International business law governs international transactions involving elements from multiple countries. Key international organizations that help facilitate international trade and resolve disputes include the World Trade Organization, United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization, and International Court of Justice. The WTO helps negotiate trade issues and provides a dispute settlement mechanism. It also incorporates the GATT, which establishes principles like most favored nation status and national treatment. International sale of goods contracts use terms like FOB and CIF to allocate responsibilities between buyers and sellers.

1. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAWS

2. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAWS
International business Law is the body of law that
governs international sale transactions. A transaction
will qualify to be international if elements of more than
one country are involved.

3. INTERNATIONAL LAW
International Court of Justice (also known as the
World Court) - body of the United Nations that
provides
a
way
to
settle
international
disagreements between countries rather than
corporations.
 The three legal bodies in the United Nations are:
United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law (UNCITRAL), The International Commission,
and the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly.


4. WORLD TRADE ORGNIZATION
Provide a forum for negotiating trade-related issues;
and issues arising from the WTO Agreement.
 Provide a dispute settlement mechanism pursuant to
the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).
 Administer the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
(TPRM) which examines the trade policies of members.
 Cooperate with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD).


5. WORLD TRADE ORGNIZATION
GATT 1994 is incorporated into the WTO
Agreement, and contains three important basic
principles in the context of international commercial
law:
 Most-favored nation principle (MFN): expresses
that any advantage to a product originating or
destined for another country shall be treated in
accordance with a like product originating in or
destined for the contracting country . Each GATT
member must treat all trading partners as well as its
most favored trading partner.


6. WORLD TRADE ORGNIZATION
'International Law''': prohibits discrimination
between imported and like domestic products, other
than through the imposition of tariffs. The WTO
panels consider tariff classifications, product nature,
intended use, commercial value, price and
sustainability.
 Reciprocity principle: encourages negotiations
between contracting parties on a reciprocal and
mutually advantageous basis, directed towards the
reduction of tariffs and other charges on imports
and exports.


7. WIPO
The World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO) is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the
United Nations.
 WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative
activity, to promote the protection of intellectual
property throughout the world
 WIPO
currently has 186 member states,
administers 25 international treaties, and is
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.


8. WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY?
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the
mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and
symbols, names, images, and designs used in
commerce.
 IP is divided into two categories:
Industrial
property, which includes inventions (patents),
trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic
indications of source; and Copyright, which includes
literary and artistic works such as novels, poems
and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such
as
drawings,
paintings,
photographs
and
sculptures, and architectural designs.


9. PATENT LAW

The law of patents is a legal framework that
establishes a patent system which supports and
encourages technological innovation and promotes
economic
development.
In
a
challenging
environment, where patent law is under increasing
public attention, WIPO provides a platform for
member States and intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations to coordinate efforts in
discussing international norms

10. UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an international organization
whose stated aims include promoting and facilitating
cooperation in international law, international
security,
economic
development,
social
progress,
human
rights,
civil
rights,
civil
liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the
achievement of lasting world peace.

11. ORGANIZATION
The United Nations' system is based on five
principal organs
i.
the General Assembly
ii.
the Security Council
iii.
the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
iv.
the Secretariat
v.
the International Court of Justice.


12. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
assists the General Assembly in promoting
international economic and social cooperation and
development.

13. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS
FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS
UN-sponsored convention that establishes uniformrules for drafting international sales contracts, and
sets the legal rights and obligations of the seller
and the buyer under such contracts. CISG rules
apply automatically to the sales contracts between
the countries who have ratified the convention

14. DOUBLE TAXATION

Double taxation occurs when tax is paid more than
once on the same taxable income or asset.

15. TYPES OF DOUBLE TAXATION
Economic
 Juridical


16. Types of double taxation:
JURIDICAL
Double taxation is juridical
when the same person is
taxed twice on the same
income by more than one
state.
Double
taxation
is
economic if more than one
person is taxed on the
same item.

17. JURIDICAL DOUBLE TAXATION ARISES
a)
b)
c)
Where each Contracting State subjects the same person to tax
on his worldwide income or capital
Where a person is a resident of a Contracting State and derives
income from, or owns capital in, the other Contracting State and
both States impose tax on that income or capital
Where each Contracting State subjects the same person, not
being a resident of either Contracting State to tax on income
derived from, or capital owned in, a Contracting State; this may
result, for instance, in the case where a non-resident person has
a permanent establishment in one Contracting State through
which he derives income from, or owns capital in, the other
Contracting State.

18. KEY STAGES IN A TYPICAL
TRANSACTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
SALE OF GOODS
Negotiations between seller and buyer
 Making the sales contract between parties
 Shipment of the goods and carriage of the goods


19. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED IN THE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRANSACTION
An international sale will usually involve a sea
transit
 Customs need to be cleared
 Import and export licenses need to be obtained.
 International sales raise conflict of laws problems
 Financial problems
 Fluctuations in currency


20. INCOTERMS OR INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCE TERMS
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has
introduced quite a number of special trade terms in
use for international trade.
 These terms have simplified the sale of goods
abroad. They are in universal use in trade
transactions
 Two extremely useful trade terms, namely: FOB
and CIF


21. FOB ( FREE ON BOARD)
In a FOB contract, the seller has to put the goods
on board a ship.
 The price under an FOB contract includes the cost
of the goods and all expenses up to the board the
ship.
 Once The delivery is completed then the property
and the risk pass to the buyer.


22. DUTIES OF THE F.O.B BUYER
To nominate the port of shipment, the vessel’s name
and procure the necessary shipping space
 Nomination of a ship
 To secure shipping space
 To obtain the necessary import license
 Pay any cost incidental to the shipment
 Pay the seller for the goods in accordance with the
contract


23. DUTIES OF THE FOB SELLER
To ship goods of contract description at the named
port of shipment
 To ship goods on time
 To obtain Export licenses
 To deliver the necessary documents


24. CIF CONTRACTS
CIF stands for cost, insurance, freight
 The letter CIF represents the three contracts
involved
 The cost –the sale contract
 Insurance-the contract of insurance
 Freight- the contract of carriage.


25. ‘SHIPPING DOCUMENTS’ INVOLVED IN
CIF CONTRACT
The commercial invoice,
 A shipped bill of lading
 Policy of insurance during the sea voyage, and
 Certificate of quality
 Certificate of inspection
 Certificate of origin


26. DUTIES OF THE SELLER UNDER A CIF
CONTRACT




To ship goods according to the contract description
To enter into a contract of carriage in order to deliver the
goods.
To ensure that the goods are properly insured under a
contract of insurance
To procure and prepare proper shipment documents.

27. DUTIES OF THE BUYER IN A CIF
CONTRACT
Payment against documents
 The buyer to name port of destination
 Buyer to take delivery
 Import licenses


28. CARRIAGE OF GOODS
A contract whereby a person or company agrees to
carry goods or people from one place to another for
a payment is called contract of carriage.
 Carriage of goods can be
1. Carriage by land (including inland waterways),
2. Carriage by sea
3. Carriage by air


29. CLASSIFICATION OF CARRIERS
Common carriers
 Private carriers
 Gratuitous carriers


30. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA
A contract for the carriage of goods by sea is called
as a contract of affreightment.
 The word affreightment means the hiring of a
vessel or ship.
 A contract of affreightment may take either of the
two forms
 Charter party
 a bill of lading


31. TRIPS

The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an
international agreement administered by the World
Trade Organization (WTO)

32. TRIPS: MAIN FEATURES (1)

Coverage of TRIPS
Areas of intellectual property covered:
Copyright and related rights
 Trademarks including service marks
 Geographical indications including appellations of origin
 Industrial designs
 Patents including the protection of new varieties of
plants
 The layout-designs of integrated circuits
 Undisclosed information, including trade secrets and test
data.


33. TRIPS: MAIN FEATURES (2)
 Enforcement


Provisions
General Principles applicable to IPRs
Specifies Procedures that must be available
 Dispute
Settlement
Part of the integrated Dispute Settlement
System of the WTO
 No unilateral action by Members allowed


34. DOCUMENTARY SALE
AND
TERMS OF TRADE

35. CONTRACTS AS A WAY TO
MANAGE RISK
Negotiate terms to fit specific transaction
 Allocate risk - moving goods and money
 Fix performance obligation and responsibilities
 Fix price and quality
 Make sure understanding is reflected in contract

35

36. WHERE IS THE THE RISK IN AN INTERNATIONAL
TRANSACTION?
Payment risk
 Delivery risk
 Quality risk


37. DEFINITION
Documentary Sale: –Buyer is required to pay upon
presentation of NEGOTIABLE DOCUMENT OF TITLE
by seller
 Document of title= evidences ownership e.g. dock
receipts, warehouse receipts and bills of lading
 Ownership of goods passes with the documents


38. DEFINITION
Negotiability= legally transferred from one to
another in return for value.
 In the U.S. bills of lading governed by The Federal
Bills of Lading Act and the Uniform Commercial
Code.
 In India, it is governed by India carriage of Goods
by Sea Act, 1925.


39. THE DOCUMENTARY SALE
G
Japanese
Importer
B
A
Sales Contract
CIF Japanese Port
Documents Against Payment
E
Collecting
Bank
American
Exporter
C
F
D
F
Exporter’s U.S.
Bank
(Remitting Bank)
A. Sales contract calls for documentary sale
B. Documents prepared - export license obtained - goods delivered to carrier
C. Negotiable bill of lading, insurance policy, certificates of origin, invoice with
draft attached presented to remitting bank
D. Documents forwarded for collection through International banking system 39
E. Documents presented for negotiation on payment
F. Payment remitted and exporter’s account credited
G. Importer claims goods and makes entry

40. TRADE TERMS
Responsibilities of buyer and seller need to be
negotiated.
 Trade terms used as a short hand for assigned
responsibilities and allocating when the risk passes
from one party to another.


41. TRADE TERMS: E TERMS
– Ex works: The seller's only responsibility
is to make the goods available at the seller's
premises. The buyer bears full costs of moving the
goods from there to destination. Risk shifts to
buyer when goods made available by seller at
named location.
 EXW

42. TRADE TERMS: F TERMS



FCA – Free carrier: The seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to
the carrier selected by the buyer. The seller loads the goods if the carrier
pickup is at seller's premises. Buyer then bears costs of moving the
goods to destination. Risk shifts to buyer when goods delivered to
carrier.
FAS – Free alongside ship: The seller delivers the goods to the ship in
origin port. Buyer then bears all transport costs. Risk shifts to buyer
when goods delivered alongside ship.
FOB – Free on board: The seller delivers the goods on board the ship
and clears the goods for export. Buyer then bears all transport costs.
Risk shifts to buyer when goods cross ship’s rail.

43. TRADE TERMS: C TERMS




CFR – Cost & freight: The seller clears the goods for export and pays
the costs of moving the goods to destination. Risk shifts to buyer when
goods cross ship’s rail.
CIF – Cost, insurance & freight: The seller clears the goods for export
and pays the costs of moving the goods to the port of destination. Risk
shifts to buyer when goods cross ship’s rail. Seller must purchase cargo
insurance; buyer can claim on policy.
CPT – Carriage paid to: The seller pays for moving the goods to
destination. Risk shifts to buyer when goods are transferred to the first
carrier. Buyer must procure own insurance.
CIP – Carriage & insurance paid to: The seller pays for moving the
goods to destination. Risk shifts to buyer when goods are transferred to
the first carrier. Seller must purchase cargo insurance; buyer can
claim on policy.

44. TRADE TERMS: D TERMS (#1)

DAF – Delivered at frontier: Seller transports goods to “frontier”
point in destination country. Buyer pays freight from frontier point. Risk
shifts when goods handed to buyer at frontier point.

DES – Delivered ex ship: Seller transports goods to destination
port. Buyer pays costs of unloading ship. Risk shifts to buyer when
goods ready for unloading by buyer.

DEQ – Delivered ex quay: Seller delivers the goods - not cleared
for import - to the buyer at the port of destination. Seller bears costs and
risks of moving the goods to port. Buyer clears goods for import and
pays customs clearance costs and duties. Risk shifts to buyer when
goods placed on dock.

45. TRADE TERMS: D TERMS (#2)
DDU – Delivered duty unpaid: Seller delivers goods not cleared for import - to buyer at destination. Seller
bears costs and risks of moving goods to destination. Risk
shifts to buyer when goods delivered at specified location.
 DDP – Delivered duty paid: Seller delivers goods cleared for import - to buyer at destination. Seller bears
costs and risks of moving goods to destination, including
customs duties and taxes. Risk shifts to buyer when
goods delivered at specified location


46. PRESENTED BY: ANUJ MALHOTRA
AVAI MALHOTRA
GAURAV SOOD