urdhva tiryakbhyam Sutra is most efficient Sutra (Algorithm), giving minimum delay for multiplication of all types of numbers, either small or large.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classi...IJERA Editor
Lossless image compression is needed in many fields like medical imaging, telemetry, geophysics, remote
sensing and other applications, which require exact replica of original image and loss of information is not
tolerable. In this paper, a near lossless image compression algorithm based on row by row classifier with
encoding schemes like Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), Huffman and Run Length Encoding (RLE) on color images
is proposed. The algorithm divides the image into three parts R, G and B, apply row by row classification on
each part and result of this classification is records in the mask image. After classification the image data is
decomposed into two sequences each for R, G and B and mask image is hidden in them. These sequences are
encoded using different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman and RLE. An exhaustive comparative analysis is
performed to evaluate these techniques, which reveals that the pro
Design of Efficient High Speed Vedic Multiplierijsrd.com
Multipliers are extensively used in Microprocessors, DSP and Communication applications. For higher order multiplications, a huge number of adders are to be used to perform the partial product addition. This paper proposed the design of high speed Vedic Multiplier using the techniques of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics that have been modified to improve performance. Vedic Mathematics is the ancient system of mathematics which has a unique technique of calculations based on 16 Sutras. The work has proved the efficiency of Urdhva Triyagbhyam. It enables parallel generation of intermediate products, eliminates unwanted multiplication steps. Urdhva tiryakbhyam Sutra is most efficient Sutra (Algorithm), giving minimum delay for multiplication of all types of numbers, either small or large.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
With the onslaught of multimedia in the near past, there has been a tremendous increase in the uses of images. A very good example of which is the web on which most of the documents contain images. Other than this the images are being used in other applications like weather forecasting, medical diagnosis, police department. In R-Tree implementation of image database, images are made available to the program which are then stores in the database. The image database is presented using R-tree and the database is stored in separate file .This R-tree implementation results in both update as well as efficient retrieval of images from hard disk [1][2][4]. We use the similarity based retrieval feature to retrieve the required number of similar images being inquired by the user [3][5][6]. Distance matrix approach is used to find similarity of images [7]. Sobel edge detection algorithm is used to form sketches. If sketch of image is entered for similarity based retrieval, then sketches of stored images are formed and these sketches are compared with input image (sketch) using distance matrix approach[8][9].
Implementation of an arithmetic logic using area efficient carry lookahead adderVLSICS Design
An arithmetic logic unit acts as the basic building blocks or cell of a central processing unit of a computer.
And it is a digital circuit comprised of the basic electronics components, which is used to perform various
function of arithmetic and logic and integral operations further the purpose of this work is to propose the
design of an 8-bit ALU which supports 4-bit multiplication. Thus, the functionalities of the ALU in this
study consist of following main functions like addition also subtraction, increment, decrement, AND, OR,
NOT, XOR, NOR also two complement generation Multiplication. And the functions with the adder in the
airthemetic logic unit are implemented using a Carry Look Ahead adder joined by a ripple carry approach.
The design of the following multiplier is achieved using the Booths Algorithm therefore the proposed ALU
can be designed by using verilog or VHDL and can also be designed on Cadence Virtuoso platform.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Compare "Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Multiplier" and "Hierarchical Array of Array Mul...ijsrd.com
Multipliers are extensively used in Microprocessors, DSP and Communication applications. For higher order multiplications, a huge number of adders are to be used to perform the partial product addition. The need of high speed multiplier is increasing as the need of high speed processors are increasing. In this project, comparative study of different multipliers is done for high speed. The project includes two 4x4 bit Vedic Multiplier (VM) "Urdhva Tiryakbhyam multiplier" and "Hierarchical Array of Array Multiplier" of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics which are compared in terms of their speed. Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra increases the speed of multiplier by reducing the number of iterations then Hierarchical Array of Array Multiplier.
This article got published in the Software Developer's Journal's February Edition.
It describes the use of MapReduce paradigm to design Clustering algorithms and explain three algorithms using MapReduce.
- K-Means Clustering
- Canopy Clustering
- MinHash Clustering
Efficient & Secure Data Hiding Using Secret Reference MatrixIJNSA Journal
Steganography is the science of secret message delivery using cover media. The cover carriers can be image, video, sound or text data. A digital image is a flexible medium used to carry a secret message because the slight modification of a cover image is hard to distinguish by human eyes. The proposed method is inspired from Chang method of Secret Reference Matrix. The data is hidden in 8 bit gray scale image using 256 X 256 matrix which is constructed by using 4 x 4 table with unrepeated digits from 0~15. The proposed method has high hiding capacity, better stego-image quality, requires little calculation and is easy to implement.
Fuzzy Type Image Fusion Using SPIHT Image Compression TechniqueIJERA Editor
This paper presents a fuzzy type image fusion technique using Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT).
It is concluded that fusion with higher single levels provides better fusion quality. This technique can be used
for fusion of fuzzy images as well as multi model image fusion. The proposed algorithm is very simple, easy to
implement and could be used for real time applications. This is paper also provided comparatively studied
between proposed and previous existing technique and validation of the proposed algorithm as Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH SPEED BAUGH-WOOLEY MULTIPLIER USING DECOMPOSITION...eeiej_journal
The Baugh-Wooley algorithm is a well-known iterative algorithm for performing multiplication in digital signal processing applications. Decomposition logic is used with Baugh-Wooley algorithm to enhance the
speed and to reduce the critical path delay. In this paper a high speed multiplier is designed and implemented using decomposition logic and Baugh-Wooley algorithm. The result is compared with booth multiplier. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3
device.
The Baugh-Wooley algorithm is a well-known iterative algorithm for performing multiplication in digital signal processing applications. Decomposition logic is used with Baugh-Wooley algorithm to enhance the speed and to reduce the critical path delay. In this paper a high speed multiplier is designed and implemented using decomposition logic and Baugh-Wooley algorithm. The result is compared with booth
multiplier. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3 device.
With the onslaught of multimedia in the near past, there has been a tremendous increase in the uses of images. A very good example of which is the web on which most of the documents contain images. Other than this the images are being used in other applications like weather forecasting, medical diagnosis, police department. In R-Tree implementation of image database, images are made available to the program which are then stores in the database. The image database is presented using R-tree and the database is stored in separate file .This R-tree implementation results in both update as well as efficient retrieval of images from hard disk [1][2][4]. We use the similarity based retrieval feature to retrieve the required number of similar images being inquired by the user [3][5][6]. Distance matrix approach is used to find similarity of images [7]. Sobel edge detection algorithm is used to form sketches. If sketch of image is entered for similarity based retrieval, then sketches of stored images are formed and these sketches are compared with input image (sketch) using distance matrix approach[8][9].
Implementation of an arithmetic logic using area efficient carry lookahead adderVLSICS Design
An arithmetic logic unit acts as the basic building blocks or cell of a central processing unit of a computer.
And it is a digital circuit comprised of the basic electronics components, which is used to perform various
function of arithmetic and logic and integral operations further the purpose of this work is to propose the
design of an 8-bit ALU which supports 4-bit multiplication. Thus, the functionalities of the ALU in this
study consist of following main functions like addition also subtraction, increment, decrement, AND, OR,
NOT, XOR, NOR also two complement generation Multiplication. And the functions with the adder in the
airthemetic logic unit are implemented using a Carry Look Ahead adder joined by a ripple carry approach.
The design of the following multiplier is achieved using the Booths Algorithm therefore the proposed ALU
can be designed by using verilog or VHDL and can also be designed on Cadence Virtuoso platform.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Compare "Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Multiplier" and "Hierarchical Array of Array Mul...ijsrd.com
Multipliers are extensively used in Microprocessors, DSP and Communication applications. For higher order multiplications, a huge number of adders are to be used to perform the partial product addition. The need of high speed multiplier is increasing as the need of high speed processors are increasing. In this project, comparative study of different multipliers is done for high speed. The project includes two 4x4 bit Vedic Multiplier (VM) "Urdhva Tiryakbhyam multiplier" and "Hierarchical Array of Array Multiplier" of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics which are compared in terms of their speed. Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra increases the speed of multiplier by reducing the number of iterations then Hierarchical Array of Array Multiplier.
This article got published in the Software Developer's Journal's February Edition.
It describes the use of MapReduce paradigm to design Clustering algorithms and explain three algorithms using MapReduce.
- K-Means Clustering
- Canopy Clustering
- MinHash Clustering
Efficient & Secure Data Hiding Using Secret Reference MatrixIJNSA Journal
Steganography is the science of secret message delivery using cover media. The cover carriers can be image, video, sound or text data. A digital image is a flexible medium used to carry a secret message because the slight modification of a cover image is hard to distinguish by human eyes. The proposed method is inspired from Chang method of Secret Reference Matrix. The data is hidden in 8 bit gray scale image using 256 X 256 matrix which is constructed by using 4 x 4 table with unrepeated digits from 0~15. The proposed method has high hiding capacity, better stego-image quality, requires little calculation and is easy to implement.
Fuzzy Type Image Fusion Using SPIHT Image Compression TechniqueIJERA Editor
This paper presents a fuzzy type image fusion technique using Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT).
It is concluded that fusion with higher single levels provides better fusion quality. This technique can be used
for fusion of fuzzy images as well as multi model image fusion. The proposed algorithm is very simple, easy to
implement and could be used for real time applications. This is paper also provided comparatively studied
between proposed and previous existing technique and validation of the proposed algorithm as Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH SPEED BAUGH-WOOLEY MULTIPLIER USING DECOMPOSITION...eeiej_journal
The Baugh-Wooley algorithm is a well-known iterative algorithm for performing multiplication in digital signal processing applications. Decomposition logic is used with Baugh-Wooley algorithm to enhance the
speed and to reduce the critical path delay. In this paper a high speed multiplier is designed and implemented using decomposition logic and Baugh-Wooley algorithm. The result is compared with booth multiplier. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3
device.
The Baugh-Wooley algorithm is a well-known iterative algorithm for performing multiplication in digital signal processing applications. Decomposition logic is used with Baugh-Wooley algorithm to enhance the speed and to reduce the critical path delay. In this paper a high speed multiplier is designed and implemented using decomposition logic and Baugh-Wooley algorithm. The result is compared with booth
multiplier. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3 device.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF BACKINKING AS AN EFFICIENT MODEL FOR DOCUMENT RETR...IJITCA Journal
Today, many institutions and organizations are facing serious problem due to the tremendously increasing size of documents, and this problem is further triggering the storage and retrieval problems due to the continuously growing space and efficiency requirements. This increase in the size and number of documents is becoming a complex problem in most offices. Therefore, there is a demand to address this challenging problem. This can be met by developing a technique to enable specialized document imaging people to use when there is a need for storing documents images. Thus, there is a need for an efficient retrieval technique for this type of information retrieval (IR) systems.
INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION PIXELS AND THE SIPA (STORING INFORMATI...IJITCA Journal
Today, many institutions and organizations are facing serious problem due to the tremendously increasing size of documents, and this problem is further triggering the storage and retrieval problems due to the continuously growing space and efficiency requirements. This problem is becoming more complex with time and the increase in the size and number of documents in an organization. Therefore, there is a growing demand to address this problem. This demand and challenge can be met by developing a technique to enable specialized document imaging people to use when there is a need for storing documents images. Thus, we need special and efficient storage techniques for this type of information storage (IS) systems. In this paper, we present an efficient storage technique for electronic documents. The proposed technique uses the Information Pixels concept to make the technique more efficient for certain image formats. In addition, we shall see how Storing Information Pixels Addresses ( SIPA ) method is an efficient method for document storage and as a result makes the document image storage relatively efficient for most image formats.
INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF BACKINKING AS AN EFFICIENT MODEL FOR DOCUMENT RET...IJITCA Journal
Today, many institutions and organizations are facing serious problem due to the tremendously increasing size of documents, and this problem is further triggering the storage and retrieval problems due to the continuously growing space and efficiency requirements. This increase in the size and number of documents is becoming a complex problem in most offices. Therefore, there is a demand to address this challenging problem. This can be met by developing a technique to enable specialized document imaging people to use when there is a need for storing documents images. Thus, there is a need for an efficient retrieval technique for this type of information retrieval (IR) systems.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES IN CONTENT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVALcscpconf
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time. Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as compared with other two techniques.
A comparative analysis of retrieval techniques in content based image retrievalcsandit
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image
Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in
image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to
help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach
for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen
Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using
edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the
particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time.
Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and
comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as
compared with other two techniques.
Wavelet-Based Warping Technique for Mobile Devicescsandit
The role of digital images is increasing rapidly in
mobile devices. They are used in many
applications including virtual tours, virtual reali
ty, e-commerce etc. Such applications
synthesize realistic looking novel views of the ref
erence images on mobile devices using the
techniques like image-based rendering (IBR). Howeve
r, with this increasing role of digital
images comes the serious issue of processing large
images which requires considerable time.
Hence, methods to compress these large images are v
ery important. Wavelets are excellent data
compression tools that can be used with IBR algorit
hms to generate the novel views of
compressed image data. This paper proposes a framew
ork that uses wavelet-based warping
technique to render novel views of compressed image
s on mobile/ handheld devices. The
experiments are performed using Android Development
Tools (ADT) which shows the proposed
framework gives better results for large images in
terms of rendering time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Symmetric Image Encryption Algorithm Using 3D Rossler System........................................................1
Vishnu G. Kamat and Madhu Sharma
Node Monitoring with Fellowship Model against Black Hole Attacks in MANET.................................... 14
Rutuja Shah, M.Tech (I.T.-Networking), Lakshmi Rani, M.Tech (I.T.-Networking) and S. Sumathy, AP [SG]
Load Balancing using Peers in an E-Learning Environment ...................................................................... 22
Maria Dominic and Sagayaraj Francis
E-Transparency and Information Sharing in the Public Sector ................................................................ 30
Edison Lubua (PhD)
A Survey of Frequent Subgraphs and Subtree Mining Methods ............................................................. 39
Hamed Dinari and Hassan Naderi
A Model for Implementation of IT Service Management in Zimbabwean State Universities ................ 58
Munyaradzi Zhou, Caroline Ruvinga, Samuel Musungwini and Tinashe Gwendolyn Zhou
Present a Way to Find Frequent Tree Patterns using Inverted Index ..................................................... 66
Saeid Tajedi and Hasan Naderi
An Approach for Customer Satisfaction: Evaluation and Validation ....................................................... 79
Amina El Kebbaj and A. Namir
Spam Detection in Twitter – A Review...................................................................................................... 92
C. Divya Gowri and Professor V. Mohanraj
Template matching is a basic method in image analysis to extract useful information from images. In this
paper, we suggest a new method for pattern matching. Our method transform the template image from two
dimensional image into one dimensional vector. Also all sub-windows (same size of template) in the
reference image will transform into one dimensional vectors. The three similarity measures SAD, SSD, and
Euclidean are used to compute the likeness between template and all sub-windows in the reference image
to find the best match. The experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed method
over the conventional methods on various template of different sizes.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
Information Technology Convergence Services & AI (ITCAI 2024)IJITCA Journal
Welcome to ITCAI 2024
** Registration is currently open **
Submit Your Research Articles...!!!
International Conference on Information Technology Convergence Services & AI (ITCAI 2024)
September 14 ~ 15, 2024, Virtual Conference
https://itca2024.org/
Submission Deadline : June 01, 2024
Contact us:
Here's where you can reach us : itca@itca2024.org or itcaiconf@gmail.com
Submission Link:
https://itca2024.org/submission/index.php
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The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
2 nd International Conference on Soft Computing, Data mining and Data Scienc...IJITCA Journal
2
nd International Conference on Soft Computing, Data mining and Data Science (SCDD
2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in
theory, methodology and applications of Soft Computing, Data mining, and Data Science.
The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Soft Computing,
Data mining, and Data Science in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the
Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia
as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the Conference by submitting articles that illustrate
research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant
advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
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SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Introducing the Concept of Back-Inking as an Efficient Model for Document Retrieval (Image Reconstruction)
1. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF BACKINKING AS AN EFFICIENT MODEL FOR
DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL
( IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION )
Mohammad A. ALGhalayini
Computer and Information Unit Director
Vice Rectorate for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Today, many institutions and organizations are facing serious problem due to the tremendously increasing
size of documents, and this problem is further triggering the storage and retrieval problems due to the
continuously growing space and efficiency requirements. This increase in the size and number of
documents is becoming a complex problem in most offices. Therefore, there is a demand to address this
challenging problem. This can be met by developing a technique to enable specialized document imaging
people to use when there is a need for storing documents images. Thus, there is a need for an efficient
retrieval technique for this type of information retrieval (IR) systems.
In this paper, we present an efficient retrieval technique for electronic documents. TheBack-Inking concept
is proposed as an efficient technique for certain image formats. The use of this approach is a continuation
of the SIPA [32]approach which was presented in an earlier paper as an efficient method for document
storage,and as a result makes the image retrieval relatively efficient.
KEYWORDS
Information Pixels, Document Retrieval, Document Segmentation, Image Formats, Back-Inking
1. INTRODUCTION
By using SIPA technique, we learned how we can store the addresses of information pixels and
how it helps in minimizing the storage size of the image components. We also analyzed the time
consumed to convert an image from its respective format into an array of addresses.
There is a practical significance of this analysis. By converting an image into our format, we are
saving the image not as an array with pixel intensity values but as an array with the addresses of
information pixels. The time taken to convert the image into such an array is in reality the time
taken to save the image in our format. Analogously, if retrieving the image saved in our format is
the purpose, in reality we will be converting the array of addresses of information pixels into an
image. The time taken to open the image saved in our format must be equivalent to converting the
DOI:10.5121/ijitca.2013.3402
21
2. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
array into an image. In this research paper, we retrieve the image from the array of addresses by
applying a technique that we shall call "Back-Inking".
2. BACK-INKING ALGORITHM
As the name implies, in this technique, we work backwards and replace an information pixel to
where the address in the array points to. The addresses of information pixels are stored in the
array. Every row in the array is made up of 2 elements. The first element is a pointer that points to
the row and the second element is a pointer that points to a column. Together, they work as a 2dimansional pointer pointing to the original location of the information pixel in an image.
The algorithm places a black pixel at the address pointed by the array and the remaining pixels
are white.
The Back-Inking Algorithm does the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
An array of size (mX n) is formed with all values in it being 256. This represents an image
with all pixels white. Let us call it image R. Here m and n are the corresponding numbers
of rows and columns( the coordinates ) in the original image.
The algorithm reads the first row in the array of addresses.It contains 2 elements.
It points to the row in image R correspondingto the first element among the 2 values read.
It then points to the column in image R corresponding to the second element among the 2
values read.
This pixel formed by the row-column intersection of addresses is replaced with the value
0.
The algorithm next reads the second row in the array of addresses and points to the pixel
corresponding to that address in image R. This pixel value is replaced by 0.
The process repeats till the algorithm reads all rows in the array of addresses and replaces
the pixels in image R corresponding to those addresses by 0.
Example: Let us simulate this algorithm for a BMP image with 150 pixels per inch.
Step 1: Create an array of size (1327 X 1004) with each value in it being 256. This image is called
R.
This represents an image with intensity 256 all through. Hence the image is white. This is an
initialization process. We replace white pixels with black ones according to the address stored in
the array.
Step 2: The first element in the array of addresses corresponding to this image is read.
We have seen in previous research paper [32] that the array of addresses that corresponds to a
BMP image of 150 pixels per inch has a size of (43266 X 2). Let us call this array Array1. The
first row of the array gets read, that is, Array1(1,1) and Array1(1,2).
Array1 (1,1)=1; Array (1,2)=241;
Step 3: The algorithm points to the first row in image R.
This is because it points to the row in image R corresponding to the first element read, that is,
Array1 (1,1)=1.
Step 4: It then points to the 241st column in image R.
22
3. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
This is because it points to the column in image R corresponding to the second element read, that
is,
Array1 (1,2)=241.
Step 5: The pixel formed by the row-column intersection in step 3 and in step 4 is replaced by a 0.
Intensity 0 corresponds to black. We have now replaced a black pixel at location (1,241).
Step 6: The same process repeats for each row of Array1 and hence all addresses present in
Array1 are replaced by a 0 in image R, that is, a black pixel in image R. We shall call this the
"Back-Inking Process".
3. MATLAB SIMULATION OF BACK-INKING ALGORITHM
Previously, we have used MATLAB to store the image in the form of an array of addresses. We
will now simulate the conversion of array of addresses into an image in MATLAB.A snippet of
the code that is used for reconstruction of the image is shown below.
% Start counter to keep a tab of the time
tic;
% Reconstructed array
Rearray=uint8(255*ones(m,n));
for l=1:lgth
rearray(Array(l,1),Array(l,2))=0;
end
figure(2)
imshow(rearray)
% End of time counter
toc;
1. Here tic and toc commands are used to keep a tab of the time. They return the time taken
to convert the array of addresses into an image.
2. Rearray=uint8(255*ones(m,n));
We initialize the reconstructed image (calledrearray) with all intensity values 255.
Here
m- Number of rows in the image;
n- Number of columns in the image;
ones (m,n) will create an array of size (m X n) with all values in it being 1.
255*ones(m,n) will multiply each value in the array ones (m,n) by 255. Hence each value in the
array is now initialized to 255.
uint 8 is a function used to convert numbers from any data type to the type- uint8. This is because
images are supposed to be in the form uint8 in MATLAB. uint8 has a range (0 – 255) which
matches the intensity range in 8-bit grayscale images.
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4. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
1. for l=1:lgth
rearray(Array(l,1),Array(l,2))=0;
end
This part of the program is used to replace each pixel in the image rearraywith an intensity value
0. The address of the pixel is pointed by the array of addresses (called Array).
Here lgth= number of rows in the array.
The for loop:
for l=1:lgth
………
End
executes the statement within the loop #lgth number of times and in each iteration, the value of l
is incremented by 1. The start value of l is 1 and its stop value is #lgth.
The statement within the for loop is:
Rearray(Array(l,1),Array(l,2))=0
As explained in the example above, the initial value in the for loop is Array(1,1)=1 and
Array(1,2)=241.
Here,
rearray(Array(l,1),Array(l,2)), i.e., rearray(1,241)=0;
For each iteration in the for loop, successive values of addresses stored in Array are read and the
corresponding values in rearray are replaced by 0. Since the for loop ends at l=lgth, the last
iteration is executed till the last element in Array is read and a 0 is replaced in its corresponding
location in the image.
2. Imshow(rearray) is used to display the reconstructed image.
The same snippet of code can be used for all image formats with different dpi and for both full
body segments of the scanned document image and the whole A4 scanned document image types.
For the same dpi, since the size of the full body image is smaller than that of an A4 size image;
the number of information pixels in a full body image is lesser, the size of its corresponding array
of addresses is smaller and hence it will take lesser time to be reconstructed into an image when
compared to its A4 counterpart.
24
5. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
Table ( 1 ) below shows the reconstruction time and the average viewable mark of the reconstructed images
for different resolutions of the Whole KSU Document images.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
IMAGE
FORMAT
( TYPE )
GIF
BMP
JPG
TIF
IMAGE
RESOLUTION
( DPI )
RECONTRUCTION
TIME ( Seconds )
IMAGE
EVALUATION
POINTS ( 10 )
75
100
150
200
75
100
150
200
75
100
150
200
75
100
150
200
1.8223
1.6245
7.8764
23.4180
0.8154
1.7831
8.4214
24.2599
1.4210
3.6006
14.6970
59.8907
0.7510
1.5989
7.7328
19.2055
6.2
6.9
8.9
9.7
7.8
8.6
9.2
9.6
5.9
7.1
8.6
9.1
6.3
7.9
8.9
9.6
IMAGE
Table ( 1 )
4 . MATLAB CODES AND RECONSTRUCTED IMAGES
Now we are ready to see the MATLAB codes and reconstructed images for the examined image
types for different image resolutions for both the whole KSU A4 document and for the Full Body
Segment images.
The code below is the code for reconstructing ( Back-Inking ) the whole A4 Document ( .gif )
format image scanned with ( 150 ) dpi.
clear all; close all; clc;
tic;
RGBimage = imread( 'C:UsersALGhalayini_rn a4sizegiffull page 256 colors 8bit 150.gif ,
'gif' );
GRAYimage = RGBimage;
figure ( 1 ) ;
imshow ( GRAYimage ) ;
25
6. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
m = length ( GRAYimage ) ;
n = length ( GRAYimage ( 1 , : ) ) ;
total_pixels = m * n;
k = 1;
fori = 1 : m
for j = 1 : n
ifGRAYimage ( i , j ) < 128
Array1 ( 1 , k ) = i; Array2 ( 1 , k ) = j;
k = k + 1;
end
end
end
Array = [Array1' Array2'];
Toc
Table ( 2 ) below shows the reconstruction time and the average viewable mark of the reconstructed images
for different resolutions of the Full Body Segment Images.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
IMAGE
FORMAT
( TYPE )
GIF
BMP
JPG
TIF
IMAGE
RESOLUTION
( DPI )
RECONTRUCTION
TIME ( Seconds )
IMAGE
EVALUATION
POINTS ( 10 )
75
100
150
200
75
100
150
200
75
100
150
200
75
100
150
200
0.6415
1.4724
6.1677
12.8715
0.7326
1.4580
6.1659
12.6825
0.7860
1.7775
6.8940
12.8280
0.6282
1.4001
6.1385
12.9299
5.1
6.8
9.0
9.7
4.1
5.9
8.1
9.1
6.4
7.1
8.9
9.8
6.3
7.1
8.5
9.2
IMAGE
Table ( 2 )
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7. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
Figure ( 1 ) below shows the reconstructed Image after applying the Back-Inking Method the whole A4
Document ( .gif ) format image scanned with (150) dpi
Figure ( 1 )
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8. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
The code below is the code for reconstructing ( Back-Inking ) the Full Body ( .tif ) format
image scanned with ( 150 ) dpi.
clear all; close all; clc;
tic;
RGBimage = imread( 'C:UsersALGhalayini_rn Fulltiffull page 256 colors 8bit 150.tif' , 'tif' ) ;
GRAYimage= rgb2gray ( RGBimage ) ;
figure ( 1 ) ;
imshow ( GRAYimage ( 454 : 1459 , 118 : 1122 ) );
m = length ( GRAYimage ) ;
n = length ( GRAYimage ( 1 , : ) ) ;
total_pixels = m * n;
k = 1;
fori = 454 : 1459
for j = 118 : 1122
ifGRAYimage ( i , j ) < 128
Array1 ( 1 , k ) = i; Array2 ( 1 , k ) = j;
k = k + 1;
end
end
end
Array = [Array1' Array2'];
Toc
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9. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
Figure ( 2 ) below shows the reconstructed Image after applying the Back-Inking Method the Full Body
Segment ( .tif ) format image scanned with ( 150 ) dpi
Figure ( 2 )
5. CONCLUSION
Our goal in this research paper was to introduce the concept of Back-Inking which is the
procedure to retrieve the stored addresses of the Information pixels from the array and plot black
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10. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
pixels back into the white page to reconstruct the whole image back, then display it to the user in
a relatively short time.
We observe that the reconstructed images for all formats are better in quality, in that, as the dpi
increases, the sharpness of the image increases. But as the dpi increases the time to reconstruct
the image also increases.Through applying this method, we came up with the following
conclusions:
•
•
The time taken to retrieve an image in a specific format with lesser dpi is less than the
time taken to retrieve an image in the same format with larger dpi. Hence, this is a
time/complexity-quality tradeoff.
Full body images of a specific format and dpi take lesser time to be executed than its A4
size image counterpart.
•
Consideringthe above 2 factors, the complexity and time of image retrieval increases as
we move from 75 to 200 dpi. It takes lesser time to retrieve a full body segment scanned
image than an A4 scanned image. We can therefore conclude that using 150 dpi full body
segment scanned images produces an optimum result because :
•
•
Retrieval of images with 150 dpi do not take as much time as images with 200 dpi;
Retrieval of an image with 150 dpi is not as complex as an image with 200 dpi because
the number of information pixels are lesser in images with 150 dpi and hence lesser the
size of the array of addresses.
The quality of images is certainly better than images with 75,100
•
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12. International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) Vol.3, No.4, October 2013
AUTHOR
Mohammad A. ALGhalayini, Bs.C. in Computer Science and Mathematics, Iowa, USA.
1987. Ms.C. in Computer Science, Alabama, USA. 1999. Ph.D. in Information
Management Systems, London, UK. 2010.The author lectured at the College of
Information & Computer Sciences of King Saud University, KSA for more than 14 years.
Specialized in document management and databases, the author developed several
imaging database systems for various KSU offices and departments, currently working as an academic
researcherand supervisor of computer and Information unit at the KSU Vice Rectorate of Graduate Studies
and scientific Research.
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