This document discusses interoperability between software components. It defines interoperability as the ability of independently developed components to interact meaningfully by communicating and exchanging data or services. Achieving interoperability is challenging due to heterogeneity between components in terms of programming languages, platforms, data formats, and assumptions. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and XML are examined as approaches to enabling interoperability, but both make assumptions that can limit their effectiveness and even introduce new interoperability issues in some cases. Shaw's taxonomy of interoperability solutions is also referenced.
This document provides an overview of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). It discusses the requirements for ontology languages, the three species of OWL (Lite, DL, Full), the syntactic forms of OWL, and key elements of OWL including classes, properties, restrictions, and boolean combinations. It also covers special properties, datatypes, and versioning information. OWL builds on RDF and RDF Schema to provide a stronger language for defining ontologies with greater machine interpretability on the semantic web.
The document discusses different theories used in information retrieval systems. It describes cognitive or user-centered theories that model human information behavior and structural or system-centered theories like the vector space model. The vector space model represents documents and queries as vectors of term weights and compares similarities between queries and documents. It was first used in the SMART information retrieval system and involves assigning term vectors and weights to documents based on relevance.
The document discusses the Semantic Web, which aims to extend the current web by giving information well-defined meaning so that computers and people can better cooperate. It was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee as a way to make data on the web more machine-readable. Key components that enable the Semantic Web include RDF, OWL, SPARQL, and linked data. RDF in particular allows structured descriptions of resources through subject-predicate-object triples that can be connected to form graphs. This allows semantic content to be included in web pages and facilitates searching and sharing of information across the web.
Information retrieval 13 alternative set theoretic modelsVaibhav Khanna
Alternative Set Theoretic Models
Fuzzy Set Model :a set theoretic model of document retrieval based on fuzzy theory.
Extended Boolean Model:a set theoretic model of document retrieval based on an extension of the classic Boolean model. The idea is to interpret partial matches as Euclidean distances represented in a vectorial space of index terms.
This document provides an overview of service-oriented architecture (SOA). It defines SOA and its key concepts, discusses the motivations for and applications of SOA, compares SOA to other methodologies, outlines implementation technologies, advantages and challenges. It also reviews SOA methodologies, describes the typical steps in a SOA approach, discusses the future of SOA and open research areas, and provides recommendations for adopting SOA.
The document discusses interoperability in digital libraries. It describes how digital libraries aim to support interoperability at three levels: data gathering, harvesting, and federation. It also discusses protocols used for interoperability such as OAI-PMH, DCMES, and LDAP. OAI-PMH allows harvesting of metadata using the OAI-PMH protocol, while DCMES defines a set of 15 elements for resource description. LDAP enables locating resources on a network.
The document discusses key concepts related to information retrieval including data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. It defines information retrieval as the tracing and recovery of specific information from stored data through searching. The main aspects of the information retrieval process are described as querying a collection to retrieve relevant objects that may partially match the query. Precision and recall are discussed as important measures for information retrieval systems.
This document provides an overview of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). It discusses the requirements for ontology languages, the three species of OWL (Lite, DL, Full), the syntactic forms of OWL, and key elements of OWL including classes, properties, restrictions, and boolean combinations. It also covers special properties, datatypes, and versioning information. OWL builds on RDF and RDF Schema to provide a stronger language for defining ontologies with greater machine interpretability on the semantic web.
The document discusses different theories used in information retrieval systems. It describes cognitive or user-centered theories that model human information behavior and structural or system-centered theories like the vector space model. The vector space model represents documents and queries as vectors of term weights and compares similarities between queries and documents. It was first used in the SMART information retrieval system and involves assigning term vectors and weights to documents based on relevance.
The document discusses the Semantic Web, which aims to extend the current web by giving information well-defined meaning so that computers and people can better cooperate. It was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee as a way to make data on the web more machine-readable. Key components that enable the Semantic Web include RDF, OWL, SPARQL, and linked data. RDF in particular allows structured descriptions of resources through subject-predicate-object triples that can be connected to form graphs. This allows semantic content to be included in web pages and facilitates searching and sharing of information across the web.
Information retrieval 13 alternative set theoretic modelsVaibhav Khanna
Alternative Set Theoretic Models
Fuzzy Set Model :a set theoretic model of document retrieval based on fuzzy theory.
Extended Boolean Model:a set theoretic model of document retrieval based on an extension of the classic Boolean model. The idea is to interpret partial matches as Euclidean distances represented in a vectorial space of index terms.
This document provides an overview of service-oriented architecture (SOA). It defines SOA and its key concepts, discusses the motivations for and applications of SOA, compares SOA to other methodologies, outlines implementation technologies, advantages and challenges. It also reviews SOA methodologies, describes the typical steps in a SOA approach, discusses the future of SOA and open research areas, and provides recommendations for adopting SOA.
The document discusses interoperability in digital libraries. It describes how digital libraries aim to support interoperability at three levels: data gathering, harvesting, and federation. It also discusses protocols used for interoperability such as OAI-PMH, DCMES, and LDAP. OAI-PMH allows harvesting of metadata using the OAI-PMH protocol, while DCMES defines a set of 15 elements for resource description. LDAP enables locating resources on a network.
The document discusses key concepts related to information retrieval including data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. It defines information retrieval as the tracing and recovery of specific information from stored data through searching. The main aspects of the information retrieval process are described as querying a collection to retrieve relevant objects that may partially match the query. Precision and recall are discussed as important measures for information retrieval systems.
Information consolidation is defined as the process of evaluating and compressing relevant documents to provide users with reliable and concise information. It involves defining responsibility for analyzing documents and packaging information appropriately for users' needs, levels, and time constraints. The benefits of information consolidation include increasing the effectiveness and use of information for various activities, as well as expanding the circle of potential users by providing evaluated and synthesized information. The basic processes involve studying user needs, selecting relevant sources, evaluating and analyzing information, restructuring it into a new whole, and packaging and disseminating it to encourage use.
Information repackaging is a process to repackage the analyzed, consolidate information in that form which is more suitable & usable for library users. Customization of information taking into account the needs and characteristics of the individual or user groups and matching them with the information to be provided so that diffusion of information occurs.
The document summarizes key concepts of Library 2.0, which focuses on user-driven services and participation. It discusses how user behaviors and expectations have changed with new technologies. Library 2.0 emphasizes interactivity, user contributions, and treating information as a conversation. The document provides examples of Library 2.0 tools and services like blogs, wikis, tagging, and IM that can increase user engagement and participation. It offers guidance on starting a blog or IM reference service for a library.
This document discusses different types of indexes, including alphabetical, author, book, citation, classified, coordinate, cumulative, and faceted indexes. It provides details on the defining characteristics and purposes of each type. Alphabetical indexes list entries in one alphabetical order but can have problems with synonyms and scattering of entries. Author indexes use people or organizations as entry points. Book indexes are commonly found at the back of books to locate information. Citation indexes show which papers cite a given paper. Classified indexes arrange contents systematically by classes or subjects. Coordinate indexes allow terms to be combined. Cumulative indexes merge indexes over time. Faceted indexes attempt to discover all individual aspects of a subject.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Presentation for UP Health Informatics HI201 under Dr. Iris Tan and Dr. Mike Muin. The topic for discussion Interoperability & Standards, a healthcare scenario was given regarding two disparate information systems, one found in a clinic, another with a hospital information system. #MSHI #HI201
This document provides an overview of information retrieval models. It begins with definitions of information retrieval and how it differs from data retrieval. It then discusses the retrieval process and logical representations of documents. A taxonomy of IR models is presented including classic, structured, and browsing models. Boolean, vector, and probabilistic models are explained as examples of classic models. The document concludes with descriptions of ad-hoc retrieval and filtering tasks and formal characteristics of IR models.
This Lecture introduces students to Reference Sources.
It discusses both print and digital Sources of Information, including features which are need.
The Lecture asks various questions regarding the new skills needed by the user to survive in the digital arena.
Additionally, Assignment ground-rules are also suggested, including International methods of citation, citation tools and also note-taking skills.
POPSI (Postulate based permuted subject indexing) is a pre-coordinate indexing system developed by G. Bhattacharyya that uses an analytic-synthetic method and permutation of terms to approach documents from different perspectives. It is based on Ranganathan's postulates and classification principles. POPSI helps formulate subject headings, derive index entries, determine subject queries, and formulate search strategies. The main POPSI table contains notation used in the indexing process. Key steps include analysis, formalization, modulation, standardization, and generating organized and associative classification entries and references.
Indexing Techniques: Their Usage in Search Engines for Information RetrievalVikas Bhushan
1. The document discusses indexing techniques and their usage in modern search engines. It covers the transition from manual to automated indexing and different indexing methods.
2. Current trends in indexing and information retrieval are discussed such as XML indexing and its components. Future applications for indexers are also mentioned.
3. The conclusion emphasizes enhancements to indexing procedures like weighted indexing and linking of terms to improve retrieval of accurate information.
(a) Text: notes, captions, subtitles, contents, indexes.
(b) Data: tables, charts, graphs, spreadsheets.
(c) Graphics: drawings, prints, maps, etc.
(d) Photographic images : negatives, slides, prints .
(e) Animation: including both computer generated, video, etc.
(f) Audio: speech and music digitized from cassettes, tapes, CDs, etc.
(g) Video (digital): either converted from analogue film or entirely created within a computer.
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyDebashisnaskar
The concept of digital library revolutionized its popularity with the development of networking technology. Digital library stores various kind of documents in digitized format that enables user smooth access to these documents at subsidized costs. In the recent past, a similar concept i.e., ontology library has gained popularity among the communities like semantic web, artificial intelligence, information science, philosophy, linguistics, and so forth.
Cloud Computing is all about services and service oriented architecture(SOA) is all about making service the building blocks in software production and delivery
This document provides an overview of HL7 standards. It begins with introducing Thailand's certified HL7 specialists and then discusses why standards are important for health information exchange. The document explains different levels of interoperability and describes various HL7 standards including HL7 v2, HL7 v3, and CDA. It highlights key differences between HL7 v2 and v3 and provides examples of HL7 message segments.
Eprints is open source repository software developed at the University of Southampton for building institutional repositories. It was first released in 2000 and supports a variety of document types including articles, books, theses, and multimedia files. Eprints is widely used and allows users to upload, search, and export content. It uses traditional technologies like MySQL and Perl but newer versions provide more flexibility and control for repository managers. While it is easy to install and use, Eprints focuses only on repository functions rather than broader digital library needs.
The document discusses probabilistic retrieval models in information retrieval. It introduces three influential probabilistic models: (1) Maron and Kuhns' 1960 model which calculates the probability of relevance based on historical user data; (2) Salton's model which estimates the probability of term occurrence in relevant documents; (3) A model that ranks documents by the probability of relevance and considers retrieval as a decision between costs of retrieving non-relevant vs. not retrieving relevant documents. The document provides background on the development of probabilistic IR models and challenges of estimating probabilities for evaluation.
This document provides an overview of an information retrieval system (IRS). It defines IRS as obtaining relevant information from a collection to meet a user's need. The IRS has three main components: a document subsystem for acquiring, representing and organizing data; a user subsystem for representing queries; and a search/retrieval subsystem for matching queries to documents. It describes the basic concepts like how a user enters a query that is scored and ranked to return relevant results, which can be iterated. The objectives are to highlight probabilistic models and establish relationships between popular techniques. The functions are to analyze information sources and queries to match and retrieve relevant items. [/SUMMARY]
This chapter introduces the notion of Information Retrieval (IR). it discusses after a survey of classification of various IR systems and major components of an IR system, the notion of Boolean Retrieval model and Invertex Index and extended Boolean are presented.
A digital library is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection.
Ontologies provide a shared understanding of a domain by formally defining concepts, properties, and relationships. An ontology introduces vocabulary relevant to a domain and specifies the meaning of terms. Ontologies are machine-readable and enable overcoming differences in terminology across complex, distributed applications. Examples include gene ontologies, pharmaceutical drug ontologies, and customer profile ontologies. Semantic technologies use ontologies to provide semantic search, integration, reasoning, and analysis capabilities.
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a standard developed by OMG that allows software components written in different programming languages and running on different operating systems to communicate. It provides a way for objects to transparently make requests and invoke methods on other objects across a network. CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to define object interfaces and an object request broker (ORB) to handle requests and route them to the appropriate objects. The ORB transparently handles issues like object location, communication protocols, and programming language differences to allow objects to communicate seamlessly.
While swarming has been successfully demonstrated in unmanned vehicles, the underlying assumption was that the swarm was made up of UVs of the same type from the same developer. The next challenge is Air Vehicle (AV) Teaming; Co-ordinated AV’s of different types, potentially from different manufacturers, manned and unmanned, working together. This session covers recent advances in system and system-of-system architecture theory & practice, and demonstrates how common data architecture enables interoperable & dynamic implementation of teaming. The key advance is the data-centric architecture detailing the semantic context of information exchanged over AV system-interface boundaries. The definition of interoperable data architecture, and how to build in semantics for auto-discovery of AV capability, is covered along with examples of how to create a context-based (semantic) architecture. As a summary, current industry initiatives towards interoperable architectures will be highlighted.
Information consolidation is defined as the process of evaluating and compressing relevant documents to provide users with reliable and concise information. It involves defining responsibility for analyzing documents and packaging information appropriately for users' needs, levels, and time constraints. The benefits of information consolidation include increasing the effectiveness and use of information for various activities, as well as expanding the circle of potential users by providing evaluated and synthesized information. The basic processes involve studying user needs, selecting relevant sources, evaluating and analyzing information, restructuring it into a new whole, and packaging and disseminating it to encourage use.
Information repackaging is a process to repackage the analyzed, consolidate information in that form which is more suitable & usable for library users. Customization of information taking into account the needs and characteristics of the individual or user groups and matching them with the information to be provided so that diffusion of information occurs.
The document summarizes key concepts of Library 2.0, which focuses on user-driven services and participation. It discusses how user behaviors and expectations have changed with new technologies. Library 2.0 emphasizes interactivity, user contributions, and treating information as a conversation. The document provides examples of Library 2.0 tools and services like blogs, wikis, tagging, and IM that can increase user engagement and participation. It offers guidance on starting a blog or IM reference service for a library.
This document discusses different types of indexes, including alphabetical, author, book, citation, classified, coordinate, cumulative, and faceted indexes. It provides details on the defining characteristics and purposes of each type. Alphabetical indexes list entries in one alphabetical order but can have problems with synonyms and scattering of entries. Author indexes use people or organizations as entry points. Book indexes are commonly found at the back of books to locate information. Citation indexes show which papers cite a given paper. Classified indexes arrange contents systematically by classes or subjects. Coordinate indexes allow terms to be combined. Cumulative indexes merge indexes over time. Faceted indexes attempt to discover all individual aspects of a subject.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
Presentation for UP Health Informatics HI201 under Dr. Iris Tan and Dr. Mike Muin. The topic for discussion Interoperability & Standards, a healthcare scenario was given regarding two disparate information systems, one found in a clinic, another with a hospital information system. #MSHI #HI201
This document provides an overview of information retrieval models. It begins with definitions of information retrieval and how it differs from data retrieval. It then discusses the retrieval process and logical representations of documents. A taxonomy of IR models is presented including classic, structured, and browsing models. Boolean, vector, and probabilistic models are explained as examples of classic models. The document concludes with descriptions of ad-hoc retrieval and filtering tasks and formal characteristics of IR models.
This Lecture introduces students to Reference Sources.
It discusses both print and digital Sources of Information, including features which are need.
The Lecture asks various questions regarding the new skills needed by the user to survive in the digital arena.
Additionally, Assignment ground-rules are also suggested, including International methods of citation, citation tools and also note-taking skills.
POPSI (Postulate based permuted subject indexing) is a pre-coordinate indexing system developed by G. Bhattacharyya that uses an analytic-synthetic method and permutation of terms to approach documents from different perspectives. It is based on Ranganathan's postulates and classification principles. POPSI helps formulate subject headings, derive index entries, determine subject queries, and formulate search strategies. The main POPSI table contains notation used in the indexing process. Key steps include analysis, formalization, modulation, standardization, and generating organized and associative classification entries and references.
Indexing Techniques: Their Usage in Search Engines for Information RetrievalVikas Bhushan
1. The document discusses indexing techniques and their usage in modern search engines. It covers the transition from manual to automated indexing and different indexing methods.
2. Current trends in indexing and information retrieval are discussed such as XML indexing and its components. Future applications for indexers are also mentioned.
3. The conclusion emphasizes enhancements to indexing procedures like weighted indexing and linking of terms to improve retrieval of accurate information.
(a) Text: notes, captions, subtitles, contents, indexes.
(b) Data: tables, charts, graphs, spreadsheets.
(c) Graphics: drawings, prints, maps, etc.
(d) Photographic images : negatives, slides, prints .
(e) Animation: including both computer generated, video, etc.
(f) Audio: speech and music digitized from cassettes, tapes, CDs, etc.
(g) Video (digital): either converted from analogue film or entirely created within a computer.
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyDebashisnaskar
The concept of digital library revolutionized its popularity with the development of networking technology. Digital library stores various kind of documents in digitized format that enables user smooth access to these documents at subsidized costs. In the recent past, a similar concept i.e., ontology library has gained popularity among the communities like semantic web, artificial intelligence, information science, philosophy, linguistics, and so forth.
Cloud Computing is all about services and service oriented architecture(SOA) is all about making service the building blocks in software production and delivery
This document provides an overview of HL7 standards. It begins with introducing Thailand's certified HL7 specialists and then discusses why standards are important for health information exchange. The document explains different levels of interoperability and describes various HL7 standards including HL7 v2, HL7 v3, and CDA. It highlights key differences between HL7 v2 and v3 and provides examples of HL7 message segments.
Eprints is open source repository software developed at the University of Southampton for building institutional repositories. It was first released in 2000 and supports a variety of document types including articles, books, theses, and multimedia files. Eprints is widely used and allows users to upload, search, and export content. It uses traditional technologies like MySQL and Perl but newer versions provide more flexibility and control for repository managers. While it is easy to install and use, Eprints focuses only on repository functions rather than broader digital library needs.
The document discusses probabilistic retrieval models in information retrieval. It introduces three influential probabilistic models: (1) Maron and Kuhns' 1960 model which calculates the probability of relevance based on historical user data; (2) Salton's model which estimates the probability of term occurrence in relevant documents; (3) A model that ranks documents by the probability of relevance and considers retrieval as a decision between costs of retrieving non-relevant vs. not retrieving relevant documents. The document provides background on the development of probabilistic IR models and challenges of estimating probabilities for evaluation.
This document provides an overview of an information retrieval system (IRS). It defines IRS as obtaining relevant information from a collection to meet a user's need. The IRS has three main components: a document subsystem for acquiring, representing and organizing data; a user subsystem for representing queries; and a search/retrieval subsystem for matching queries to documents. It describes the basic concepts like how a user enters a query that is scored and ranked to return relevant results, which can be iterated. The objectives are to highlight probabilistic models and establish relationships between popular techniques. The functions are to analyze information sources and queries to match and retrieve relevant items. [/SUMMARY]
This chapter introduces the notion of Information Retrieval (IR). it discusses after a survey of classification of various IR systems and major components of an IR system, the notion of Boolean Retrieval model and Invertex Index and extended Boolean are presented.
A digital library is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection.
Ontologies provide a shared understanding of a domain by formally defining concepts, properties, and relationships. An ontology introduces vocabulary relevant to a domain and specifies the meaning of terms. Ontologies are machine-readable and enable overcoming differences in terminology across complex, distributed applications. Examples include gene ontologies, pharmaceutical drug ontologies, and customer profile ontologies. Semantic technologies use ontologies to provide semantic search, integration, reasoning, and analysis capabilities.
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a standard developed by OMG that allows software components written in different programming languages and running on different operating systems to communicate. It provides a way for objects to transparently make requests and invoke methods on other objects across a network. CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to define object interfaces and an object request broker (ORB) to handle requests and route them to the appropriate objects. The ORB transparently handles issues like object location, communication protocols, and programming language differences to allow objects to communicate seamlessly.
While swarming has been successfully demonstrated in unmanned vehicles, the underlying assumption was that the swarm was made up of UVs of the same type from the same developer. The next challenge is Air Vehicle (AV) Teaming; Co-ordinated AV’s of different types, potentially from different manufacturers, manned and unmanned, working together. This session covers recent advances in system and system-of-system architecture theory & practice, and demonstrates how common data architecture enables interoperable & dynamic implementation of teaming. The key advance is the data-centric architecture detailing the semantic context of information exchanged over AV system-interface boundaries. The definition of interoperable data architecture, and how to build in semantics for auto-discovery of AV capability, is covered along with examples of how to create a context-based (semantic) architecture. As a summary, current industry initiatives towards interoperable architectures will be highlighted.
The document discusses key concepts related to deploying EJB middleware technologies, including deployment descriptors, access control entries, control descriptors, session descriptors, entity descriptors, and other deployment considerations. The deployment descriptor class is used to communicate information from the developer to the deployer and container. It includes methods to get and set properties like the bean name, security roles, transaction attributes, and more.
The document discusses the goal of going more in depth on the core architecture of CORBA, including less breadth and focusing on reading suggested sections from referenced books, with an outlined lecture covering CORBA's general overview, interface definition language, ORB components, and conclusions.
With the official release of Java EE 6 in December 2009 a new version of the Enterprise JavaBeans specification also saw the light. Enterprise JavaBeans is an architecture for the development and deployment of component-based business applications. Applications written using the Enterprise JavaBeans architecture are scalable, transactional, and concurrent.
While a lot of faithful EJB developer's have been scared away from the specification and some of its unfortunate implementations in the past five years, EJB 3.1 has all the ingredients that make for a successful lightweight component based implementation. At last a decent implementation of a server-side component framework as part of the Java EE specification. This no longer makes you dependent on rebel frameworks such as the Spring framework.
EJB 3.1 continues down the path where EJB 3.0 left us off. The purpose of the Enterprise JavaBeans 3.1 specification is to further simplify the EJB architecture by reducing its complexity from the developer's point of view, while also adding new functionality in response to the needs of the community. Although the Java Persistence API was developed within EJB 3.0, it now evolves under a separate JSR rather than within EJB 3.1 and will therefore not be covered in this presentation.
This presentation will mainly focus on the new features introduced by EJB 3.1 and the basics of EJB are only covered very briefly. Topics covered include: EJB Lite, simple packaging, no-interface local view, portable JNDI names, Embeddable API, Startup/shutdown callbacks, Singleton beans, the new and improved timer and scheduler component, Async invocations, and REST integration.
JavaBeans are reusable software components that can be visually composed using builder tools. They have properties that can be edited visually, support events to communicate between components, and allow introspection to discover their features. JavaBeans use serialization and XML for persistence so their state can be saved and restored. They provide a portable, platform-independent way to create reusable application components.
The document discusses the key similarities and differences between COM and CORBA distributed object systems. Both COM and CORBA provide mechanisms for remote object access through proxies, stubs, and skeletons. However, COM relies more on Windows registry registration and binary type libraries, while CORBA focuses on vendor-neutral interface definitions and does not depend on a specific operating system.
The document discusses distributed systems and CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture). It provides an overview of CORBA architecture including its object model, object request broker, interface definition language, client/server communication model using object references, and stubs and skeletons. It also compares CORBA to other distributed computing technologies like DCOM and discusses their similarities and differences.
The document discusses the Component Object Model (COM), which is a platform-independent binary standard that allows software components written in different languages to interact. COM specifies an object model and programming requirements to enable components, called COM components, to interact through interfaces. The presentation provides details on COM's design principles like encapsulation and polymorphism. It also describes key COM interfaces like IUnknown and IDispatch and how COM handles inter-process communication transparently using protocols like RPC.
The document provides an introduction to the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). It outlines the key components of CORBA including distributed computing, the Object Request Broker (ORB) which acts as a communication hub, the Interface Definition Language (IDL) which allows objects to communicate across different programming languages, and the General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) and Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) which define data representation and remote object references over TCP/IP. The document also provides an example of defining a simple "hello world" interface in IDL, implementing and running a client and server application.
Common Object Request Broker Architecture - CORBAPeter R. Egli
CORBA is a distributed object technology standard that allows objects to communicate with one another regardless of programming language or location. It uses an Object Request Broker (ORB) to handle requests and responses between clients and servers. CORBA defines an Interface Definition Language (IDL) to specify object interfaces independently of programming languages. The IDL compiler then generates stub and skeleton code to enable communication. CORBA provides interoperability, location transparency, and other services to facilitate distributed object communication.
The document discusses JavaBeans, which are reusable software components that can be visually manipulated in builder tools. JavaBeans follow specific conventions to expose their properties and events so they can be edited visually without code. Builder tools can inspect beans at design time to display and edit their properties. Events allow beans to communicate, and beans can also be customized through property editors or customizers.
This document discusses distributed objects and CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture). It defines distributed objects as software modules that reside across multiple computers but work together. CORBA allows distributed objects written in different languages to communicate. It includes an Object Request Broker that acts as middleware to relay requests between client objects and server implementations. CORBA uses interface definition language (IDL) to define interfaces independently of programming languages. It also includes client stubs, server skeletons, an interface repository, and implementation repository to enable communication between distributed objects.
Java Bean is a reusable software component that can be visually assembled into applications using visual development tools. It follows specific conventions like having public no-arg constructors, allowing properties to be read and written with get/set methods, and firing events. Beans are customizable, portable, and can persist their state. Introspection allows determining a bean's properties, methods, and events at runtime.
CORBA allows software components written in different languages and running on different machines to communicate. It defines IDL for language-neutral interfaces and an ORB that handles remote requests between clients and servers transparently. The presentation discusses CORBA concepts and architecture, including components like IDL, ORB, object adapters, and the interface repository that enable communication across heterogeneous systems.
1. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) enables software components written in different languages and running on different computers to communicate.
2. An Object Request Broker (ORB) is the core of any CORBA distributed system and is responsible for enabling communication between objects and clients while hiding issues related to distribution and heterogeneity.
3. CORBA uses an object-oriented model where object implementations reside on servers and are specified using the CORBA Interface Definition Language (IDL). The ORB handles object invocations between clients and servers.
Interoperable, Extensible and Efficient System ArchitecturesAngelo Corsaro
Interoperability, extensibility and efficiency are increasingly required to enable and effectively operate Smart Energy Grids, Smart Cities, Exploration and Production Systems in the Oil and Gas industry, and international Air Traffic Control and Management Systems. Yet, these key architectural attributes are often an after-thought as opposed to axioms upon which the entire architecture is designed – with the result that many systems are non-interoperable, hard to extend and inefficient.
This presentation will (1) precisely define the meaning of interoperability, extensibility and efficiency, (2) propose metrics for their evaluation, and (3) explain these important properties can be “designed in” system architectures.
We will introduce data-centricity as the paradigm and architectural pattern that fosters interoperability, extensibility and efficiency and will explain how existing standards such as the OMG DDS can be used to implement data-centric architectures.
What are the actors? What are they used for? And how can we develop them? And how are they published and used on Azure? Let's see how it's done in this session
Domain-driven design (DDD) is an approach that involves using a shared domain model and ubiquitous language to support complex domains and ensure alignment between software design and business needs. It emphasizes basing the software design on an evolving model that shares common concepts with domain experts. DDD uses patterns like entities, value objects, aggregates and repositories to structure the software around domain concepts and separate domain logic from data access and external interfaces.
Hexagonal architecture - message-oriented software design (PHP Barcelona 2015)Matthias Noback
Commands, events, queries - three types of messages that travel through your application. Some originate from the web, some from the command-line. Your application sends some of them to a database, or a message queue. What is the ideal infrastructure for an application to support this on-going stream of messages? What kind of architectural design fits best? This talk provides answers to these questions: we take the *hexagonal* approach to software architecture. We look at messages, how they cross boundaries and how you can make steady communication lines between your application and other systems, like web browsers, terminals, databases and message queues. You will learn how to separate the technical aspects of these connections from the core behavior of your application by implementing design patterns like the *command bus*, and design principles like *dependency inversion*.
Building scalable and language independent java services using apache thriftTalentica Software
This presentation is about the key challenges of cross language interactions and how they can be overcome. We discuss the Apache Thrift as a solution and understand its principle of Operation with code snippets and examples.
Melbourne Microservices Meetup: Agenda for a new ArchitectureSaul Caganoff
This presentation steps back to look at the current IT climate and context for microservices. I argue that we are experiencing a paradigm shift in how we build applications and that microservices may represent a new paradigm alternative.
I then look back at previous experience with application architectures, the driving forces acting today in terms of "crisis" and opportunities and what aspects of microservices we want to examine in more detail in future meetup events.
The document discusses some of the challenges with mixing service-oriented architecture (SOA) and enterprise application integration (EAI) approaches. Specifically, it notes issues around disparities between inner domains, unclear service logic boundaries, granularity of services, lack of recognition and identification of events, decentralization of service logic, disparate protocols, overly thick adapter layers, and lack of clear linking between events and processes. The document advocates following principles of loose coupling, autonomy, composability, reusability, discoverability, and abstraction to help address these issues.
Hexagonal architecture - message-oriented software design (Symfony Live Berli...Matthias Noback
Commands, events, queries - different types of messages that travel through your application. Some originate from the web, some from the command-line. Your application sends some of them to a database, or a message queue. What is the ideal infrastructure for an application to support this on-going stream of messages? What kind of architectural design fits best? This talk provides answers to these questions: we take the *hexagonal* approach to software architecture. We look at messages, how they cross boundaries and how you can make steady communication lines between your application and other systems, like web browsers, terminals, databases and message queues. You will learn how to separate the technical aspects of these connections from the core behavior of your application by implementing design patterns like the *command bus*, and design principles like *dependency inversion*.
Commands, events, queries – different types of messages that travel through your application. Some originate from the web, some from the command-line. Your application sends some of them to a database, or a message queue. What is the ideal infrastructure for an application to support this on-going stream of messages? What kind of architectural design fits best?
This talk provides answers to these questions: we take the hexagonal approach to software architecture. We look at messages, how they cross boundaries and how you can make steady communication lines between your application and other systems, like web browsers, terminals, databases and message queues. You will learn how to separate the technical aspects of these connections from the core behavior of your application by implementing design patterns like the command bus, and design principles like dependency inversion.
The document discusses the .NET platform and framework. It provides an overview of the key components of .NET including the Common Language Runtime (CLR) environment that executes programs, the Framework Class Library (FCL) base classes and libraries, and support for multiple programming languages. It also describes concepts like application domains, marshaling objects across boundaries, and how programs are compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) and executed.
Source-to-source transformations: Supporting tools and infrastructurekaveirious
Introduction to source-to-source transformation. Concept and overview. Basics of existing tools (TXL, ROSE, Cetus, EDG, C-to-C, Memphis); pros and cons. Part of an internal evaluation for selecting a source-to-source transformation tool.
Commands, events, queries - three types of messages that travel through your application. Some originate from the web, some from the command-line. Your application sends some of them to a database, or a message queue. What is the ideal infrastructure for an application to support this on-going stream of messages? What kind of architectural design fits best?
This talk provides answers to these questions: we take the hexagonal approach to software architecture. We look at messages, how they cross boundaries and how you can make steady communication lines between your application and other systems, like web browsers, terminals, databases and message queues. You will learn how to separate the technical aspects of these connections from the core behavior of your application by implementing design patterns like the command bus, and design principles like dependency inversion.
Commands, events, queries - three types of messages that travel through your application. Some originate from the web, some from the command-line. Your application sends some of them to a database, or a message queue. What is the ideal infrastructure for an application to support this on-going stream of messages? What kind of architectural design fits best?
This talk provides answers to these questions: we take the *hexagonal* approach to software architecture. We look at messages, how they cross boundaries and how you can make steady communication lines between your application and other systems, like web browsers, terminals, databases and message queues.
You will learn how to separate the technical aspects of these connections from the core behavior of your application by implementing design patterns like the *command bus*, and design principles like *dependency inversion*.
Using requirements to retrace software evolution historyNeil Ernst
The document discusses the evolution of distributed computing and the importance of understanding past requirements and decisions to help design evolvable distributed computing specifications. It analyzes how standards like remote procedure call (RPC), Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), and web services addressed challenges over time around scalability, heterogeneity, and vendor lock-in through mechanisms like abstraction, separation of concerns, and quality of service properties. The conclusion advocates learning from past successes and failures to help ensure new distributed computing paradigms provide improvements and considers evolvability from the start.
Middleware technologies like RPC, RMI, CORBA, and web services define standards for distributed computing by allowing programs and objects located on different machines to communicate. They provide location transparency so clients can access remote objects as if they were local. Middleware sits above basic communication mechanisms and hides differences in operating systems, networks, and programming languages.
The document discusses a peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture for community grids where all resources, including computers, programs, data, and people, are represented as XML objects that can interact through XML messages. It proposes defining all resources, including software components and people, with web interfaces. All interactions would be message-based using a standardized XML format. Key research issues discussed include how programming languages and databases would work in this model and how to "compile" virtual XML definitions into efficient method calls.
Framework design involves balancing many considerations, such as:
- Managing dependencies between components to allow for flexibility and evolution over time. Techniques like dependency injection and layering help achieve this.
- Designing APIs by first writing code samples for key scenarios and defining object models to support these samples to ensure usability.
- Treating simplicity as a feature by removing unnecessary requirements and reusing existing concepts where possible.
The document discusses parallel computing over the past 25 years and challenges for using multicore chips in the next decade. It aims to provide context to scale applications effectively to 32-1024 cores. Key challenges include expressing inherent application parallelism while enabling efficient mapping to hardware through programming models and runtime systems. Future work includes developing methods to restore lost parallelism information and tradeoffs between programming effort, generality and performance.
Command & [e]Mission Control: Using Command and Event Buses to create a CQRS-...Barney Hanlon
Command buses allow sending command objects to trigger actions in the domain layer. Event buses publish event objects to notify listeners of actions. This decouples components and improves testability. The Action-Domain-Responder pattern uses command/event buses between an action, domain services, and responder to abstract interactions. Adapters like controllers turn requests into commands while responders assemble responses from events. This approach improves agility by allowing the domain to evolve independently of interfaces.
Facilitating Busines Interoperability from the Semantic WebRoberto García
Most approaches to B2B interoperability are based on language syntax standardisation, usually by XML Schemas. However, due to XML expressivity limitations, they are difficult to put into practice because language semantics are not available for computerised means. Therefore, there are many attempts to use formal semantics for B2B based on ontologies. However, this is a difficult jump as there is already a huge XML-based B2B framework and ontology-based approaches lack momentum. Our approach to solve this impasse is based on a di-rect and transparent transfer of existing XML Schemas and XML data to the semantic world. This process is based on a XML Schema to web ontology mapping combined with an XML data to semantic web data one. Once in the semantic space, it is easier to integrate different business standards using ontology alignment tools and to develop business information systems thanks to semantics-aware tools.
Facilitating Busines Interoperability from the Semantic Web
Interoperability
1. Interoperability
Eric M. Dashofy*
ICS 221
November 12, 2002
*With special thanks to David Rosenblum from whom some of this material is blatantly stolen.
2. Overview
Characterization of the Problem
With a small attempt to taxonomize
Taxonomy of Solutions
Investigation of Specific Solutions
CORBA, JMS, Siena, and other
middleware
XML
3. Definitions
Interoperability
The ability for two or more (independently-
developed) (software) components to
interact meaningfully
Communicate meaningfully
Exchange data or services
4. Why is Interoperability Important?
One (perhaps the) dominant challenge in
software engineering
We can’t live without it
Large systems are no longer built from first principles
(nor can they be)
We shouldn’t live without it
Component reuse has the potential for enormous cost
savings
Cited by Brooks as a potential silver bullet
We need it to maintain the living we do now
We are burdened with un-rebuildable legacy systems
cf. SAABRE, Air Traffic Control
It is induced by the state of computing now
Increasing connectivity of computers through the Internet
5. Is Interoperability the
Problem?
Interoperability is not a problem, it’s a software
quality. The problem in achieving this quality is…
Heterogeneity!
Components written in different programming languages
Components running on different hardware platforms
Components running on different operating systems
Components using different data representations
Components using different control models
Components implementing different semantics or semantic
interpretations
Components implementing duplicate functionality
Components implementing conflicting functionality
6. Another Characterization
Architectural Mismatch [GAO95]
Components have difficulty interoperating because
of mismatching assumptions
About the world they run in
About who is in control, and when
About data formats and how they’re manipulated
Also assumptions about connectors
About protocols (who says what when)
About data models (what is said)
Also assumptions about the global configuration
(topology)
…and the construction process (mostly
instantiation)
7. Syntactic vs. Semantic
Syntactic compatibility only guarantees that
data will pass through a connector properly
Semantic compatibility is achieved only when
components agree on the meaning of the
data they exchange
Example: UNIX pipes
Syntactic compatibility established by making all
data ASCII
Semantic compatibility is not addressed
Line-oriented data?
Field-oriented lines?
Field separators?
8. Classic Example
Enumerate the interoperability problems here
Are they essential or accidental?
Are they syntactic or semantic?
American electrical plug European electrical outlet
9. An example of an “essential”
power problem
American electrical plug
Flintstones Power Source
12. In Detail…
Change A’s form to B’s form
Usually involves a complete rewrite
Expensive but do-able
Publish an abstraction of A’s form
API’s (open or standardized)
Projections or Views (common in
databases)
13. (cont).
Transform on the fly
Big-endian to little-endian translations in
the connector
REST architectural style
Negotiate a common form
Requires that one or both components
support multiple forms
Classic example is modem protocol
negotiation
14. (cont).
Make B multilingual
Macintosh “fat binaries”
“Portable code” that uses #ifdefs
Import/Export Converters
May be part of A or B, may be developed
by a 3rd
party
Classic example: word processors,
Alchemy Mindworks’ Graphics Workshop
15. (cont).
Intermediate form
Agree on a common form, usually involves some
sort of standardization
IDL data definitions
XML schema
RTF, PostScript, PDF
Wrap Component A
Machine emulator
(cf. Playstation emulators, StellaX, SAABRE)
Piece of code that translates APIs
16. (cont).
Maintain parallel consistent versions
Constrain both A and B such that they have
matching assumptions
Whenever one changes assumptions, make the
corresponding change in the other component
Delicate, often impractical
Separate essence from packaging
Research topic
“A service without an interface”
Interfaces are provided by “system integrators”
Variant: exposing multiple interfaces from A
Variant: A generic interface that can be
transformed into many interfaces automatically
17. The “Solution”
(as offered by industry)
Middleware
Buzz: Industry will build you a connector
that makes interoperability magically
appear
Right?
Hint: Not Exactly
18. Middleware
Popular middleware offerings
CORBA
COM
RMI
JMS
DCE RPC (aka Xerox Courier, SunRPC, ARPC)
Microsoft Message Queue
MQ Series
Siena
KnowNow SOAP Routing
SOAP (is this middleware?)
19. Focus: CORBA
Common Object Request Broker
Architecture
A middleware standard
(not implementation)
from the Object
Management Group
Like the United Nations
of software organizations
20. Focus: CORBA
From the spec:
Object Request Broker, which enables objects to transparently
make and receive requests and responses in a distributed
environment. It is the foundation for building applications from
distributed objects and for interoperability between applications in
hetero- and homogeneous environments. The architecture and
specifications of the Object Request Broker are described in this
manual.
Standard for middleware that enables interoperability
among components with different assumptions about:
Platform
Language (type system)
What assumptions are implicit in the OMG
definition?
21. What is CORBA?
At its core:
It is RPC with objects
Along with a fairly competent IDL (interface
definition language)
Plus some pre-defined services provided by the
middleware and exposed through the
RPC+Objects mechanism (CORBAServices)
Naming
Trading
“Events”
Etc.
23. Example
Component
A
Object
B
Public
Interface of B
First, we must
turn this interface
into something that
is comprehensible in A’s world
Solution: define the interface in a platform-neutral
interface definition language (IDL)
Why might this be harder than it looks?
24. Exercise: Convert this Java
signature to be called from C++
public int foo(int p1, Vector v);
public int start(Thread t);
What do we need to know about the source and
target language to do this effectively?
Can I do this for any arbitrary function?
27. Example cont.
Component
A
Object
B
Public
Interface of B
B’s
Stub for
A-world
Skeleton for
B-world
Via proprietary
protocol, probably TCP-based
if a network is involved, maybe
through some more efficient
OS-based mechanism like
named-pipes if the call is all
being made on one machine.
NB: B is often
called the “true
object”
28. Semantic Sugar:
CORBAservices
CORBAservices are basically standardized APIs for
doing common tasks.
The True Objects providing the services are usually
provided by your ORB vendor.
void bind(in Name n, in Object obj)
raises(NotFound, CannotProceed, InvalidName,AlreadyBound);
void rebind(in Name n, in Object obj)
raises(NotFound, CannotProceed, InvalidName);
A snippet of the IDL for the Naming service:
29. Funny Side-note: IIOP
It turns out that the proprietary protocols
between stubs and skeletons caused
interoperability problems between
ORBS
Solution: standardize yet another protocol
for Inter-ORB Interoperability
This became IIOP—the Internet Inter-Orb
Protocol
30. For Discussion
What kinds of heterogeneity/interoperability
issues are solved by CORBA
Which are not?
Are the problems that are addressed
syntactic or semantic?
Does CORBA induce any additional
assumptions (i.e. does it worsen
interoperability)?
What assumptions?
How?
Where does CORBA fit in Shaw’s taxonomy?
31. Can we taxonomize
middlewares?
RPC with Objects
- CORBA
- COM
- RMI
- SOAP-RPC
Oneway Messages
(low multicast)
- JMS
- MSMQ
- MQ Series
- SOAP (at core)
- CORBA oneway calls
RPC with Services
- DCE RPC
- “Q” (U. Colorado)
- Corba w/C binding
Oneway Messages
(high multicast)
- Siena
- KnowNow SOAP
routing
- Precache Secret Project
(presumably)
32. Focus: XML
XML: Extensible Markup Language
Buzz: Finally, a standard for encoding
data! XML will solve your interoperability
problems!
Right?
Hint: Not exactly
33. What is XML?
From the spec:
Extensible Markup Language, abbreviated XML, describes a class
of data objects called XML documents and partially describes the
behavior of computer programs which process them. XML is an
application profile or restricted form of SGML, the Standard
Generalized Markup Language [ISO 8879]. By construction, XML
documents are conforming SGML documents.
XML documents are made up of storage units called entities, which
contain either parsed or unparsed data. Parsed data is made up of
characters, some of which form character data, and some of which
form markup. Markup encodes a description of the document's
storage layout and logical structure. XML provides a mechanism to
impose constraints on the storage layout and logical structure.
What assumptions are implicit in the W3C
discussion?
34. What is XML, really?
A way of organizing and decorating
textual data
Blatantly hierarchical, but works well in
the context of a running document
Supported by meta-languages that
define allowable constructs in the
hierarchy
37. For Discussion
What kinds of heterogeneity/interoperability
issues are solved by XML?
Which are not?
Are the problems that are addressed
syntactic or semantic?
Does XML induce any additional assumptions
(i.e. does it worsen interoperability)?
What assumptions?
How?
Where does XML fit in Shaw’s taxonomy?
38. Future Directions
Interoperability over the Web
SOAP
“XML for control instead of data”
Solves, introduces same issues as XML
Web Services
“The Semantic Web”
2nd
Generation Middleware
Which is largely geared toward interoperability
between 1st
generation middleware packages
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
A whole market driven by people with experience
making systems interoperate