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international orientations
- 1. Topic : INTERNATIONAL ORINATATION BENSHAC SHAJI 2nd Year B.B.A LLB Roll. No : 10
- 2. The degree andnature of involvement in international business or the international orientations vary widely. The analysis provided by Douglas Wind and Perlmutter within the framework of the modified EPRG scheme is helpful in understanding the levels of involvement of firms in international business .The EPRG framework identifies four (4) types of attitudes or orientations towards internationalisation that are associated with successive stages in the evolution of international operations. Introduction
- 3. There are four(4) orientations are : E P R G thnocentric Approach olycentric Approach egiocentric Approach eocentric Approach ( Home country Orientation ) ( Host country Orientation ) ( Regional Orientation ) ( World Orientation ) These stages are assumed to reflect the goals and philosophies of the company in so far as international operations are concerned and lead to different management strategies and planning procedures for International operations .
- 5. Ethnocentric Approach In theethnocentric approach, overseas operations are viewed as secondary to domestic operations and primarily as a means of disposing of ‘surplus’ domestic productions. The top management views domestic techniques and personnel as superior to foreign and also as the most effective in overseas markets. Plans for overseas markets are developed in the home office , utilising policies and procedures identical to those employed in the domestic market. Overseas marketing is most commonly administrated by an export department or international division, and the marketing personnel is composed primarily of home country nationals. Overseas operations are conducted from a home country base, and there is likely to be a strong reliance on export agents.
- 6. Ethnocentrism is pre- dominantly a homecountry orientation. The domestic companies view foreign markets as an extension to domestic markets. No international investment needed This approach entails a minimal risk and commitment to overseas markets. No additional selling cost incurred.
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- 8. Polycentric Approach As thecompany begins to recognise the importance of inherent differences in overseas markets, a polycentric attitude emerges. The prevalent philosophy at this stage is that local personnel and techniques are best suited to deal with local market conditions. Subsidiaries are established in overseas markets, and each subsidiary operates independently of the others and establishes its own marketing objectives and plans. The environment of each market is considered while formulating the marketing strategy. The important merit of polycentrism is the adaption of the business strategies to the local conditions.
- 9. Companies establish foreign subsidiary and empowersits executives Marketing is normally characterised by the ADAPTATION STRATEGY Polycentrism is multi national orientation. Polycentrism is more or less the opposite of Ethnocentric Approach
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- 11. Regiocentric Approach A regiocentriccompany views different regions as different markets. A particular region with certain important common marketing characteristics is regarded as a single market, ignoring national boundaries. Strategy integration, organisational approach and product policy tend to be implemented at regional headquarters on the one hand and between regional headquarters and individual subsidiaries on the other.
- 12. More Economical and Manageable Subsidiaries consider regional environment for policy/strategy formulation Providing improved coordination and control Regiocentrism is regional orientation
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- 14. Geocentric Approach A geocentriccompany views the entire world as a single market and develops standardised marketing mix, projecting a uniform image of the company and its products, for the global market .The business of the geocentric multinational is usually characterised by sufficiently distinctive national markets that the ethnocentric approach is unworkable and where the importance of learning curve effects in marketing, production technology and management makes the polycentric philosophy substantially suboptimal.
- 15. Geocentrism is global orientation. Companies views theentire world as a single market. National environmental constraints may restricts multinational operations and make the approach unfeasible
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- 17. Costs Benefits High communicationand travel costs Integrated global outlook Educational costs at all levels More powerful total company throughout Time spent in consensus decision-making Better quality of products and services International headquarters bureaucracy Worldwide use of best resources "Too wide" distribution of power Improved local country management Greater commitment to global objectives Higher global profits
- 18. Ethnocentric Polycentric RegiocentricGeocentric Management orientation Home country Host country Regional Global Perception of market •Domestic • focuses on similarities b/w home and foreign markets • foreign markets are extension of domestic market *Each national is Distinctive *Focuses on difference b/w home and foreign markets *Markets on the basis of common regional characteristics * Entire world as single Market Market strategy Extension of domestic strategy to foreign markets Localisation Trade off b/w localisation and standardisation Global standardisation Merits •No cost and effort of localisation • An easy route to internationalisation *Adaptation to the market characteristics which help better exploitation of the market potentials *Some of the advantages of both the localisation and standardisation strategies *Economies of scale and lower costs * Advantages of pace Demerits Limits the scope of exploitation of international market High cost of adaptation and delays Neglect of intra- regional diff. In business environment Standardisation will not be successful in many cases
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