it is a useful source for the Qualitative Research Techniques

1. Qualitative Research Techniques
MBA-90, MBA-36, MS- KASBIT SMCHS Location

2. Introduction to Research
• Word research is derived from the Middle French “Re
serche” means “Go about seeking”
• The term itself is being derived from old French
‘Recerchier’ a compound word from Re+Cerchier, the us
e of term was in 1577
• The term ‘Research’ consists of two words: Research
= Re + Search ‘Re’ means again and again and
‘Search’ means to find out something
• According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Research is: “A careful investigation or inquiry
especially through search for new facts in any
branch of knowledge.”

3. Thus we can say That
• The search for knowledge
through objective and
systematic method of finding
solution to a problem is
research.
Observe and Describe
Predict
Determination of the Causes
Explain
Aims of Research

4. Types of Research
•Basic Research
•Applied Research
With Respect to Significance
• Educational/ Theoretical
• State of Art Research
• Pervasive

5. Methods of Research

6. Elements of Research
Characterization - How to understand a phenomenon
 Decide what to observe about a phenomenon
 How to define the research problem
 How to measure the phenomenon
Hypothesis and Theory
 The research questions before performing research
 Almost always based on previous research
Prediction
 What answers do we expect?
 Reasoning and logic on why we expect these results
Observation or Experimentation
 Testing characterizations, hypothesis, theory and
predictions
 Understanding a phenomenon better
 Drawing Conclusions

7. Scientific Method
• The process focuses on testing hunches or ideas in a park
and recreation setting through a systematic process. In
this process, the study is documented in such a way that
another individual can conduct the same study again.
• This is referred to as replicating the study. Any research
done without documenting the study so that others can
review the process and results is not an investigation
using the scientific research process.
• The scientific research process is a multiple-step process
where the steps are interlinked with the other steps in the
process. If changes are made in one step of the process,
the researcher must review all the other steps to ensure
that the changes are reflected throughout the process.

8. Research Process
Step 1: Identify the Problem
Step 2: Review the Literature
Step 3: Clarify the Problem
Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
Step 5: Define the Population
Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan
Step 7: Collect Data
Step 8: Analyze the Data Through Tools & Techniques
Step 9: Data Interpretations
Step 10: Provide Detailed Conclusion & Future Need of Research

9. Research Ethics
• Avoid any risk of considerably harming people, the
environment, or property unnecessarily. The Tuskegee
Syphilis Study is an example of a study which seriously
violated these standards.
• Do not use deception on people participating, as was the
case with the ethics of the Stanley Milgram Experiment
• Do not plagiarize the work of others.
• Obtain informed consent from all involved in the study.
• Preserve privacy and confidentiality whenever possible.
• Take special precautions when involving populations or
animals which may not be considered to understand fully
the purpose of the study.

10. Research Ethics
• Do not offer big rewards or enforce binding contracts
for the study. This is especially important when people
are somehow reliant on the reward.
• Do not skew conclusions based on funding.
• Do not commit science fraud, falsify research or
otherwise conduct scientific misconduct. A con-study,
which devastated the public view of the subject for
decades, was the study of selling more coke and
popcorn by unconscious ads. As for example one
researcher said that he had found great effects from
subliminal messages, whilst he had, in fact, never
conducted the experiment.
• Do not use the position as a peer reviewer to punish or
damage fellow scientists. Basically, research must
follow all regulations given, and also anticipate
possible ethical problems in their research.