This document summarizes a review of the literature on evidence-based HIV prevention interventions for African American youth. The review identified key behavioral constructs influencing sexual risk behaviors, including environmental conditions, perceived norms, and parental factors. It analyzed popular interventions and found they addressed key constructs but devoted less time to environmental conditions and norms. The review concludes interventions may be improved by increasing focus on changing norms and environments to better match factors influencing this population.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Well-Being and Self-Esteem among Hearin...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem among hearing-impaired students. Data from 36 hearing-impaired students were collected using simple random sampling at the Federation Special Education National Secondary School Penang, Malaysia. The Bar-On Emotional Quotient: Short (EQ-i: S) instrument, Ryff‘s psychological well-being and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were utilised to examine emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Dimensions of emotional intelligence consist of intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood while psychological well-being dimensions consist of selfacceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth. Results indicated a moderate level of emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Significant positive correlations were found between self-esteem and overall emotional intelligence, overall psychological well-being, emotional intelligence dimensions (intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood) and psychological well-being dimensions (autonomy and environmental mastery). No significant correlation was found between the four dimensions of psychological well-being namely self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery and personal growth. The findings of this study will enable the education authority to direct their special students in a way that best suits the institution and students goals.
This briefing overviews the research on the extent, consequences, risks and prevention strategies for family violence with a focus on preventing family violence in North Carolina.
Academic Cheating Among Youths: A Causal Pathway Model James Tobin, Ph.D.
Academic cheating is a problem more commonly manifested among children and adolescents than one might expect. Researchers estimate that approximately 75% of high school students cheat at some point during their course of academic study (e.g., McCabe, Trevino, & Butterfield, 2001; Whitley, 1998). While cheating appears to be widespread, it has been under-emphasized in the empirical literature and poorly understood as a behavioral phenomenon despite its association with a range of youth risk factors (including low self-esteem and poor academic performance) and its capacity to predict more severe problems in later adolescence and young adulthood. Conducted by co-authors Nicolette de Sumrak, M.A. and James Tobin, Ph.D., this review attempted to organize the current research findings on academic cheating into a comprehensive causal pathway model. Empirical findings were categorized into (1) individual, (2) contextual and (3) moderating factors that interact to increase the likelihood of the onset and maintenance of cheating behavior.
Attachment Studies With Borderline PatientsDemona Demona
Clinical theorists have suggested that disturbed attachments are central to borderline personality
disorder (BPD) psychopathology. This article reviews 13 empirical studies that examine the types
of attachment found in individuals with this disorder or with dimensional characteristics of BPD.
Comparison among the 13 studies is handicapped by the variety of measures and attachment types
that these studies have employed. Nevertheless, every study concludes that there is a strong associa-
tion between BPD and insecure attachment. The types of attachment found to be most characteristic
of BPD subjects are unresolved, preoccupied, and fearful. In each of these attachment types, indi-
viduals demonstrate a longing for intimacy and—at the same time—concern about dependency and
rejection. The high prevalence and severity of insecure attachments found in these adult samples sup-
port the central role of disturbed interpersonal relationships in clinical theories of BPD. This review
concludes that these types of insecure attachment may represent phenotypic markers of vulnerability
to BPD, suggesting several directions for future research.
This poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research in Chicago in August 2014 details two studies looking at the link between engaging in casual sex and psychological health over time. I find that the way casual sex impacts wellbeing depends on why people engage in casual sex (i.e., their casual sex motivation) and how strongly they are interested and approving of casual sex in general (i.e., their sociosexual orientation).
Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Well-Being and Self-Esteem among Hearin...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem among hearing-impaired students. Data from 36 hearing-impaired students were collected using simple random sampling at the Federation Special Education National Secondary School Penang, Malaysia. The Bar-On Emotional Quotient: Short (EQ-i: S) instrument, Ryff‘s psychological well-being and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were utilised to examine emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Dimensions of emotional intelligence consist of intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood while psychological well-being dimensions consist of selfacceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth. Results indicated a moderate level of emotional intelligence, psychological well-being and self-esteem. Significant positive correlations were found between self-esteem and overall emotional intelligence, overall psychological well-being, emotional intelligence dimensions (intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general mood) and psychological well-being dimensions (autonomy and environmental mastery). No significant correlation was found between the four dimensions of psychological well-being namely self-acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery and personal growth. The findings of this study will enable the education authority to direct their special students in a way that best suits the institution and students goals.
This briefing overviews the research on the extent, consequences, risks and prevention strategies for family violence with a focus on preventing family violence in North Carolina.
Academic Cheating Among Youths: A Causal Pathway Model James Tobin, Ph.D.
Academic cheating is a problem more commonly manifested among children and adolescents than one might expect. Researchers estimate that approximately 75% of high school students cheat at some point during their course of academic study (e.g., McCabe, Trevino, & Butterfield, 2001; Whitley, 1998). While cheating appears to be widespread, it has been under-emphasized in the empirical literature and poorly understood as a behavioral phenomenon despite its association with a range of youth risk factors (including low self-esteem and poor academic performance) and its capacity to predict more severe problems in later adolescence and young adulthood. Conducted by co-authors Nicolette de Sumrak, M.A. and James Tobin, Ph.D., this review attempted to organize the current research findings on academic cheating into a comprehensive causal pathway model. Empirical findings were categorized into (1) individual, (2) contextual and (3) moderating factors that interact to increase the likelihood of the onset and maintenance of cheating behavior.
Attachment Studies With Borderline PatientsDemona Demona
Clinical theorists have suggested that disturbed attachments are central to borderline personality
disorder (BPD) psychopathology. This article reviews 13 empirical studies that examine the types
of attachment found in individuals with this disorder or with dimensional characteristics of BPD.
Comparison among the 13 studies is handicapped by the variety of measures and attachment types
that these studies have employed. Nevertheless, every study concludes that there is a strong associa-
tion between BPD and insecure attachment. The types of attachment found to be most characteristic
of BPD subjects are unresolved, preoccupied, and fearful. In each of these attachment types, indi-
viduals demonstrate a longing for intimacy and—at the same time—concern about dependency and
rejection. The high prevalence and severity of insecure attachments found in these adult samples sup-
port the central role of disturbed interpersonal relationships in clinical theories of BPD. This review
concludes that these types of insecure attachment may represent phenotypic markers of vulnerability
to BPD, suggesting several directions for future research.
This poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research in Chicago in August 2014 details two studies looking at the link between engaging in casual sex and psychological health over time. I find that the way casual sex impacts wellbeing depends on why people engage in casual sex (i.e., their casual sex motivation) and how strongly they are interested and approving of casual sex in general (i.e., their sociosexual orientation).
This Much I Know: Reflections on 25 Years of ResearchJane Gilgun
If service providers are to be effective with persons who commit violent acts, we must be able to do what we expect them to do. This powerpoint makes this point.
Larry K. Brown, M.D., Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island - presenting on the topic of Adolescent Sexual Behavior: What Does Reserch Say and What Can Clinicians Do? -- at the Sheppard Pratt Health System Wednesday Grand Rounds Series for Mental Health Professionals (in Towson, MD). Presentation delivered on January 20, 2010. Contact info@sheppardpratt.org for more information on CME presentations at Sheppard Pratt.
Moral development is the process throught which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws
The "Aetiology" of Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children:BASPCAN
Towards a comprehensive theory of prevention and protection.
Christine Jones, Julie Taylor, Jon Brown, and Zain Kurdi
The University of Edinburgh / NSPCC
Child Protection Research Centre
Attitudes towards spanking vary widely. Prior research indicates there are consistent ethnic, gender, and religious differences in attitudes towards spanking. African Americans, Asians, men, and religious people tend to have more positive attitudes towards spanking than Caucasians, women, and nonreligious people. We wanted to see if undergraduate students in an area with favorable attitudes towards spanking differed in their attitudes towards spanking by three key demographics: ethnicity, gender, religion, or their interaction (and if they indeed had favorable attitudes towards spanking). To accomplish this task, we developed a brief, 6-item Spanking Scale for use in future research and surveyed an online incidental sample of 115 college students from a small west Texas university. Reliability, validity, and factor analyses conducted in SPSS support the internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and validity (face, concurrent criterion-related, content, and construct) of the Spanking Scale. A three-way (3 x 2 x 2) factorial ANOVA found no significant ethnic or gender differences in spanking attitudes and no significant interaction effects but marginally significant religious differences, with Christians having more favorable attitudes towards spanking, and people in the current sample had slightly positive attitudes towards spanking. Through answering only four questions about spanking (plus an optional demographic question about spanking frequently and an optional qualitative question about spanking attitudes), people’s attitudes towards spanking can be quickly assessed in less than five minutes using a brief measure of spanking that is reliable, valid, and useful. We discuss implications for policy on spanking and corporal punishment.
Keywords: spanking; corporal punishment; attitudes; religion; ethnicity; gender
Bullying and depression among transgender youthRachel Watkins
Bullying is a relevant issue for this population and we must find ways to advocate for them in order to increase their safety. This presentation will discuss the negative impacts of bullying as well as clinical applications for this population.
Depending on the use case of your network, a space could be created for each project, department or any kind of community topic. You can even allow your users to create and manage their own spaces. That said, spaces are a fundamental part of most HumHub networks.
Hi Jason,Thank you for submitting your unit 2 paper. SafeAssign .docxpooleavelina
Hi Jason,
Thank you for submitting your unit 2 paper. SafeAssign indicated that your paper has a 5% match – nice job.
I like how you explained how the theory relates to the case study. Great job! Be sure to credit all sources.
You did not explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality. Be sure to include the APA Code of Ethics here.
Directions state “Examine and explain how ethical standards guide professional behavior as it relates to the issues and concepts identified in the selected human sexuality case study. You must state the specific ethical standard that relates to the topic or issue highlighted in the case study and explain how this ethical standard guides professional behavior.”
You did follow all APA formatting rules throughout your paper. Continue to work on APA formatting – this is an important part of scholarly writing in the field of psychology – it gives you the author credibility.
Apply psychological theories to topics in human sexuality.
Criterion: Apply psychological theories to a case study in human sexuality.
Proficient
Applies psychological theories to a case study in human sexuality.
Faculty Comments:“
You did apply psychological theories to a case study in human sexuality. You can provide a clear link between the theories and the case. You suggested "The growth of sexuality begins as early as in intrauterine life following interpretation as well as proceeds through infancy, adolescence, youth, and adulthood till death. There is no gender awareness during infancy" How do you know? Cite your sources.
You also indicated that "Youth can be broadly separated into 3 stages. Those are Early-stage that is 10 to 13 years, middle-stage is 14 to 16 years, and last-stage is 17 to 19 years. Physical variances start in early teens, where they are very focused on their body image" - you need to credit all sources.
Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Criterion: Apply scholarly research findings to a case study in human sexuality.
Distinguished
Proficient
Basic
Non-Performance
Basic
Applies scholarly research findings to a case study in human sexuality at a cursory level.
Faculty Comments:“
You did apply scholarly research findings to a case study in human sexuality. You can provide a clear link between the scholarly research and the case. You also need to credit all sources - you mentioned "Numerous researchers have investigated on western population concerning sexual behavior decorations of adolescents as well as investigated the potential factors connecting to the sexual practices. In this research, they studied more than eleven thousand adolescents from 18 to 27 years of age....." You need to credit all sources.
Explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality.
Criterion: Explain how ethics inform professional behavior in the field of human sexuality.
Distinguished
Proficient
Basic
Non-Performance
Non-Performance
Does not explain how ...
In the Know II: What's New In Image & Video Sharing?CDC NPIN
Presentation from the In the Know 2: Social Media for Public Health webcast held on March 19, 2014 by CDC NPIN staff. The webcast offered public health professionals a look at the latest features, functions, and practices on popular and emerging image and video social media channels.
In the Know 2: Whats New in Social Media? CDC NPIN
Presentation from the In the Know 2: Social Media for Public Health webcast held on March 6, 2014 by CDC NPIN staff. The webcast offered public health professionals a look at the latest features, functions, and practices on popular and emerging social media channels.
Using What You Know about Social Media: How to Conduct a Twitter ChatCDC NPIN
This is the 1st in our newest online training opportunity for public health professionals: Using What You Know about Social Media - How to Conduct a Successful Twitter Chat!
In the Know II: Creating Your Social Media PlanCDC NPIN
This presentation was used in a webcast that offered public health professionals the methods to successfully create a social media plan. How do you truly connect with your target audience? Developing a plan is one of the first and most important aspects of an engagement strategy. The right plan has many facets that work together to increase the likelihood of success.
In honor of World AIDS Day 2013 and to ensure we always remember those no longer with us, CDC NPIN is proud to host 15 sections of the Names Project AIDS Memorial Quilts. Each panel underscores commitment and effort to end this pandemic.
NPIN's In the Know: Social Media for Public Health Webcast Series PosterCDC NPIN
In the Know is a live, interactive webcast series designed to provide the latest in social media to support public health success. The first series of webcasts wrapped up in June, 2013.
CDC NPIN In the Know: Social Media Measurement and Evaluation for Public Heal...CDC NPIN
This is the sixth part of interactive webcasts in this round of the series, In the Know: Social Media for Public Health. Each webcast focuses on a different social media channel and provides basic information, tips, success stories, and discussion on how best to use social media to promote public health and expand outreach initiatives.
CDC NPIN In the Know: Google Plus & YouTube for Public HealthCDC NPIN
This is the fifth of six interactive webcasts in the series, In the Know: Social Media for Public Health. Each webcast focuses on a different social media channel and provides basic information, tips, success stories, and discussion on how best to use social media to promote public health and expand outreach initiatives.
CDC NPIN In the Know: Facebook & Visual Social Media for Public HealthCDC NPIN
This is the fourth of six interactive webcasts in the series, In the Know: Social Media for Public Health. Each webcast focuses on a different social media channel and provides basic information, tips, success stories, and discussion on how best to use social media to promote public health and expand outreach initiatives.
CDC NPIN In the Know: Gaming & Mobile for Public Health Webcast PresentationCDC NPIN
This is the third of six interactive webcasts in the series, In the Know: Social Media for Public Health. Each webcast focuses on a different social media channel and provides basic information, tips, success stories, and discussion on how best to use social media to promote public health and expand outreach initiatives.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and Grafana
Interventions For African American Youth
1. Enhancing Evidence-based HIV Prevention
Interventions for African-American Youth:
Addressing Gaps through Review of the
Literature
Kari Gloppen, MPH
Lisa Romero, DrPH
Division of Adolescent and School Health
Division of Adolescent and School Health
August 24, 2009
August 24, 2009
Disclaimer:
Disclaimer:
The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the
The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
2. Overview
Study Rationale and Objectives
Literature Review
Unified Framework of Behavior-Change Constructs
Content Analysis of EBIs
Conclusions
3.
4. Prevalence of “any STD” among
Sexually Experienced U.S. Female Adolescents,
14-19 years old by Race/Ethnicity
Race/ethnicity Prevalence of “any STD” (n= 587)
Non-Hispanic White 20.3%
Hispanic 19.7%
Non-Hispanic Black 47.7%
Source: 2008 National STD Prevention Conference Oral Presentation. Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Bacterial
Source: 2008 National STD Prevention Conference Oral Presentation. Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Bacterial
Vaginosis among Female Adolescents in the United States: Data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
Vaginosis among Female Adolescents in the United States: Data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2003-2004.
(NHANES) 2003-2004.
5. Study Rationale and Objectives
Culturally relevant interventions are a promising
approach
Efficacious behavioral interventions are tailored and
preceded by formative research
To describe behavioral constructs most likely to
influence African American adolescents’ HIV prevention
behaviors
To identify the degree to which behavioral constructs
are reflected in current EBIs
6. Three-Step Process
1. Review the HIV prevention literature to identify
variables associated with sexual risk behaviors among
African American adolescents
2. Map variables onto the unified framework of behavior-
change constructs
3. Analyze the content of HIV-prevention EBIs developed
for African-American youth using behavior-change
constructs
7. Literature Review Methods
Literature search performed through
• Databases
• Manual search
• Reference lists
Abstracts were identified (N=896)
Articles meeting inclusion criteria were coded (N= 54)
8. Research Literature Review Inclusion Criteria
Assess the association of a variable and at least one
sexual behavior outcome
Be conducted in the United States
Be published in peer-reviewed journals from 1995
through 2007
Include multivariate analyses
Have sufficiently large sample sizes (at least 100 for
significant results)
Have participants younger than 19 years
Have the majority of the sample (>50%) be African
American
9. Sexual Risk Behavior Outcomes
Ever had sex
Age at first sex
Number of sexual partners
Unprotected sexual intercourse (did not use a condom)
History of STDs
10. Variables Most Frequently Correlated with
Sexual Risk Behavior Outcomes
Sexual possibility situations
Parental connectedness
Parental involvement
Communication with parents about sex-related issues
Societal/cultural factors
Perceived peer sexual behavior
Perceived peer related risk behaviors
11. Constructs Identified in Unified Framework
Theorists’ Workshop, 1991
Strong intentions
Environmental conditions
Skills
Positive attitude
Perceived norms
Consistency between standards or values and practicing the
behavior
Positive emotional reaction
Self-efficacy
12. Construct Influence on Behavioral Outcomes
Theorists’ Workshop
Environmental conditions, intentions, and skills, are
necessary and sufficient for producing behavior change
The remaining five constructs, positive attitude, perceived
norms, consistency, positive emotional reaction, and self-
efficacy, are viewed as influencing the strength of intention
Interventions should address all three of the necessary
constructs
Focus on the one or two constructs from the remaining
five most likely to influence participants to engage in the
desired behavior
13. Constructs Influencing Behavior Change
Theorists’ Workshop, 1991
Constructs Identified by Leading Theorists Examples of Variables
Mapped Under Each
Strong intentions to perform a behavior Intentions to have sex
Environmental conditions--that foster feasible social, Parent connectedness, family
ecological, and structural influences to perform a behavior structure, societal factors
Having the skills necessary to perform the behavior Condom use, refusal
A positive attitude towards the behavior Towards buying condoms
Perceived norms about the behavior that are more positive Peer sexual norms, family
than negative norms
Consistency between an individual’s personal standards or Self concept, future
values and practicing the behavior aspirations, beliefs/values
Positive emotional reaction towards performing the Positive feelings about
behavior condoms
Self-efficacy, the individual’s belief that he or she can Self-efficacy to communicate,
complete the behavior use condoms
14. Constructs Influencing Behavior Change
Added From Literature Review and Content Analysis
Constructs Identified by Leading Theorists Examples of Variables
Mapped Under Each
Strong intentions to perform a behavior Intentions to have sex
Environmental conditions--that foster feasible social, ecological, and Parent connectedness, family
structural influences to perform a behavior structure, societal factors
Having the skills necessary to perform the behavior Condom use, refusal
A positive attitude towards the behavior Towards buying condoms
Perceived norms about the behavior that are more positive than negative Peer sexual norms, family norms
Consistency between an individual’s personal standards or values and Self concept, future aspirations,
practicing the behavior beliefs/values
Positive emotional reaction towards performing the behavior Positive feelings about condoms
Self-efficacy, the individual’s belief that he or she can complete the Self-efficacy to communicate, use
behavior condoms
Knowledge-- factual information about HIV transmission Awareness of where to
and prevention purchase condoms
Other related risky behaviors Substance use, lower school
performance
15. Relationship Between Constructs and Sexual
Risk Behavioral Outcomes
Environmental conditions and perceived norms were
frequently associated with sexual risk behaviors among
African American adolescents
Knowledge was not measured in the reviewed studies
• Knowledge is a necessary, but insufficient, construct in
changing behavior
Skills were infrequently measured in the reviewed studies
16. Evidence-Based Interventions
Theoretical Number of sessions
Curriculum/intervention framework (dose per session)
Be Proud Be Responsible (Be Social Cognitive Theory 6 (50-min)
Proud!) Theory of Reasoned Action
Theory of Planned Behavior
Becoming a Responsible Teen Information Motivation 8 (90–120 min)
(BART) Behavior Model
Social Learning Theory
Focus on Youth with ImPACT Protection Motivation Theory 8 (100–125-min) for youth and
(formerly Focus on Kids) 1 (90 min) for parent
Making a Difference Social Cognitive Theory 8 (50-min)
Theory of Reasoned Action
Theory of Planned Behavior
Making Proud Choices Social Cognitive Theory 8 ( 50-min)
Theory of Reasoned Action
Theory of Planned Behavior
Sistas, Informing, Healing, Social Cognitive Theory 4 (125-188-min)
Living and Empowering Theory of Gender and Power
(SiHLE)
Street Smart Social Learning Theory 10 (100 min) and 1 (100 min)
individual session
17. Content Analysis Methods
Coded activities to correspond with behavior-change
constructs
Coded dosage (i.e. minutes spent on each type of
activity)
2 people analyzed the content of each EBI
• Standardized coding
• Resolved coding discrepancies
18. Key Results from the EBI Content Analysis
All 7 EBIs addressed the 10 identified theoretical
constructs
EBIs devoted considerable time (higher dose) to
knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy
EBIs devoted measurably less time (lower dose) to
environmental conditions, perceived norms, and
intentions
19. Programmatic Conclusions
To increase program impact on African American
adolescents, activities should
Correct perceptions about peer sexual norms, and
promote healthy sexual norms and behaviors
Promote environmental conditions that facilitate healthy
sexual behavior
• For example, parent education programs, family strengthening
programs, service learning, career planning, and increasing
access to STD and HIV testing, care, and treatment
Consider how much knowledge dosage is necessary
20. Overall Conclusions
Programs and science should match whenever possible
Promote what works (environmental conditions and perceived
norms)
Research and practice improve each other
21. Thank You!
Lisa Romero, DrPH
Jennifer Galbraith, PhD
Lyndsey Wilson-Williams, MPH
Kari Gloppen, MPH