EU is one of the best practical examples of regional integration (RI) European Union (EU) is presently facing a number of crises. Great Britain exited from EU Greece crisis German Hagemony

1. EUROPEAN
UNION &
REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
A CRITICAL APPROACH

2. INTRODUCTION
Great Britain
exited from EUEU is one of
the best
practical
examples
of regional
integration
(RI)
European
Union (EU)
is presently
facing a
number of
crises.
Greece
crisis
German
Hagemony

3. REGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION
Regional Integration is a processRegional Integration is a process
in which neighboring states enterin which neighboring states enter
into an agreement in order tointo an agreement in order to
upgrade cooperation throughupgrade cooperation through
common institutions and rules.common institutions and rules.

4. Economies of Scale
Interregional Trade
Customs Union
Market Access
Labor Movement
Trade corridors
Regional Economic
Development
Spreading
Democratic
Values
Rule of Law
Respect of
Human Rights
right of
minorities
Promoting
Peace
REGIONAL INTEGRATION BENEFITSREGIONAL INTEGRATION BENEFITS

5. TYPES OF
REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
Preferential TradePreferential Trade
AgreementAgreement
Free Trade AgreementFree Trade Agreement
Customs UnionCustoms Union
Common MarketCommon Market
Economic IntegrationEconomic Integration
Political IntegrationPolitical Integration
REGIONALREGIONAL
INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

6. THEORIESTHEORIES
&&
APPROCHEAPPROCHE
SS
ApproAch of
ApproAch of
E.B. hAAs
E.B. hAAs
MarxistMarxist
Approach
Approach

7. MITRANY'S & FUNCTIONALIST
THEORY
AssumptionsAssumptions
political divisions are apolitical divisions are a
source of conflict amongsource of conflict among
nationsnations
in today’s world ofin today’s world of
interdependence, nointerdependence, no
nation state cannation state can
individually solve all itsindividually solve all its
economic and socialeconomic and social
problemsproblems
David Mitrany's Theory
Through cooperation in functional
areas, subsequently people will develop
higher stakes in integration, and thus
it will continue to be sustained.
Functionalist Theory
RI is a process that includes groups,
which in the long run will be benefited
by cooperative projects in functional
areas.
Note: David Mitrany was associated with functionalist school

8. APPROACH OF E.B.HAASAPPROACH OF E.B.HAAS
Political involvements are alsoPolitical involvements are also
essential for RI.essential for RI.
Politics need not be envisaged asPolitics need not be envisaged as
the crude clash of interests, eachthe crude clash of interests, each
rationally conceived and defended,rationally conceived and defended,
but may yield to problem solving.but may yield to problem solving.
Interests need not be ‘reconciled’ ifInterests need not be ‘reconciled’ if
they can be ‘integrated’ at a higherthey can be ‘integrated’ at a higher
level of perception by engaging thelevel of perception by engaging the
actor in a ‘working’ effort.actor in a ‘working’ effort.
Regional bureaucracy in the longRegional bureaucracy in the long
run develops a kind of allegiancerun develops a kind of allegiance
towards the region.towards the region.

9. THE POSITIONING THEORY
• “regions—like states—are not a given part of
reality, but are the result of a process of social
construction”
Transaction amongst citizens of
different countries is essential so
that they can develop a
community bond and
subsequently have a common
sociopolitical perception. A
security community is possible
through such transactions, and
political integration should be
preceded on social closeness

10. MARXIST APPROACH
Regionalism as a
means of
accumulating
capital at the
regional level.
Political and economic
integration are
methods of providing
the institutional
conditions for the
expansion of capital,
while social integration
is the process of
legitimating the new
institutions

11. EU evolved from the
ruins of World War II
To integrate coal
and steel industry
To restrict
possibilities of
a future war
between
France and
Germany.
European Coal
and Steel
Community (ECSC)
that was
established in
1951 proved a
success,and also in
a true
functionalist
description had a
“spillover effect".
The destruction caused by World
War II compelled the European
governments to work for an
enduring peace agreement.

12. Immigration
racial
discrimination
terrorism
ultra-nationalism
problems on the
economic front
have also started
haunting the EU.
euro losing its
lustre
unemployment
growing inequality
United States (US) economic
recession that began in 2007
economic hardship,
the social and
economic
contradictions have
now openly spilled
over into the public
domain.
Europe is an
extensively
integrated region,
the growing income
inequality will
affect the entire
region.
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

13. M V S SAI HEMANTM V S SAI HEMANT
BBA FOREIGN TRADEBBA FOREIGN TRADE
UPES, DEHRADUNUPES, DEHRADUN
UTTARAKHAND, INDIAUTTARAKHAND, INDIA