This document provides guidance on interview skills and giving presentations. It discusses the purpose of interviews from the perspective of both the candidate and employer. It provides tips for interviews, such as arriving on time and dressing appropriately. For presentations, it recommends preparing, practicing, using visual aids simply, and establishing a comfortable environment. It also gives techniques for delivery, such as varying voice, maintaining eye contact, and having an open body language. The document aims to help individuals improve their interview and presentation skills.
Group discussion; B.pharmacy 1 semesterKondal Reddy
The Group Discussion involves sharing ideas with other participants in the group. Every participant shares his/her thoughts in the group, which makes the diversities in the ideas. Group Discussion is widely used for the recruitment process. It helps panelist to select a few candidates from the group.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Group discussion; B.pharmacy 1 semesterKondal Reddy
The Group Discussion involves sharing ideas with other participants in the group. Every participant shares his/her thoughts in the group, which makes the diversities in the ideas. Group Discussion is widely used for the recruitment process. It helps panelist to select a few candidates from the group.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
IT INCLUDE THE REACTION IN DETAILS OF THE DIAZONIUM SALT AND STUDY OF NITRILR GROUP. UNDER SAOME CRITICAL CONDITION YOU HAVE TO BE CARRIED OUT THE THIS DIAZO REACTION.
presentation on presentation skills.
It has a clear objective.
It's useful to your audience.
It's well-rehearsed.
Your presentation deck uses as little text as possible.
Your contact information is clearly featured.
It includes a call-to-action.
IT INCLUDE THE REACTION IN DETAILS OF THE DIAZONIUM SALT AND STUDY OF NITRILR GROUP. UNDER SAOME CRITICAL CONDITION YOU HAVE TO BE CARRIED OUT THE THIS DIAZO REACTION.
presentation on presentation skills.
It has a clear objective.
It's useful to your audience.
It's well-rehearsed.
Your presentation deck uses as little text as possible.
Your contact information is clearly featured.
It includes a call-to-action.
What is an oral presentation? Oral presentations, also known as public speaking or simply presentations, consist of an individual or group verbally addressing an audience on a particular topic. The aim of this is to educate, inform, entertain or present an argument.
Presentation Skills Workshop - Effectively Communicate to Any AudienceCarleton Web Services
By the end of this workshop, you will be able to:
- Take a strategic approach to planning a presentation.
- Communicate your ideas with confidence and authority.
Definition: A presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is typically a
demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, or to
build good will or to present a new idea or product.
Planning Your Presentation
Preparing a presentation can be an overwhelming experience if you allow it to be one. The
strategies and steps below are provided to help you break down what you might view as a large
job into smaller, more manageable tasks.
Step 1: Analyze your audience
The first step in preparing a presentation is to learn more about the audience to whom you'll be
speaking. It's a good idea to obtain some information on the backgrounds, values, and interests of
your audience so that you understand what the audience members might expect from your
presentation.
Step 2: Select a topic
Next, if possible select a topic that is of interest to the audience and to you. It will be much easier
to deliver a presentation that the audience finds relevant, and more enjoyable to research a topic
that is of interest to you.
Within the framework of its Research Communications Capacity Building Program, GDNet produced, in collaboration with CommsConsult, a series of 7 handouts providing some guidelines for a great presentation. They cover several aspects starting from how you look and feel while presenting, and structuring your presentation, to how to make your messages effective. It also explains how to manage your information and research using social media, in addition to providing some tips for writing to an online audience, and ending with a template for leave-behind handouts.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
1. INTERVIEW SKILLS
Presented By
Ms. Kiran R. Divekar
Assistant Professor
Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education
& Research, Kopargaon
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Purpose of Interview
• Do’s of Interview
• Dont’s of Interview
• Giving Presentations
• Dealing with Fears,
• Planning your Presentation,
• Structuring Your Presentation,
• Delivering Your Presentation,
• Techniques of Delivery
3. Introduction
• Interview skills means ability of oneself to interact with the
interviewer & articulate your thoughts.
• Widely used elective method.
• It is face to face interaction between interviewee & interviewer.
• If handled carefully, it can be powerful technique in having accurate
information of the interviewee.
4. Definition
• Definition by Scott & others “An interview is purposeful
exchange of ideas, the answering of questions &
communication between two or more persons.”
• Definition by Bingham & others “Conversation with a
purpose.”
• It can be also defined as attempt to secure maximum
information from the candidate concerning his/her
suitability for the job under consideration.
5. Purpose of Interview
• Interview is a conversation in which you & an employer
exchange information.
• Objective of you (Candidate/Interviewee): To get an offer of a
job.
• Objective of Employer (Interviewer): To find out –
• What you have (skills, abilities, basic knowledge)
• Who you are (personality, character, interests)
• Why you should be hired (you have what they are seeking for)
6. Do’s of Interview
• Arrive in time
• Dress appropriately
• Act appropriately
• If you are offered a hand to shake, then shake it, but
don’t offer your own hand if nobody else seems interested
• Engage with the interviewers
• Smile, make eye contact, build up rapport
• Answer all the questions asked
7. Dont’s of Interview
• Don’t be afraid to blow up your own trumpet, however
do not lie
• Don’t be over-familiar or share too much information.
11. A. Dealing with Fear
1.Calm your inner critic
2. Making realistic improvements
3. Changing your focus (from you to
audience)
4. Conquering nervousness
12. Remember Many People Feel
Nervous But Everyone Shows
Their Nervousness, & That
What Matters….
13. B. Implementing useful Strategies
Once you identify the ways you express your
nervousness, you can use following techniques to
steady your wobbly knees & calm your racing
heartbeat.
1. Mental Strategies
2. Psychological Strategies
3. Physical Strategies
14. 1. Mental Strategies
a. Prepare properly
b. Conduct a dialogue
i. Interact with the audience
ii. Make eye contact, begin with the friendly face,
once you feel comfortable focus on each person in
small groups.
15. 2. Psychological Strategies
a) Identify your fears
Once you identify your fear ask these questions to
yourself:
i. Is this a rational fear?
ii. If this is rational fear, what is the worst thing that
could happen?
iii. So what?
16. 2. Psychological Strategies
b) Use visualization techniques: It is psychological
process in which you prepare yourself
c) Meet your audience
d) Do your best
e) Send positive message
17. 3. Physical Strategies
Although nervousness is caused by a mental lack of
confidence, the body responds as if it were being threatened
physically. The solution on this is to find a way to control
your body‘s physical reaction.
The following methods will help you relax:
1. Progressive relaxation: It is a method of systematic
tightening and loosening various muscles of your body
until your entire body is in a relaxed state.
18. 3. Physical Strategies
2. Guided imagery: is a relaxation method which transports
you mentally to a place which you associate with peace and restfulness
3. Moving about before and during the presentation relaxes your
muscles. So get up out of your chair and walk around a bit, in a relaxed
way
4. Breathe deeply and slowly while others are speaking or before you
are introduced and called upon to begin your presentation. Then, walk
confidently to the podium and begin speaking with energy
19. Planning your Presentation cont…
• You will need to follow these steps to plan a successful
presentation.
1. Brainstorm and outline: What's your topic? What do you know
about the topic? What do you want your audience to know?
2. Research: Use research to support your argument, find
examples and statistics, or to learn more about your topic.
3. Write an outline.
20. 4. Write a draft
5. Plan any visual aids such as PowerPoint or any activities
you want your audience to participate in
6. Practice, practice, practice! Make sure your presentation is
not too long, and edit it down as needed.
21. Presentation Structure
This is the usual flow of a presentation, which covers all the
vital sections and is a good starting point for yours.
Steps for the presentation:
1. Greet the audience and introduce yourself
2. Introduction
3. The main body of your talk
4. Conclusion
5. Thank the audience and invite questions
22. 1. Greet the audience and introduce yourself:
• Before you start delivering your talk, introduce yourself to the
audience and clarify who you are and your relevant expertise.
• It will help build an immediate relationship between you and the
audience.
• It gives you the chance to briefly clarify your expertise and why
you are worth listening to.
• This will help establish your ethos so the audience will trust you
more and think you're credible.
23. 2. Introduction
In the introduction you need to explain the subject and
purpose of your presentation whilst gaining the audience's
interest and confidence.
1. Introduce your general topic
2. Explain your topic area
3. State the issues/challenges in this area you will be exploring
24. 4. State your presentation's purpose - this is the basis of your
presentation so ensure that you provide a statement
explaining how the topic will be treated, for example, "I will
argue that…" or maybe you will "compare", "analyse",
"evaluate", "describe" etc.
5. Provide a statement of what you're hoping the outcome of
the presentation will be, for example, "I'm hoping this will be
provide you with..."
6. Show a preview of the organisation of your presentation
25. 3. The main body of your talk:
• The main body of your talk needs to meet the promises you made in the
introduction.
• Depending on the nature of your presentation, clearly segment the
different topics you will be discussing, and then work your way through
them one at a time.
• It's important for everything to be organised logically for the audience to
fully understand.
• When planning your presentation write a list of main points you want to
make and ask yourself "What I am telling the audience? What should they
understand from this?" refining your answers this way will help you
produce clear messages
26. • There are many different ways to organise your main points, such as,
by priority, theme, chronologically etc.
Main points should be addressed one by one with supporting evidence
and examples.
Before moving on to the next point you should provide a mini-summary.
Links should be clearly stated between ideas and you must make it clear
when you're moving onto the next point.
Allow time for people to take relevant notes and stick to the topics you
have prepared beforehand rather than straying too far off topic.
27. 4. Conclusion:
• Follow these steps:
• Signal that it's nearly the end of your presentation, for
example, "As we wrap up/as we wind down the talk…"
• Restate the topic and purpose of your presentation - "In this
speech I wanted to compare…"
• Summarise the main points, including their implications and
conclusions
• Indicate what is next/a call to action/a thought-provoking
takeaway
• Move on to the last section
28. 5. Thank the audience and invite questions:
• Conclude your talk by thanking the audience for their time
and invite them to ask any questions they may have. As
mentioned earlier, personal circumstances will affect the
structure of your presentation.
• Many presenters prefer to make the Q&A session the key part
of their talk and try to speed through the main body of the
presentation.
• This is totally fine, but it is still best to focus on delivering
some sort of initial presentation to set the tone and topics
for discussion in the Q&A.
29. Delivering the Presentation
• Have you listened to charismatic speakers who gain and
maintain the attention of the audience?
• Have you also encountered speakers who quickly put an
audience to sleep?
• Experienced presenters learn to communicate effectively
by using voice, gestures, and visual aids while trying to
establishing a comfortable environment for the
audience.
30. Focus on these points while delivering the
presentation:
1. Voice
2. Gestures
3. Visual Aids in Presentation
4. Establishing a Comfortable Environment
31. 1.Voice:
Use the following guidelines to develop an effective
speaking voice:
Alter the pitch (high and low) of your voice to prevent
yourself from sounding monotone. Don't alter the pitch too
much, however, because this may make you sound
unnatural.
Speak loudly enough to be heard by everyone in the room,
but vary the volume of your voice to maintain interest and
emphasize key points.
32. Stress certain words as another way to add emphasis.
Typically when you stress a word, the pitch and the
volume increase.
Alter the rate at which you speak to maintain interest and
add emphasis. Speak faster to show excitement and/or
build suspense. Speak slower to show the importance of
an idea. Pause after important ideas to allow the audience
time to grasp them.
33. 2. Gestures:
Use the guidelines below to help use gestures to your benefit:
Maintain eye contact with members of the audience to keep their
attention level high. Eye contact signals that you care about the
audience and you are attuned to their needs. Also use eye contact
to detect confusion or boredom so that you can then modify your
approach.
Use positive facial expressions such as smiles, expressive eyes, and
looks of empathy and encouragement to communicate feelings and
emotions.
Stand naturally with your feet spread slightly apart and arms
relaxed at your sides
34. • Minimize gestures like pacing back and forth, rocking
back and forth, playing with coins in your pocket,
wringing your hands, and other types of fidgeting. These
gestures not only signal that you are nervous, but they
are distracting to the listener as well.
• Use quick and energetic movements of your hands and
arms to add expression to your talk. Maintain the
attention of the audience by making your movements
unpredictable.
35. 3. Visual Aids in Presentation:
• Visual aids can help you emphasize main ideas, illustrate a
concept, or stimulate the interest of your listeners.
• Use visual aids to emphasize important points and add
interest to your presentation — don't put every word of
your entire presentation on them.
• Select the appropriate visual aid for the environment. It
may be possible to pass visuals around to a small audience
but in large groups you'll need to project them.
• Give the visuals a consistent appearance including color
and spacing. Start the text at the same place on each
visual.
36. • Try to observe the seven by seven rule: on an overhead slide
have no more than seven lines and seven words per line. Similar
rules would also pertain to flip charts, PowerPoint and other
computer generated slides, and posters.
• Use a simple typeface or font. Don't use more than two
different typefaces, if possible.
• Make sure the text is large enough for people in the back of the
room to read. Letters on a flipchart should be at least 3 inches
in height. For a projected overhead or slide, fonts between 20
and 48 points are customary.
• Don't show visuals that conflict with what you're saying — this
includes displaying them once you've moved beyond their
content. 72
• Don't read the text that's on the visual, but do paraphrase and
add to it.
37. 4. Establishing a Comfortable Environment:
• The guidelines that follow are intended to help you become
aware of environmental factors that can affect the delivery
of your presentation
• Make sure the lighting is adequate.
• Locate the temperature controls and regulate the
temperature if necessary. If it is too warm or too cold,
audience members will focus on their discomfort rather than
on your presentation.
• Conduct a test of any audiovisual equipment to ensure it's in
working order. Have a backup plan in place just in case —
whatever can go wrong, will go wrong at the worst possible
time.
38. • Make adjustments to the setup of the room to ensure
everyone in the audience will be able to see you. Make sure
that everyone can see the visuals you plan to use.
• If possible, practice your talk in the setting where you are
scheduled to speak. This will not only help you determine
what other factors you might have to overcome, but also
make you feel more comfortable. If practicing in the room
isn't possible, try to visit it prior to your presentation so you
know what to expect.
• When possible, greet members of the audience as they come
into the room. Not only will this make them feel welcome
and at ease, but it may also help reduce your nervousness.
• Clean off any white boards or chalk boards that might
distract the audience.
39. TEN effective presentation techniques:
• Focus on your audience – every presentation you do
should be tailored to your listeners, this will keep them
interested and engaged. What do you want your
audience to think, feel and do? Plan how you will achieve
this.
• Keep your presentation slides simple – be as clear and
concise as possible. Your listeners cannot concentrate on
what you are saying if you have lots of text on slides. Try
to use imagery to supplement what you are saying
instead of text.
40. 1. Be passionate and emotive – humans are more interested when emotion
is involved. Think about how you can make your presentation personal and
relatable.
2. Practice, practice, practice – the saying is true, practice does make
perfect and there is nothing worse than forgetting what you were going to
say in your presentation. First practice aloud to yourself, then practice in
front of your friends, family or colleagues. Then ask them for feedback,
improve, and practice again.
3. Have an open and inviting body language – having an open body
language shows you are confident and believe in what you are saying.
Great presenters always perform with their hands open and palms facing
towards the audience. Try this yourself, it helps the audience to connect
with you better
4. Be passionate and emotive – humans are more interested when emotion
is involved. Think about how you can make your presentation personal and
relatable.
41. 5. Practice, practice, practice – the saying is true, practice
does make perfect and there is nothing worse than forgetting
what you were going to say in your presentation. First practice
aloud to yourself, then practice in front of your friends, family
or colleagues. Then ask them for feedback, improve, and
practice again.
6. Have an open and inviting body language – having an open
body language shows you are confident and believe in what
you are saying. Great presenters always perform with their
hands open and palms facing towards the audience. Try this
yourself, it helps the audience to connect with you better
7. Smile and make eye contact – this shows you are friendly
and builds rapport with the audience. It also helps keep you
calm and concentrated as you will feel like you are talking to
individuals rather than a room filled with people.
42. 8. Dress for the occasion – check what the dress code is; if
in doubt we would always advise you to dress smartly as
this will look much better than being under-dressed.
9 Prevent getting sweat marks – there is nothing more
embarrassing than getting sweat marks whilst presenting.
Avoid this scenario
10. Don’t rush, keep your speech at a slow and steady
pace – this is a common fault with presenters, it especially
happens when people are nervous. Try to be aware of the
pace you 74 are speaking at and speak slower than you
think you need to; trust us this will be a perfect speed.