This Lecture introduces students to Reference Sources. It discusses both print and digital Sources of Information, including features which are need. The Lecture asks various questions regarding the new skills needed by the user to survive in the digital arena. Additionally, Assignment ground-rules are also suggested, including International methods of citation, citation tools and also note-taking skills.

1. Reference Sources

2. Reference Sources

3. Defining Reference Reference Works or Reference Work

4. Defining Virtual Reference (VR) (Nilsen, 2004) Used Terms : Virtual reference Digital reference Electronic reference Remote reference Real-time reference

5. Categories Digital Conventional

6. The Information Process Ferreira et al, 2007) “ Alteration in the information process demand new skills from any professional in an organization, particularly regarding digital information.”

7. Available Features Digital Face-to-PC OPAC Search Services Dbases Conventional Face-to-face Physical access Real-time CD ROMS

8. Skills Needed Digital Conventional

16. Reference Sources Service Aspects Sources Aspects

17. Core Competencies Ferreira et al, 2007) Service Aspects Sources Aspects “ Core competencies are understood as: a proper attitude & capacity to exercise a wide number of functions or occupy various positions, even simultaneously which requires flexibility.”

18. Core Competencies Ferreira et al, 2007) Attitudes Skills Knowledge

20. (Keyama, 1999, p. 51 in Viles, 2009) Virtual Reference (VR) “ an electronic mediation” “ Cyberspace users prefer anonymity to in-person, over-the-desk delivery of reference service.”

21. (Ruppel & Fagan, 2002 in Nilsen, 2004 Physical Ref. vs VR “ Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library” 29% Staff did not look like they want to help; look too busy; 23% Felt stupid for not knowing the answer already; 17% Did not bother to go to the library;

22. (Ruppel & Fagan, 2002 in Nilsen, 2004 Physical Ref. vs VR “ Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library” 10% Did not think the person would know the answer; 23% Did not want to get up from the computer.

23. (Nilsen, 2004 Physical Ref. vs VR Writing vs Speaking “ It took me more to compose my question than to ask face-to-face” “ This seemed to be a very abrupt response…I took the impression that the librarian was slightly exasperated with me”

24. (Nilsen, 2004) Virtual Reference (VR) ALA 2003 “ VR is, reference initiated electronically, often in real-time, where users employ computers or other Internet technology to communicate with librarians without being physically present.”

25. (Nilsen, 2004) Virtual Reference (VR) ALA 2003 “ While online sources are often utilzed in provision of VR, use of e-sources in seeking answers is not in itself VR.”

26. (Nilsen, 2004) Virtual Reference (VR) ALA 2003 “ VR queries are often followed-up by telephone, fax & regular email, even though these models of communication are not considered virtual.”

27. Virtual Reference (VR) (Coffman, 2002; Coffman & Arret, 2004 in Kwon, 2006)

29. Virtual Reference (VR) (Sloan, 2004 in Kwon, 2006) “… it is estimated that approx. 76 collaborative VR services exist since 2004” “ 77% - very likely to use the service again…68.2% - Excellent service (n=417)”

30. Quality of Information “ the quality of the information is the most important consideration in selecting an information source when the information sources available to users are equivalent in their information-yielding potential.” (Orr, 1970 in Bronstein, 2010)

31. (Bronstein, 2010) Which Source?

32. (Bronstein, 2010) Which Source?

33. (Bronstein, 2010) Missing…or? Academic Databases Printed Sources Library Catalogues

34. (Bronstein, 2010) “… accessibility of the source and the quality…” Reference Sources … speed & comfortability vs … a ccuracy … r eliability … a uthority

35. Internet: A Reference Source? “… If it looks good… it must be good.” (Webb, 2008, p. 133)

36. IL…Research Skills…LLL “ IL skills, closely allied to research skills of academia, also require an ability to read and think critically, as well as to problem-solve effectively.” (Webb, 2008, p. 128)

38. (Dewald & Silvius’s, 2005 in Bronstein, 2010) “… Web's ease of use and timeliness contributed to its heavy utilization. However, overall satisfaction with library databases was higher because of their accuracy and format . “ Reference Sources

39. (webb, 2008, pp. 20-21) “… ICT facilitated the capture, storage and dissemination of information… Easily accessible across time zones & geographical boundaries.“ Information Access

40. Reference Sources

42. www.infolitglobal.info/en www.nso.gov.mt/site/page.aspx Reference Sources www.um.edu.mt/library www.time.com/time www.economist.com http://ec.europa.eu/old-address-ec.htm#contribution www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco http://research.allacademic.com www.iwr.co.uk http://international.loc.gov/intldl/intldlhome.html http://informationr.net/

49. Reference Sources : Print Any Reasons?

66. Reference Sources : Digital Any Reasons?

67. Reference Sources : Digital Any Cost?

68. 1000w = 6 sources Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

69. Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

70. Click video clip to Play Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

71. 1000w = 6 sources Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

72. +/- 10% rule (of Total) Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

73. Introduction/Ending ~ 10% of Total Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

74. References (referred-to resources) Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

75. Bibliography (resources read but not cited) Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

76. Citation Method Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

77. Citation Methods Author, Date (Harvard) MLA APA Turabian

78. Citation Methods Author’s Name: In-Text citation In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994). http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2010.pdf Author, Date (Harvard)

79. Citation Methods Author’s Name: In-Text citation Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994). Author, Date (Harvard)

80. Citation Methods Journal Articles: Reference List Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look. Political Science Quarterly , 42(6), pp.564-78. Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times , 97(22), pp.63-64. Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing today , Spring Issue, pp.647-85. Author, Date (Harvard)

81. Citation Methods Corporate Authors: In-Text Citation 1st citation: … research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has shown that … 2nd citation: More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2010.pdf Author, Date (Harvard)

82. Citation Methods Author’s Name: In-Text citation Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/ MLA

83. Citation Methods Book with One Author: Reference List Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads . London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/ MLA

84. Citation Methods Book with One Author: In-Text Citation: Adding own Words Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [ who retell urban legends ] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78). http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/ MLA

85. Citation Methods Same Author: Reference List Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives . [...] ---. A Rhetoric of Motives . [...] http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/ MLA

86. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf One Author: In-Text Citation Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new curricula. APA

87. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf No Author: In-Text Citation Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77). APA

88. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf Old Works, date not applicable: In-Text Citation Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922). APA

89. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf One Author: Reference List Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press. APA

90. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf No Author: Reference List The Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. APA

91. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf Journal Article: Reference List Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M. G. (1998). The Psychology of women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364. APA

92. Citation Methods http://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/APACitationMethods.pdf Electronic Source: From the Dbase: Reference List Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis Academic database. APA

93. Citation Methods http://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/turabian.htm One Author: In-Text Citation These are multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war (Yarbrough 1999, 84). Turabian

94. Citation Methods http://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/turabian.htm One Author: Reference List Yarbrough, Stephen R. 1999. After rhetoric: The study of discourse beyond language and culture. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press Turabian

95. Citation Methods http://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/turabian.htm Editor as Author: In-Text Citation These are multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war (Roe 1995, 22) Editor as Author: Reference List Roe, Nicholas, ed. 1995. Keats and history. New York: Cambridge University Press. Turabian

96. Citation Tools

97. Ground Rules for Web Evaluation Type of Website Authors Dates: Creation & Update Type of URL

98. Note Taking Notes With pages C O M M E N T S Bibliographic Details Q U E S T I O N S

99. Note Taking Group: Authors/Tags Notes With pages C O M M E N T S Bibliographic Details Q U E S T I O N S Notes With pages C O M M E N T S Bibliographic Details Q U E S T I O N S Notes With pages C O M M E N T S Bibliographic Details Q U E S T I O N S Notes With pages C O M M E N T S Bibliographic Details Q U E S T I O N S

100. Note Taking 1 Alphabetic Notes Dbase Author/s DoP Notes Tags

101. Reference Sources How would you know that, “ this” source is good?

104. The Information Professional Power Culture (Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

105. The Information Professional Role Culture (Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

106. The Information Professional Task Culture (Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

107. The Information Professional People Culture (Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

109. Thank you [email_address] http://www.slideshare.net/ClaudioLaferla/reference-sources

110. References Bronstein, J. (2010). “Selecting and using information sources: Source preferences and information pathways of Israeli library and information science”, Information Research , 15(4), viewed online on February 8, 2011, <http://informationr.net/ir/15-4/paper447.html>. Evans, C. (2003). “Managing for knowledge: Hr’s strategic role”, Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam. Ferreira, F. et al. (2007). “Information professionals in Brazil: Core competencies and professional development”, Information Research , 12(2), viewed online on July 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/12-2/paper299.html>. Johson, C. A. (2004). “Choosing people: The role of social capital information seeking behaviour”, Information Research , 10(1) , viewed online on September 1, 2011, <http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper201.html>. Kwon, N. (2006). “User satisfaction with referrals to a collaborative virtual reference service”, Information Research , 11(2), viewed online on May 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/11-2/paper246.html>. Nilsen, K. (2004). “The library visit study: User experiences at the virtual reference desk”, Information Research , 9(2), viewed online on May 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/9-2/paper171.html>. Smith, A. G. (2000). “Search features of digital libraries”, Information Research , 5(3), viewed online on July 10, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/5-3/paper73.html>. Viles, A. (2009). “Discussion group on reference work report”, IFLA, viewed online on February 15, 2011, from <http://archive.ifla.org/VII/dg/dgrw/dp99-06.htm>. Webb, J. (2008). “Strategic information management: A practitioner’s guide”, Chandos Pub., Oxford, England.