This lesson aims to: define and discuss the scientific method of philosophizing, compare the Socratic method, dialectic method, and scientific method as methods of philosophizing, distinguish opinions from truths by analyzing given situations, and justify the validity of the statement “The scientific method leads to wisdom and truth.”

1. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
Chapter 2 (Methods of Philosophizing)
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2. Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• define and discuss the scientific method of
philosophizing,
• compare the Socratic method, dialectic method, and
scientific method as methods of philosophizing,
• distinguish opinions from truths by analyzing given
situations, and
• justify the validity of the statement “The scientific
method leads to wisdom and truth.”
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3. Introduction
• In your science class, you already know that when
salt and sugar are dissolved in water, they form a
homogeneous solution. On the other hand, sand
combined with water forms a heterogeneous
mixture.
• What process led you to know that?
• Find out the answer in this lesson!
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4. Review!
Methods of Philosophizing
A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the
truth or drawing conclusions from a statement using
various philosophical methods, such as:
• Socratic,
• dialectic,
• scientific, and
• historical.
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5. Learn about it!
Doing experiments are standard in science classes. In
the previous example, knowing whether a mixture is
heterogeneous or homogeneous can easily be done just
by performing a simple test. This lesson involves the
process of experimentation and observation referred to
as the scientific method of philosophizing.
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6. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
The Scientific Method
• The term "science" is derived from the Latin
word scientiathat means “to produce knowledge.”
• The scientific method, also called empirical method,
is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
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7. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
The Scientific Method
• The scientific method could trace its history from the
Classical period with Aristotle giving the earliest
structured theory on the scientific approach.
• The process begins with an idea about any given
topic. Hypothesis testing is done to prove the validity
of this idea.
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8. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
The Scientific Method
• In a philosophical view, the means of hypothesis
testing and its results are considered the most
important feature of the method.
• The scientific method also values observation as an
important aspect because it contributes to further
understanding the results of the hypothesis testing.
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9. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
Examples:
• In exposing one plant to sunlight while limiting the
exposure of another is done to test which setting
promotes better plant growth
• testing and quantifying morality, love, mercy, justice,
or compassion which are all realities that do not
dwell in the realm of materialism.
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10. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
The Scientific, Dialectic, and Socratic Methods
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a
discussion between two or more people who may carry
differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an
agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific
method is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
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11. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
• Study the chart below.
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12. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
Opinion and Truth
It is important to remember that the scientific method
involves only the truth. However, differentiating between
the two is still important.
• An opinion is a personal view formed about a particular
matter. An example of this would be your take on who
among your science teachers is the best.
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13. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
Opinion and Truth
Truth is something that has actual and proven existence
regardless of one’s opinion. For example, raspberry plants
that receive the most water grow the biggest.
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14. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
Opinion and Truth
Try to analyze the given situations. Distinguish the opinion
from the truth.
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15. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
Opinion and Truth
Situation A reveals the truth because it is proven
scientifically.
Situation B expresses an opinion because it is a personal
view about the topic.
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16. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
The Scientific Method Leads to Wisdom and Truth
The scientific method leads to wisdom and truth because
it uses an evidence-based approach to come up with its
conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by
facts that can easily be tested or proven again through
experiments, logical reasoning, or observation. The
knowledge and truth gained from the scientific method
are assured to come directly from valid conclusions.
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17. Scientific Method of Philosophizing
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18. Explore!
Throughout the years, the scientific method has been
used by professionals and amateurs alike to come up with
conclusions about their topics of interest. Many studies
have been done to facilitate a scientific method in
exploring a certain phenomenon. One such notable
experiment is Louis Pasteur’s, whose discovery of the
process of pasteurization greatly boosted the food and
health industry. As a student, how can you apply the
scientific method to answer your questions?
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19. Try it!
Observe the environment around you. Do you have any
question about how things work? Do you have your
hypothesis about it? Try to devise your own experiment to
generate an answer to your question. You may also use
your observational skills to further define the problem at
hand. If you are unable to devise your own experiment, you
can visit some websites that can show you videos or lessons
about your topic of interest. Remember to observe the
process presented to you.
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20. What do you think?
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• Why is the scientific method more recognized in the
discipline of science than in philosophy? What is the
difference between the scientific method in
philosophy and in the physical sciences?
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21. Tip
• The scientific method should always be concluded
with supporting evidence. However, ideas to be
tested may or may not be derived from existing facts.
• The use of observation in the scientific method is a
critical aspect of supporting empirical conclusions. Be
sure that all your senses are actively engaged to
observe during experimentation.
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22. Keypoints
• A method of philosophizing is a process of
determining the truth or a conclusion of a statement
through the use of various philosophical methods
such as Socratic, dialectic, historical, and scientific.
• The scientific method or empirical method is a
process of determining truth or knowledge through
experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning,
and hypothesis or theory testing.
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23. Keypoints
• An opinion is a personal view formed about a
particular matter, while the truth is something that
has actual and proven existence regardless of one’s
opinion.
• The scientific method of philosophizing leads
to wisdom and truth.
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24. Question 1
The scientific method is also known by what name?
• Select your answer.
a) logical method
b) dialectic method
c) empirical method
d) historical method
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25. Question 2
Which philosopher laid out the earliest structured
scientific approach?
Select your answer.
a) Plato
b) Aristotle
c) Socrates
d) Kant
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26. Question 3
How is a hypothesis tested?
• Select your answer.
a) by reading
b) by arguing facts
c) by experimenting
d) by observing
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27. Question 4
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the
scientific method?
• Select your answer.
a) eating only vegetables to see its effect on one's health
b) looking out of the window to see the color of the sky
c) recording your grades in every subject
d) answering the math questions of a friend
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28. Question 5
Why is observation important in the scientific method?
• Select your answer.
a) It enables you to see the topic in a different
perspective.
b) It enables you to further understand the results of
the experiment.
c) It enables you to see the elements involved in the
experiment.
d) It enables you to copy the experiment.
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29. Question 6
You read from a book that eating peanuts daily boosts mental
function.
Using the scientific method, how would you know if this is true?
• Select your answer.
a) Take mental tests only.
b) Read more about the effectiveness of peanuts in mental
functioning.
c) Eat peanuts daily, then measure your daily mental
function through tests.
d) Ask a neurologist if the statement is true.
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30. Question 7
Why is the scientific method a valid source of the truth?
• Select your answer.
a) It is based on observation.
b) It is based on theory.
c) It is based on evidence.
d) It is based on logic.
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31. Question 8
Which of the following statements is true?
1. The scientific method starts with an idea.
2. The scientific method ends with an empirical
conclusion.
• Select your answer.
a) Both statements 1 and 2 are true.
b) Both statements 1 and 2 are false.
c) statement 1
d) statement 2
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32. Question 9
• Which statement validly describes the scientific method?
1. The result is less important than the means of
hypothesis testing.
2. Observation happens only during experimentation.
• Select your answer.
a) statement 1
b) both statements 1 and 2
c) neither statement 1 nor 2
d) statement 2
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33. Question 10
How do you differentiate the scientific method in philosophy and science?
• Select your answer.
a) The scientific method in philosophy is limited only in response to questions
about human existence while the scientific method in science encompasses
all questions about the matter.
b) The scientific method in philosophy is more inclined to answering questions
of logic while the scientific method in science is more inclined to answering
questions about the physical environment.
c) There is no difference between the scientific method in philosophy and
science.
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