Intrinsic safety is a technique used to prevent explosions caused by sparking electrical apparatus in hazardous areas. It works by using safety barriers between safe and hazardous areas to prevent faults from generating high energy sparks that could ignite explosive mixtures. Intrinsically safe circuits are designed and implemented to not produce any sparks at all. Simple low power devices like thermocouples can be used without barriers in hazardous areas. Intrinsic safety is the preferred method for zone 0 areas and offers flexibility in circuit design while eliminating explosion proof junction boxes. However, it is limited to low power applications like instruments and controls.
8 Important things to know about Intrinsic safety.
Intrinsic safety refers to electrical equipment and wiring that’s inherently safe. In other words, an intrinsically safe circuit is one with energy levels so low they cannot cause an explosion.
Personal protection in the work environment, Types of PPEs, Personal protective equipmentrespiratory and non-respiratory equipment. Standards related to PPEs. Monitoring Safety
Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, incidence rate, activity rate. Housekeeping:
Responsibility of management and employees. Advantages of good housekeeping. 5 s of
housekeeping. Work permit system- objectives, hot work and cold work permits. Typical
industrial models and methodology. Entry into confined spaces.
8 Important things to know about Intrinsic safety.
Intrinsic safety refers to electrical equipment and wiring that’s inherently safe. In other words, an intrinsically safe circuit is one with energy levels so low they cannot cause an explosion.
Personal protection in the work environment, Types of PPEs, Personal protective equipmentrespiratory and non-respiratory equipment. Standards related to PPEs. Monitoring Safety
Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, incidence rate, activity rate. Housekeeping:
Responsibility of management and employees. Advantages of good housekeeping. 5 s of
housekeeping. Work permit system- objectives, hot work and cold work permits. Typical
industrial models and methodology. Entry into confined spaces.
Optimal Cable Sizing in PV Systems: Case StudyLeonardo ENERGY
It is often beneficial to over-size the cross-section of electricity cables compared to the standard values that follow out of voltage and current calculations. In the large majority of cases, oversizing has a positive influence on the Life Cycle Cost of the installation. The investment in larger cable is easily paid back by the reduction of Joule losses inside the cable and the subsequent savings on electricity bills.
When the cable is part of a photovoltaic (PV) installation, the investment in a larger-than-standard cable is paid back even faster than in other installations. This is because the allocated electricity price for a PV installation is higher than the market price thanks to the feed-in tariff or green certificates. In other words: the energy losses that are avoided in a PV installation lead to an even bigger financial reward than in other installations.
Increasing the cable cross section in PV installations also creates additional technical and environmental benefits.
This training presentation covers the basic on arc flash and other electrical hazards, including the effects of an arc flash incident and how to determine shock and flash protection boundaries for a safe workplace
Project Information:
Project Name: Company Name:
Location: Date :
Sl. No Description Yes No N/A Comments
DBs/ SDBs
1. Is earth conducted continued up to DB/ SDB?
2. Whether DBs & extension boards are protected from rain/ water?
3. Is there any overloading of DBs/ SDBs?
4. Are correct rated Circuit breakers provided in all main boards and sub-boards?
5. Is energized wiring in junction boxes, Circuit board panels & similar places covered all times?
CABLES
6. Whether the condition of cable is checked?
7. Are cables received checked for insulation resistance before using them?
8. Are all main cables taken either underground/ overhead?
9. Are main cables protected from sharp/ heavy materials?
10. Is any improper jointing of cable identified?
11. Are all plugs and sockets in good condition?
RCD (ELCB)
12. Is the connections routed through 30mA RCD?
13. EARTHING
14. Are main DB, Generator and other panel’s ear thing done?
15. Earth resistance checked and found within limits?
ELECTRICALLY OPERATED MACHINES/ ACCESSORIES
16. Whether the machine supply cable has industrial type socket and plug?
17. Are all metal parts of electrical equipment and light fittings/ accessories grounded?
18. Is there any shed/ cover for machines?
19. Are flood lights/ task lights fixed properly away from combustibles?
20. Others if any:
Remarks:
Inspected By: Signature:
Reviewed By HSE Manager / In charge : Signature:
Noted by Project Leader : Signature:
Insulation resistance measurements are performed to verify that the state of dryness of the insulation of the various Winding , Bushings and the core are of acceptable values. In these presentation we will discuss about basic Insulation resistance test carried out in a two winding transformer.
Electrical Isolation procedure onboard shipShoaib Ahmed
Electricity is a hidden and soundless killer. So, dealing with electricity is inherently hazardous and it is tough to assure that safe working conditions are in place. Undoubtedly, safe electrical isolation is the first prior onboard ship. Both the seafarer and the company have responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment.
Shipboard employees face various problems that can make servicing operations more
challenging, such as:
# Large and complex vessel and vessel machinery, facilities, and systems;
# Machinery, equipment, and systems having multiple power sources, insulating points
and energy types; and
# Difficulty in identifying all energy sources due to faulty engineering drawings and
schematics.
An arc blast or flash can occur when workers service electrical power, transmission, and distribution systems using high voltage. It is important to understand the OSHA, NFPA, IEEE and NEC requirements as well as the hierarchy of controls to reduce the risk. Understanding how to calculate a flash analysis to determine the protection boundaries, train workers on the hazards of high voltage electricity and use of personal protective equipment and clothing, and using the right tools for the job are all important steps. Learn more about arc blast/flash in this presentation. If you need advice or help with electrical safety, contact our staff of CSPs at The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc. We have past performance working with contractors near powerlines and underground utilities.
Tener un mayor conocimiento en términos cuantitativos mediante el estudio de la zona de proceso, y así poder establecer las medidas de seguridad necesarias tanto para la fuerza laboral como para instalaciones y lograr un mayor control sobre la zona a estudiar.
2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
a) Cuantificar, en términos realistas, el daño que se puede esperar de los potenciales incidentes de fuego, explosión y reactividad.
b) Identificar el equipo con probabilidad de contribuir riesgo potencial.
c) Comunicar inmediatamente el riesgo potencial que existe a la dirección.
d) Disponer de un método que permita ordenar las unidades de proceso individuales según su riesgo, centrándose en los equipos importantes.
e) Proporcionar datos a los ingenieros de las pérdidas potenciales en cada área de proceso, para ayudarles a identificar maneras de disminuir, de una manera eficaz y rentable, la severidad y las pérdidas resultantes (en términos monetarios) de incidentes potenciales.
Optimal Cable Sizing in PV Systems: Case StudyLeonardo ENERGY
It is often beneficial to over-size the cross-section of electricity cables compared to the standard values that follow out of voltage and current calculations. In the large majority of cases, oversizing has a positive influence on the Life Cycle Cost of the installation. The investment in larger cable is easily paid back by the reduction of Joule losses inside the cable and the subsequent savings on electricity bills.
When the cable is part of a photovoltaic (PV) installation, the investment in a larger-than-standard cable is paid back even faster than in other installations. This is because the allocated electricity price for a PV installation is higher than the market price thanks to the feed-in tariff or green certificates. In other words: the energy losses that are avoided in a PV installation lead to an even bigger financial reward than in other installations.
Increasing the cable cross section in PV installations also creates additional technical and environmental benefits.
This training presentation covers the basic on arc flash and other electrical hazards, including the effects of an arc flash incident and how to determine shock and flash protection boundaries for a safe workplace
Project Information:
Project Name: Company Name:
Location: Date :
Sl. No Description Yes No N/A Comments
DBs/ SDBs
1. Is earth conducted continued up to DB/ SDB?
2. Whether DBs & extension boards are protected from rain/ water?
3. Is there any overloading of DBs/ SDBs?
4. Are correct rated Circuit breakers provided in all main boards and sub-boards?
5. Is energized wiring in junction boxes, Circuit board panels & similar places covered all times?
CABLES
6. Whether the condition of cable is checked?
7. Are cables received checked for insulation resistance before using them?
8. Are all main cables taken either underground/ overhead?
9. Are main cables protected from sharp/ heavy materials?
10. Is any improper jointing of cable identified?
11. Are all plugs and sockets in good condition?
RCD (ELCB)
12. Is the connections routed through 30mA RCD?
13. EARTHING
14. Are main DB, Generator and other panel’s ear thing done?
15. Earth resistance checked and found within limits?
ELECTRICALLY OPERATED MACHINES/ ACCESSORIES
16. Whether the machine supply cable has industrial type socket and plug?
17. Are all metal parts of electrical equipment and light fittings/ accessories grounded?
18. Is there any shed/ cover for machines?
19. Are flood lights/ task lights fixed properly away from combustibles?
20. Others if any:
Remarks:
Inspected By: Signature:
Reviewed By HSE Manager / In charge : Signature:
Noted by Project Leader : Signature:
Insulation resistance measurements are performed to verify that the state of dryness of the insulation of the various Winding , Bushings and the core are of acceptable values. In these presentation we will discuss about basic Insulation resistance test carried out in a two winding transformer.
Electrical Isolation procedure onboard shipShoaib Ahmed
Electricity is a hidden and soundless killer. So, dealing with electricity is inherently hazardous and it is tough to assure that safe working conditions are in place. Undoubtedly, safe electrical isolation is the first prior onboard ship. Both the seafarer and the company have responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment.
Shipboard employees face various problems that can make servicing operations more
challenging, such as:
# Large and complex vessel and vessel machinery, facilities, and systems;
# Machinery, equipment, and systems having multiple power sources, insulating points
and energy types; and
# Difficulty in identifying all energy sources due to faulty engineering drawings and
schematics.
An arc blast or flash can occur when workers service electrical power, transmission, and distribution systems using high voltage. It is important to understand the OSHA, NFPA, IEEE and NEC requirements as well as the hierarchy of controls to reduce the risk. Understanding how to calculate a flash analysis to determine the protection boundaries, train workers on the hazards of high voltage electricity and use of personal protective equipment and clothing, and using the right tools for the job are all important steps. Learn more about arc blast/flash in this presentation. If you need advice or help with electrical safety, contact our staff of CSPs at The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc. We have past performance working with contractors near powerlines and underground utilities.
Tener un mayor conocimiento en términos cuantitativos mediante el estudio de la zona de proceso, y así poder establecer las medidas de seguridad necesarias tanto para la fuerza laboral como para instalaciones y lograr un mayor control sobre la zona a estudiar.
2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
a) Cuantificar, en términos realistas, el daño que se puede esperar de los potenciales incidentes de fuego, explosión y reactividad.
b) Identificar el equipo con probabilidad de contribuir riesgo potencial.
c) Comunicar inmediatamente el riesgo potencial que existe a la dirección.
d) Disponer de un método que permita ordenar las unidades de proceso individuales según su riesgo, centrándose en los equipos importantes.
e) Proporcionar datos a los ingenieros de las pérdidas potenciales en cada área de proceso, para ayudarles a identificar maneras de disminuir, de una manera eficaz y rentable, la severidad y las pérdidas resultantes (en términos monetarios) de incidentes potenciales.
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
Introduction on Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) & Mond Index. Explain the objectives of the index and steps to obtain the index. Mond Index is an extension of Dow F&EI.
An Intrinsically Safe Barrier is a device which limits the power (energy) which can be delivered from a safe area into a hazardous zone. Explosions are prevented; not just contained in explosion-proof conduit and housings. Not only is electrical energy (voltage and current) held within safe limits, but total energy is also contained, eliminating the possibility of an explosion due to excessive heat. Use of barriers and a total intrinsically safe design philosophy offers considerable advantages from cost and safety standpoints.
mine environment engineering
Intrinsic safety and flameproof apparatus in mines
research and development on explosions in mines
prevention of explosion in mines
Objetivo:
Establecer las condiciones
de Seguridad e Higiene
en los Centros de Trabajo
para prevenir riesgos de
trabajo durante las actividades
de soldadura y corte.
Lightning it,s Nature Call ,Many Disaster Seen due to Wrong Selection , Design ,Engineering ,Installation and Periodical Maintenance.
Lightning Kills&Damage our Valuable Assets IEC62305 Claim Conventional for lightning Protection involve many Components Cost is very High,Design and Installation after Maintenance also critical.
Because of Electrical Product Manufacturer worldwide Support Funding IEC Group some of company who manufacturer Conventional Lightning Products funding just to see no other lighting protection Technologies enter&approved by these Committee No Fair Business Practice.
ESE Lightning Protection Always Claim Offering Product Tested by LAB to their customer Easy way to design ,Installation&Total Cost is economical,Maintenance very easy.
Many countries adopted in their Standard.
Manufacturer who is supporting products with LAB Certificate should only entertain many companies in India Supply submitting Forged Certificate .
Indian Government Agencies Releasing Tender for ESE Lighting Solar PV Project , Power Substation Transmission and Distribution , Railway &Metro Rail Projects,
NBC2016 BIS who is influence with IEC not included and cheated Indian Government&Partial approach because of Low Knowledge about Lightning Design&Selection of Products.
Contact us
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsKristen_Barbour_PF
Hazardous Location Protection Methods Explained.
By definition, a hazardous (classified) location is an area in an industrial complex where the atmosphere contains flammable concentrations of gases or vapors by leakage, or ignitable concentrations of dust or fibers by suspension or dispersion.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
An Explosion Proof Cable Gland is a critical component in industrial settings designed to ensure the safety of electrical installations. Specifically engineered to prevent the risk of explosions in hazardous environments, these cable glands act as protective seals around cables, wires, or conduits, effectively containing any potential sparks or ignition sources within the enclosed system. Employing robust materials and precise engineering, Explosion Proof Cable Glands provide a secure barrier against flammable gases, vapors, or dust, minimizing the likelihood of hazardous incidents. Their application is essential in industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and mining, where the presence of combustible substances demands heightened safety measures. By effectively sealing cable entries, these glands contribute to overall workplace safety, offering reliable protection against the inherent dangers of explosive atmospheres.
A lightning strike could bring thousands mega-ampere of current in a blink of eyes. As a result, a failure of grounding the strike may cause serious damage to the home and industrial appliances and gadgets. Hence, a lightning protection system is essential to the current transmission system. Lighting is a natural phenomenon that is unavoidable. Hence, the study of the properties and characteristics of lightning is a must in designing lighting protection system. Every application has different criteria to be fulfilled. The type of lighting protection system is categorized based on the location and user. The different of location is a public area, transportation system, power system transmission and generation system which include renewable energy source. Each area can conclude different level of protection. This paper is assessing the possibility and probability of transient impact on all applications including, public area, power system line, and generating system. The review includes countermeasure which addressed few steps to determine the effect of lightning and countermeasure of protection.
Safety devices for industrial and building purposes are important part of overall safety structures.
In some countries mainly in USA are industrial process well equipped with this safety tools
Signalling in Hazardous Areas
The increasing use of signalling devices to enhance safety in the workplace is to be welcomed. It is particularly important in petro-chemical and oil and gas plants where the potential for serious accidents is far greater than most industrial environments. The author knows this from personal experience: when visiting a site some 15 years ago there was a serious explosion and toxic gas leak. It is at that moment that one realises how tools to warn and control an emergency are absolutely essential.
Studer’s popular Vista 5 console gets an upgrade to the M2 with the optional addition of the precision TFT metering system introduced on the flagship Vista 9 console.
The new metering is capable of displaying signal levels from mono through to 5.1 channels on each input, with a configurable lower area which can be used to display bus assignments, surround images or the unique History mode, where a scrolling audio waveform displays signal anomalies and highlights them for up to 50 seconds to allow the engineer to identify where the event occurred. Metering for ‘layer 2’ signals can also be viewed, while the Control Bay screen can be used to provide configurable user pages with up to 40 meters.
When the TFT meter bridge is fitted, the external GC screen becomes an integral part of the chassis.
The Vista 5 M2 is based on the well known and widely praised Vista 5 console, which has found its home in all kinds of broadcast and theater production facilities around the world, and existing Vista 5 owners will be pleased to learn that their console may be easily upgraded to the M2 version to be ready for the optional meter bridge, which is a simple add-on to the console chassis.
Available in two frame sizes, 32 and 42 fader, the Vista 5 M2 brings precision signal monitoring to an already versatile and highly-regarded console.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
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USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
1. What is Intrinsic Safety ?
Introduction
Intrinsic Safety is a concept that came out of the mining industry in the
early 19th century. At that time, a lot of mining accidents used to happen,
many of which were traced to sparks that were generated by electrical
circuits, that were used in mine lighting, signalling equipment and the
like. These mining accidents were explosions resulting from the ignition of
a mine gas called Firedamp (now known to be mainly composed of
Methane). Due to the nature of the area (underground mines without
ventilation), the gas used to be trapped inside and explode on contact
with sparks. These mining explosions also had larger number of fatalities
than say an above ground explosion would because of the confined area
and the spreading of the fires and debris through underground passages.
To reduce the number of these accidents, it was proposed to use electrical
equipment that could not generate sparks that could ignite the Firedamp.
Thus was born Intrinsic Safety.
What is Intrinsic Safety?
Intrinsic Safety is a technique used to prevent explosions, which could be
caused due to sparking of electrical apparatus in hazardous areas. For the
uninitiated, hazardous areas, are those areas of a plant or facility, that
have a probable presence of explosive mixtures of gas, vapor or dust-
present either for long periods of time above a certain duration-generally
10 hours or more in a year. For more information on hazardous areas,
please click here.
Intrinsic Safety is used to design and implement electrical circuits (mostly
Instrumentation or measurement circuits), that will not have any sparking
at all. There are other kinds of non sparking techniques of explosion
protection, but these will not be covered here.
2. The use of barriers and isolators
In Intrinsically safe circuits, a safety barrier is used between the "safe
area" and the "hazardous area", so that any fault that generates a high
energy level (and sparks), would not get carried over to the hazardous
area; it gets stopped at the safety barrier itself. Barriers are of infinite
varieties, but broadly they can be classified as Zener barriers (passive
devices) and Isolators (active devices). Functionally, they achieve the
same objective, i.e. prevention of high energy levels from reaching the
hazardous area.
The use of simple apparatus
There are certain simple devices that are classified as low power devices,
these can be used without any safety barriers at all. They are called as
"simple apparatus". Examples are thermocouples and LEDs. This is a
great concept and it makes designing measurement loops simpler.
Preventive techniques versus mitigative techniques
All of us know that "prevention" is better than cure. This principle is
embodied in the principle of intrinsic safety, since the sparks are
prevented from ever causing an explosion. In contrast to this, the
explosionproof method of protection is mitigative as in case sparking
happens in a hazardous area, the explosion does occur- only the effects
are mitigated to some extent. Therefore, some engineers prefer Intrinsic
Safety over Explosionproofing or similar methods.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Intrinsic Safety
The advantages of using intrinsic safety as a protection technique are
many, but the most important one is that it is the only technique that is
allowed to be used under Zone 0 of the IEC Classification system for
hazardous areas. One cannot use any other technique like explosionproof
(or increased safety or non incendive methods or any of the many other
methods of protection) in Zone 0. Other advantages are that since it uses
the entity concept, the designer can mix and match various compatible
components to make the circuit intrinsically safe. It gives him/her greater
flexibility. Also, using this technique eliminates the need for
explosionproof junction boxes in the hazardous area, one can use
weatherproof junction boxes too, with IS (intrinsically safe) loops.
The main disadvantage of this method is that, it can be used for only low
power circuits; thus you cannot have heavy duty intrinsically safe motors
for example. Typically the circuits are powered by 24 V dc power supplies.
So Intrinsic Safety is mainly used for only measuring and control
instruments like pressure transmitters, control valve positioners, small
capacity solenoid valves and so on.
Some people feel that Intrinsic safety is complicated because it requires
more engineering effort as one needs to select the instruments, select
3. appropriate barriers and isolators, design proper grounding schemes and
even select the right type of cable. However it is not complicated at all.
You do need a step by step method, with examples, to understand how
the process works and you're done.
More information on Intrinsic Safety and Intrinsically Safe circuits
We would recommend you to download the Hazardous Area
Instrumentation e-learning course, to really understand how intrinsic
safety works and how intrinsically safe instruments can deliver value for
your plants. The course explains much more than just intrinsic safety, of
course. It covers the concepts of hazardous area instrumentation like no
other!
Symbol
The IEC symbol for Intrinsic Safety is Ex-i.
(Ex-i circuits are of either of two types Ex-ia OR Ex-ib).In the near
future, the IEC will be adding a third type, known as Ex-ic. Look out for
another White Paper on this topic from us!