This document provides an analysis of the legal elements for Menatel's potential project to provide a prepaid payphone network in Libya through the General Post and Telecommunication Company (GPTC), Libya's state-owned telephone provider. It identifies questions that need to be answered, such as how to protect Menatel's property and ensure fair competition. Legal elements that require solutions are discussed, like how to enforce any contract signed with GPTC and protect Menatel's revenue transfers. The document concludes by recommending Menatel's legal consultant consider these legal issues and proposes solutions before moving forward with the project.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the textile sector in India. It discusses that the textile industry is the second largest employment generator in India after agriculture. It accounts for over 30% of India's total exports. The document outlines the various segments that comprise the textile industry and provides a brief history of textile sector policies and development in India. It also summarizes the key strengths and weaknesses of the Indian textile industry.
International business law governs international transactions involving elements from multiple countries. Key international organizations that help facilitate international trade and resolve disputes include the World Trade Organization, United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization, and International Court of Justice. The WTO helps negotiate trade issues and provides a dispute settlement mechanism. It also incorporates the GATT, which establishes principles like most favored nation status and national treatment. International sale of goods contracts use terms like FOB and CIF to allocate responsibilities between buyers and sellers.
Bata is a global footwear company founded in 1894 in Czechoslovakia. The document discusses Bata's international operations and interactions with foreign political systems in various countries over time, including Czechoslovakia, Canada, Uganda, Chile, and South Africa. It provides details on the economies and political situations in these countries that impacted Bata's business. The challenges Bata faced in South Africa due to apartheid and calls to nationalize industry are highlighted.
Settlement of international disputes (International Law) Amicable(Rajat Vaish...R V
Types of Settlement of dispute negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement
The methods of peaceful settlement of disputes fall into three categories:
1.) Diplomatic Method
2.) Adjudicative Method
3.) Instituional Method
This document contains summaries of 6 law case studies presented by Yatin Patil. The first case discusses whether an agreement for Mr. C to pay Rs. 250,000 to Mr. A for developing a shopping mall constitutes a valid contract. The second case examines if a wife can claim maintenance payments agreed to during a marital dispute. The third case analyzes if a person who knowingly lent money for an illegal act can recover the funds. The remaining cases cover issues related to consideration in agreements and distinguishing offers from invitations to offer.
Report Writing - Conclusions & Recommendations sectionsSherrie Lee
The document discusses conclusions and recommendations sections of reports. It explains that conclusions should logically summarize the findings and lead into recommendations. Recommendations must flow logically from conclusions, be relevant to the purpose, and feasible to implement. The document provides examples of writing conclusions and recommendations for a report on issues at a polytechnic canteen and reasons for a decline in usage. It emphasizes that recommendations should be brief, clear, and precise based on sufficient analysis.
This report analyzes the opportunity for Menatel, an Egyptian telecommunications company, to invest in a public payphone project in Libya. It provides an overview of Menatel, analyzes the external and internal factors using EFAS and IFAS matrices. The TOWS matrix then evaluates strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Libya is deemed a potential market based on the analysis. Overall, the report finds the investment opportunity in Libya aligns with Menatel's strategy and recommends further evaluation.
Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, presented at the Needham & Co. Growth Conference on January 13, 2021. In the presentation, Morin discussed EXFO's results for FY2020 and Q1 2021, which were negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. However, EXFO has realigned investments to focus on growth areas like 5G, fiber, and cloud. Morin also provided an overview of EXFO's test and monitoring portfolio and highlighted recent contract wins and innovations that position the company for growth in optical and service assurance markets.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the textile sector in India. It discusses that the textile industry is the second largest employment generator in India after agriculture. It accounts for over 30% of India's total exports. The document outlines the various segments that comprise the textile industry and provides a brief history of textile sector policies and development in India. It also summarizes the key strengths and weaknesses of the Indian textile industry.
International business law governs international transactions involving elements from multiple countries. Key international organizations that help facilitate international trade and resolve disputes include the World Trade Organization, United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization, and International Court of Justice. The WTO helps negotiate trade issues and provides a dispute settlement mechanism. It also incorporates the GATT, which establishes principles like most favored nation status and national treatment. International sale of goods contracts use terms like FOB and CIF to allocate responsibilities between buyers and sellers.
Bata is a global footwear company founded in 1894 in Czechoslovakia. The document discusses Bata's international operations and interactions with foreign political systems in various countries over time, including Czechoslovakia, Canada, Uganda, Chile, and South Africa. It provides details on the economies and political situations in these countries that impacted Bata's business. The challenges Bata faced in South Africa due to apartheid and calls to nationalize industry are highlighted.
Settlement of international disputes (International Law) Amicable(Rajat Vaish...R V
Types of Settlement of dispute negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement
The methods of peaceful settlement of disputes fall into three categories:
1.) Diplomatic Method
2.) Adjudicative Method
3.) Instituional Method
This document contains summaries of 6 law case studies presented by Yatin Patil. The first case discusses whether an agreement for Mr. C to pay Rs. 250,000 to Mr. A for developing a shopping mall constitutes a valid contract. The second case examines if a wife can claim maintenance payments agreed to during a marital dispute. The third case analyzes if a person who knowingly lent money for an illegal act can recover the funds. The remaining cases cover issues related to consideration in agreements and distinguishing offers from invitations to offer.
Report Writing - Conclusions & Recommendations sectionsSherrie Lee
The document discusses conclusions and recommendations sections of reports. It explains that conclusions should logically summarize the findings and lead into recommendations. Recommendations must flow logically from conclusions, be relevant to the purpose, and feasible to implement. The document provides examples of writing conclusions and recommendations for a report on issues at a polytechnic canteen and reasons for a decline in usage. It emphasizes that recommendations should be brief, clear, and precise based on sufficient analysis.
This report analyzes the opportunity for Menatel, an Egyptian telecommunications company, to invest in a public payphone project in Libya. It provides an overview of Menatel, analyzes the external and internal factors using EFAS and IFAS matrices. The TOWS matrix then evaluates strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Libya is deemed a potential market based on the analysis. Overall, the report finds the investment opportunity in Libya aligns with Menatel's strategy and recommends further evaluation.
Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, presented at the Needham & Co. Growth Conference on January 13, 2021. In the presentation, Morin discussed EXFO's results for FY2020 and Q1 2021, which were negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. However, EXFO has realigned investments to focus on growth areas like 5G, fiber, and cloud. Morin also provided an overview of EXFO's test and monitoring portfolio and highlighted recent contract wins and innovations that position the company for growth in optical and service assurance markets.
Jurisdictional issues of e commerce and consumer protectionAkshay Sharma
This document provides an overview of e-commerce in India. It discusses the growth of e-commerce, e-contracts, jurisdiction issues, the role of international bodies and frameworks, consumer protection, and a case study on Flipkart's Big Billion Sale. The document outlines the classification of e-commerce, essential elements of e-contracts, challenges regarding cross-border transactions and determining applicable law, and issues around intellectual property rights, digital goods/services, contracts with minors, and taxation in e-commerce. It also examines frameworks established by bodies like UNCITRAL and OECD and initiatives in India to regulate e-commerce and protect consumers.
This cost function will help Menatel to predict the total cost for any level of activity and to make better decisions.
2-4. COST CONTROL
To control costs Menatel apply the following:
- Rational consumption policy for all expenses.
- Review all contracts with suppliers to reduce discounts and get best prices.
- Freeze investments in new fixed assets and optimize use of current assets.
- Review all resources to achieve optimum productivity.
- Standard costing system to set standards and monitor variances from standards.
- Budgeting to set targets and monitor performance against budget.
- Variance analysis to identify reasons for variances and take corrective actions.
ENABLING INCLUSIVE FINTECH IN THE NIGERIAN CAPITAL MARKET: A REGULATORS PERSP...Samuel Olaegbe
The document discusses the SEC's perspective on enabling inclusive fintech in the Nigerian capital market. Some key points:
1) The SEC recognizes fintech as a collaborator rather than competitor and has constituted a committee to develop a fintech roadmap, promote access and transparency, and provide regulatory guidance.
2) The SEC is taking steps like establishing an innovation office and regulatory sandbox to facilitate engagement with fintech firms and test innovations.
3) In regulating fintech, the SEC aims to prevent excessive regulation while protecting investors, identifying risks, understanding implications for the capital market, and ensuring the existing legal framework can accommodate innovations.
4) The SEC has embraced fintech and taken initiatives to ensure the
EXPERTS’ REPORT ON NATIONAL ICT POLICY PHASE 2 REFORMS - PAPUA NEW GUINEA - M...Martyn Taylor
Experts report prepared by Freehills and Concept Economics in March 2009 in relation to Phase 2 of the telecommunications sector reforms in Papua New Guinea. The second of two experts reports released into the public domain. The documents are useful given their comprehensive coverage of telecommunications sector reform, including identifying international best practice in relation to developing nations.
Marketing day with BMO Capital Markets - Feb 17 2021EXFO Inc.
This document is the transcript from a marketing day presentation by Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, held on February 17, 2021. It summarizes EXFO's financial results for FY 2020 and Q1 2021, which were negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. It outlines EXFO's focus on the growth areas of 5G, fiber, and cloud-native networks. It also describes EXFO's test and monitoring portfolio and recent acquisition of InOpticals to expand into high-speed testing. The presentation promotes EXFO's solutions for service assurance and fiber inspection.
Internet of things- GSMA Capacity Building- Eng. Maha Ziad MouasherMahaZiadMouasher
This document discusses smart home and internet of things (IoT) solutions in Jordan. It analyzes solutions provided by three mobile operators - Zain, Umniah, and Orange. Zain and Orange offer home security services using cameras and sensors, while Umniah offers a more comprehensive home automation system. The document also discusses the technical characteristics, business models, and operational and policy issues around IoT solutions in Jordan. The government aims to develop IoT to boost the economy and has addressed IoT in its ICT policy.
Lindy do telecommunications_revenueassuranceSilas Musakali
This document provides an overview of telecommunications revenue assurance. It discusses sources of revenue leakage for telecommunications companies, including poor operational processes, systems integration issues, and fraud. Strategies for revenue assurance include outsourcing the function, fixing root causes of leakage, and implementing maturity processes. Challenges include new IP-based services, billing complexities, and interconnection arrangements. The future of revenue assurance involves revenue operations centers, key performance indicators, and a growing market size.
This document provides an analysis of Menatel's strategy. It begins with an overview of Menatel's profile, including its ownership, coverage, functional activities and key indicators. It then performs an environmental scan of Menatel's external and internal environments through macro and micro analysis. Based on this, it identifies Menatel's strategic alternatives using SWOT and evaluates them to formulate recommended strategies. It proposes an implementation plan with programs, budgets and controls. The report aims to review and improve Menatel's strategic management through strategic analysis and recommendations.
Axon Advisory is an international advisory and investment firm founded in 2006 that provides strategy and operations consulting and public policy/regulation consulting to ICT operators, regulators, and international organizations. It has 5 local offices and over 50 consultants with experience in the TMT sector. Some example projects Axon has worked on include assisting the European Commission to set international roaming charges in Europe, reviewing the regulatory financial reports of Spanish telecom operators, studying financing options for the 5G ecosystem in Europe, developing Mexico's digital agenda and regulatory roadmap, and developing an IoT strategy for a Middle Eastern operator. Axon looks for entry-level consultants with engineering, business, or economics degrees and 0-4 years of experience for advisory projects in
The document discusses the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) which aims to reduce risks in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets through increased transparency, security and regulation. EMIR requires reporting of all derivatives contracts to trade repositories, clearing of standardized OTC contracts through central counterparties, and risk mitigation processes for non-cleared OTC derivatives. It affects financial and non-financial counterparties engaged in derivatives trading and imposes requirements for reporting, clearing thresholds, and compliance audits.
This document outlines modules for a course on international trade and business laws related to mergers and acquisitions. It covers key concepts like definitions of mergers, acquisitions, and amalgamations. It discusses regulations and laws governing cross-border mergers from organizations like the WTO, EU, UK, and US. It also covers merger laws and processes specific to countries like India. The document provides an overview of the course structure and topics to be discussed.
Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, presented at the CIBC Technology & Innovation Conference on May 14, 2019. In the presentation, he discussed EXFO's position in the optical test equipment and communications monitoring markets. He also provided an overview of EXFO's financial results for Q2 2019 and FY 2018, including revenue growth and adjusted EBITDA. Finally, he outlined EXFO's portfolio of test, monitoring, and analytics solutions and its opportunities for growth driven by fiber buildouts and 5G deployments.
Payment System Interoperability and Oversight: The International DimensionITU
Technical Report of ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services
"Payment System Interoperability and Oversight:
The International Dimension"
Author : Biagio Bossone
This report considers the implications of Payment System Infrastrucutres (PSI) interlinking and international interoperability for central bank oversight policy, and elaborates on a set of principles that complement those
developed in the companion report. The principles cover some critical institutional aspects which underpin the establishment of international interoperability agreements, as well as the planning and implementation stages of the agreements, and their sustainability. National public authorities and private sector stakeholders should consider adopting these principles when establishing international interoperability agreements.
This document provides an overview of internet application business models and regulatory issues. It discusses the rapid growth of internet usage globally and the rise of major internet companies. It also covers the classification of different internet applications and common use cases. The document examines key regulatory issues around security, effects on telecom business models, and national security concerns. It concludes with recommendations for regulators on how to best govern internet applications.
Netcom Afrique is an ICT company in Cote d'Ivoire that sells antivirus software and queue management systems. It analyzed its internal situation and external environment to develop recommendations to boost sales. Internally, it found its organization and marketing could be improved, and some products were declining. Externally, competition was intense as the ICT sector grows, and customers had more bargaining power. A market survey also found opportunities to expand sales of the Q-Matic queue management system. The analysis informed recommendations to improve Netcom Afrique's short and medium-term strategies and sales activities.
The document discusses factors that influence customer retention towards room services by analyzing the case of Swiss Inn Sungai Petani hotel in Malaysia. It describes the various departments and facilities at Swiss Inn Sungai Petani, including 101 rooms, 21 suite rooms, a health spa with sauna, tennis courts, a gym, and 12 function rooms. The quality of services delivered and ability to meet customer expectations are identified as critical for customer satisfaction and retention in the hotel services industry.
The document provides information about an upcoming MiFID II training course taking place from September 21-22, 2017. The training course will provide legal, operational, strategic, and technological insights into the new MiFID II regulatory framework. It will feature experts from various industries who will discuss topics like MiFID II compliant recording technologies, the FCA's new regulatory market data processing platform, and MiFID II compliance software. Attendees will gain an in-depth understanding of how MiFID II will impact different areas of financial firms and will receive over 500 pages of training materials. Key benefits of attending include advanced knowledge of MiFID II compliance issues, insights on draft Level 2 texts, understanding the changes required and
Marketing Day with BMO Capital Markets - Jan2020EXFO Inc.
Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, presented at a marketing day with BMO Capital Markets on January 8, 2020. In fiscal year 2019, EXFO saw bookings grow 11.2% year-over-year to $297.8 million while revenue increased 6.4% to $286.9 million. EXFO's net loss was reduced 79.8% year-over-year to $2.5 million. For fiscal year 2020, EXFO has set a profitability target of $24 million in adjusted EBITDA. EXFO is well positioned for growth driven by fiber buildouts and 5G deployments through its test and measurement and service assurance, systems and services offerings.
The document provides an analysis of Ethio Telecom's strategic plan from 2019-2022. It includes an assessment of Ethio Telecom's internal environment through financial analysis and organizational structure. It also evaluates the external environment through analysis of competitors and opportunities/threats. The document then outlines Ethio Telecom's strategic formulation including a SWOT analysis and recommends strategies. It concludes with sections on strategy implementation, evaluation, and conclusion.
This paper proposes a unified delivery mechanism using Interoperability Testing to address various socio-economic problems in emerging economies, with special focus on India. Rather than focusing on different products for every single problem, this framework focuses on using the existing system to resolve problems in one go.
This document appears to be a slide presentation on international business given by Dr. Magdy Abdelsattar. The presentation covers various topics related to international business including: components of globalization, analyzing political, economic, social, and cultural environments; approaches to internationalization; international trade theories; foreign exchange; and international business strategy formulation. The presentation contains over 40 slides and touches on many fundamental concepts in international business.
The document discusses 7 predictions for business intelligence trends in government for 2017:
1. Modern BI with self-service analytics will become the new normal for government agencies.
2. The era of open data in government will arrive as more government entities release data to the public.
3. Collaborative analytics using shared dashboards and data will move from niche to essential in government.
Jurisdictional issues of e commerce and consumer protectionAkshay Sharma
This document provides an overview of e-commerce in India. It discusses the growth of e-commerce, e-contracts, jurisdiction issues, the role of international bodies and frameworks, consumer protection, and a case study on Flipkart's Big Billion Sale. The document outlines the classification of e-commerce, essential elements of e-contracts, challenges regarding cross-border transactions and determining applicable law, and issues around intellectual property rights, digital goods/services, contracts with minors, and taxation in e-commerce. It also examines frameworks established by bodies like UNCITRAL and OECD and initiatives in India to regulate e-commerce and protect consumers.
This cost function will help Menatel to predict the total cost for any level of activity and to make better decisions.
2-4. COST CONTROL
To control costs Menatel apply the following:
- Rational consumption policy for all expenses.
- Review all contracts with suppliers to reduce discounts and get best prices.
- Freeze investments in new fixed assets and optimize use of current assets.
- Review all resources to achieve optimum productivity.
- Standard costing system to set standards and monitor variances from standards.
- Budgeting to set targets and monitor performance against budget.
- Variance analysis to identify reasons for variances and take corrective actions.
ENABLING INCLUSIVE FINTECH IN THE NIGERIAN CAPITAL MARKET: A REGULATORS PERSP...Samuel Olaegbe
The document discusses the SEC's perspective on enabling inclusive fintech in the Nigerian capital market. Some key points:
1) The SEC recognizes fintech as a collaborator rather than competitor and has constituted a committee to develop a fintech roadmap, promote access and transparency, and provide regulatory guidance.
2) The SEC is taking steps like establishing an innovation office and regulatory sandbox to facilitate engagement with fintech firms and test innovations.
3) In regulating fintech, the SEC aims to prevent excessive regulation while protecting investors, identifying risks, understanding implications for the capital market, and ensuring the existing legal framework can accommodate innovations.
4) The SEC has embraced fintech and taken initiatives to ensure the
EXPERTS’ REPORT ON NATIONAL ICT POLICY PHASE 2 REFORMS - PAPUA NEW GUINEA - M...Martyn Taylor
Experts report prepared by Freehills and Concept Economics in March 2009 in relation to Phase 2 of the telecommunications sector reforms in Papua New Guinea. The second of two experts reports released into the public domain. The documents are useful given their comprehensive coverage of telecommunications sector reform, including identifying international best practice in relation to developing nations.
Marketing day with BMO Capital Markets - Feb 17 2021EXFO Inc.
This document is the transcript from a marketing day presentation by Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, held on February 17, 2021. It summarizes EXFO's financial results for FY 2020 and Q1 2021, which were negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. It outlines EXFO's focus on the growth areas of 5G, fiber, and cloud-native networks. It also describes EXFO's test and monitoring portfolio and recent acquisition of InOpticals to expand into high-speed testing. The presentation promotes EXFO's solutions for service assurance and fiber inspection.
Internet of things- GSMA Capacity Building- Eng. Maha Ziad MouasherMahaZiadMouasher
This document discusses smart home and internet of things (IoT) solutions in Jordan. It analyzes solutions provided by three mobile operators - Zain, Umniah, and Orange. Zain and Orange offer home security services using cameras and sensors, while Umniah offers a more comprehensive home automation system. The document also discusses the technical characteristics, business models, and operational and policy issues around IoT solutions in Jordan. The government aims to develop IoT to boost the economy and has addressed IoT in its ICT policy.
Lindy do telecommunications_revenueassuranceSilas Musakali
This document provides an overview of telecommunications revenue assurance. It discusses sources of revenue leakage for telecommunications companies, including poor operational processes, systems integration issues, and fraud. Strategies for revenue assurance include outsourcing the function, fixing root causes of leakage, and implementing maturity processes. Challenges include new IP-based services, billing complexities, and interconnection arrangements. The future of revenue assurance involves revenue operations centers, key performance indicators, and a growing market size.
This document provides an analysis of Menatel's strategy. It begins with an overview of Menatel's profile, including its ownership, coverage, functional activities and key indicators. It then performs an environmental scan of Menatel's external and internal environments through macro and micro analysis. Based on this, it identifies Menatel's strategic alternatives using SWOT and evaluates them to formulate recommended strategies. It proposes an implementation plan with programs, budgets and controls. The report aims to review and improve Menatel's strategic management through strategic analysis and recommendations.
Axon Advisory is an international advisory and investment firm founded in 2006 that provides strategy and operations consulting and public policy/regulation consulting to ICT operators, regulators, and international organizations. It has 5 local offices and over 50 consultants with experience in the TMT sector. Some example projects Axon has worked on include assisting the European Commission to set international roaming charges in Europe, reviewing the regulatory financial reports of Spanish telecom operators, studying financing options for the 5G ecosystem in Europe, developing Mexico's digital agenda and regulatory roadmap, and developing an IoT strategy for a Middle Eastern operator. Axon looks for entry-level consultants with engineering, business, or economics degrees and 0-4 years of experience for advisory projects in
The document discusses the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) which aims to reduce risks in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets through increased transparency, security and regulation. EMIR requires reporting of all derivatives contracts to trade repositories, clearing of standardized OTC contracts through central counterparties, and risk mitigation processes for non-cleared OTC derivatives. It affects financial and non-financial counterparties engaged in derivatives trading and imposes requirements for reporting, clearing thresholds, and compliance audits.
This document outlines modules for a course on international trade and business laws related to mergers and acquisitions. It covers key concepts like definitions of mergers, acquisitions, and amalgamations. It discusses regulations and laws governing cross-border mergers from organizations like the WTO, EU, UK, and US. It also covers merger laws and processes specific to countries like India. The document provides an overview of the course structure and topics to be discussed.
Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, presented at the CIBC Technology & Innovation Conference on May 14, 2019. In the presentation, he discussed EXFO's position in the optical test equipment and communications monitoring markets. He also provided an overview of EXFO's financial results for Q2 2019 and FY 2018, including revenue growth and adjusted EBITDA. Finally, he outlined EXFO's portfolio of test, monitoring, and analytics solutions and its opportunities for growth driven by fiber buildouts and 5G deployments.
Payment System Interoperability and Oversight: The International DimensionITU
Technical Report of ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services
"Payment System Interoperability and Oversight:
The International Dimension"
Author : Biagio Bossone
This report considers the implications of Payment System Infrastrucutres (PSI) interlinking and international interoperability for central bank oversight policy, and elaborates on a set of principles that complement those
developed in the companion report. The principles cover some critical institutional aspects which underpin the establishment of international interoperability agreements, as well as the planning and implementation stages of the agreements, and their sustainability. National public authorities and private sector stakeholders should consider adopting these principles when establishing international interoperability agreements.
This document provides an overview of internet application business models and regulatory issues. It discusses the rapid growth of internet usage globally and the rise of major internet companies. It also covers the classification of different internet applications and common use cases. The document examines key regulatory issues around security, effects on telecom business models, and national security concerns. It concludes with recommendations for regulators on how to best govern internet applications.
Netcom Afrique is an ICT company in Cote d'Ivoire that sells antivirus software and queue management systems. It analyzed its internal situation and external environment to develop recommendations to boost sales. Internally, it found its organization and marketing could be improved, and some products were declining. Externally, competition was intense as the ICT sector grows, and customers had more bargaining power. A market survey also found opportunities to expand sales of the Q-Matic queue management system. The analysis informed recommendations to improve Netcom Afrique's short and medium-term strategies and sales activities.
The document discusses factors that influence customer retention towards room services by analyzing the case of Swiss Inn Sungai Petani hotel in Malaysia. It describes the various departments and facilities at Swiss Inn Sungai Petani, including 101 rooms, 21 suite rooms, a health spa with sauna, tennis courts, a gym, and 12 function rooms. The quality of services delivered and ability to meet customer expectations are identified as critical for customer satisfaction and retention in the hotel services industry.
The document provides information about an upcoming MiFID II training course taking place from September 21-22, 2017. The training course will provide legal, operational, strategic, and technological insights into the new MiFID II regulatory framework. It will feature experts from various industries who will discuss topics like MiFID II compliant recording technologies, the FCA's new regulatory market data processing platform, and MiFID II compliance software. Attendees will gain an in-depth understanding of how MiFID II will impact different areas of financial firms and will receive over 500 pages of training materials. Key benefits of attending include advanced knowledge of MiFID II compliance issues, insights on draft Level 2 texts, understanding the changes required and
Marketing Day with BMO Capital Markets - Jan2020EXFO Inc.
Philippe Morin, CEO of EXFO, presented at a marketing day with BMO Capital Markets on January 8, 2020. In fiscal year 2019, EXFO saw bookings grow 11.2% year-over-year to $297.8 million while revenue increased 6.4% to $286.9 million. EXFO's net loss was reduced 79.8% year-over-year to $2.5 million. For fiscal year 2020, EXFO has set a profitability target of $24 million in adjusted EBITDA. EXFO is well positioned for growth driven by fiber buildouts and 5G deployments through its test and measurement and service assurance, systems and services offerings.
The document provides an analysis of Ethio Telecom's strategic plan from 2019-2022. It includes an assessment of Ethio Telecom's internal environment through financial analysis and organizational structure. It also evaluates the external environment through analysis of competitors and opportunities/threats. The document then outlines Ethio Telecom's strategic formulation including a SWOT analysis and recommends strategies. It concludes with sections on strategy implementation, evaluation, and conclusion.
This paper proposes a unified delivery mechanism using Interoperability Testing to address various socio-economic problems in emerging economies, with special focus on India. Rather than focusing on different products for every single problem, this framework focuses on using the existing system to resolve problems in one go.
This document appears to be a slide presentation on international business given by Dr. Magdy Abdelsattar. The presentation covers various topics related to international business including: components of globalization, analyzing political, economic, social, and cultural environments; approaches to internationalization; international trade theories; foreign exchange; and international business strategy formulation. The presentation contains over 40 slides and touches on many fundamental concepts in international business.
The document discusses 7 predictions for business intelligence trends in government for 2017:
1. Modern BI with self-service analytics will become the new normal for government agencies.
2. The era of open data in government will arrive as more government entities release data to the public.
3. Collaborative analytics using shared dashboards and data will move from niche to essential in government.
Magdy Abdelsattar outlines a sales plan to launch new handset mobile sales in Egypt. The objectives are annual sales growth, new client acquisition, increased product sales and profit margins. The plan targets Egypt's population segments C, D and E which make up 86% of the population and have household incomes below $3,500/month. The go-to-market strategy will use retail outlets, wholesalers, key accounts and telecom operators to sell Eurostar tablets and smartphones. The management team structure includes directors for sales, marketing, finance and logistics, as well as area and branch managers.
There are several reasons to leave a job, including a mismatch between the job requirements and an employee's skills, the job or workplace not meeting expectations, and lack of growth opportunities or recognition. Other reasons are insufficient training, coaching or performance evaluations, loss of trust in management, and stress from overwork or poor work-life balance.
1. Talk to your boss to open lines of communication without seeming desperate. Discuss your day-to-day work but avoid insisting on discussions about your future. Ask for constructive feedback to show you are improving.
2. Look for opportunities to join new teams if you no longer see eye to eye with your boss or if your department faces layoffs. Find teams with growing budgets.
3. Get involved in essential projects core to the company's reputation to improve your chances of avoiding layoffs.
The document outlines 7 reasons not to apply for a job: 1) lacking the required skills or qualifications, 2) insufficient experience in the required areas, 3) failing to meet the educational requirements, 4) the job or company culture not being a good fit, 5) living in a different location than the job, 6) not being able to work the scheduled hours including nights, weekends and holidays, and 7) lacking the necessary connections or client base for some jobs like sales. The document advises only applying if you meet or can demonstrate equivalents for most of the stated requirements.
An employer can generally cut an employee's pay or reduce their hours without cause as long as it is not done discriminatorily. This is because most employees are "at-will" and do not have formal employment contracts or union protections. However, pay cannot be cut below minimum wage and employees must be notified of any pay reductions. While pay cuts are legal, changing an employee's job description or targeting reductions based on protected attributes like race would be considered illegal discrimination.
The document lists 10 potential reasons why someone may not have received a raise at their job. These include: poor timing of the request, lack of company resources to provide raises, lack of strong performance to warrant a raise, failing to properly lay the groundwork by promoting accomplishments, making the request about personal finances rather than value provided, skipping preparation for the discussion, being a difficult employee, employers fearing setting a precedent, salary already being at market rate, and simply not asking for a raise.
The 10 step document outlines a process for successfully changing careers. It begins with evaluating current job satisfaction and assessing interests, values, and skills. Alternative careers are then considered by researching options and discussing with contacts. Several potential fields are evaluated in depth by learning about job options, conducting informational interviews, and job shadowing. New skills are developed through volunteering, classes, and training. The process concludes by considering a new job in the same industry that utilizes existing experience.
This document discusses top e-commerce website builders and what you need to know before launching an online store. It provides an overview of key considerations like available storage space, payment security features, and easy-to-use design. The three most important factors for a successful online shop are to choose a builder with sufficient storage and bandwidth, strong safety protocols like SSL encryption, and a user-friendly site design.
The document discusses the sales management process. It involves setting goals for staff, providing sales support and training, creating or updating the sales strategy, and monitoring results. If goals are not being met, the sales manager will work with other departments like production and marketing to determine the root cause, such as issues with the product, pricing, manufacturing, or customer service. The sales manager will also ensure that proper training and support were provided to sales staff and may provide additional coaching or terminate an employee if needed. It is important for sales managers to recognize top performers and retain high performing employees.
The document discusses push and pull strategies for marketing products. Push strategies involve tactics that get third parties like distributors or retailers to stock a company's products, like trade shows, sales visits, or point-of-sale displays. Pull strategies use tactics that create customer demand for a product, such as advertising, viral marketing, or social media. The push strategy works best for manufacturers seeking to promote products through distributors, while the pull strategy is more effective for service businesses marketing directly to customers. Both strategies have advantages and disadvantages, so a combination may be needed for business growth.
1) Egypt has one of the fastest growing e-commerce markets in the Middle East, with its market expected to reach $2.7 billion by 2020, nearly doubling from $1.4 billion in 2014.
2) Egypt has the largest number of online shoppers in the Arab world at 15.2 million, however other countries like the UAE and Kuwait have higher online shopping rates relative to their population.
3) The largest demographic of Egyptian online shoppers is males between 26-35 years old, who make up about 50% of purchases, while cash remains the most popular payment method.
There are four main types of economic systems. A traditional economy relies on custom and ritual to make choices. A market economy relies on individual consumption choices. A command economy has the government make all decisions. A mixed economy incorporates some government involvement into a market-based system. All economies must deal with the basic scarcity of resources and prioritize how to allocate limited income, time, and resources.
The document provides an overview of the e-commerce sector in Egypt, outlining major trends, players, and challenges. Some of the key challenges facing e-commerce growth in Egypt include a lack of banking options, mistrust of online purchases, and outdated regulations. However, factors such as rising internet and smartphone penetration, as well as Egyptians' enthusiasm for online shopping, make Egypt an appealing market. The document also profiles major e-commerce players in Egypt across various sectors and payment options available.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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1. Rennes International School of Business
ESC RENNES
Executive Master of Business Administration
EMBA
COHORT 1 (2003 - 2004)
International Business Law
Conducted by:
Sylviane BAKER
The legal elements analysis for (GPTC) project
LIBYA
By
Magdy A. Sattar
April, 2004
Cairo, Egypt
2. EXECUTEVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. II
1- REPORT OBJECTIVE. ............................................................................................................... 1
2- LEGAL ENTITY OF MENATEL. .............................................................................................. 1
3- CURRENT CASE STUDY (GPTC). ........................................................................................... 2
4- QUESTIONS NEED TO BE ANSWERED. ............................................................................... 4
5- LEGAL ELEMENTS IDENTIFIED. .......................................................................................... 5
6- SOLUTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 7
7- CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 9
8- RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................ 9
9- REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 9
EMBA Cairo
Rennes International School of Business I
3. EXECUTEVE SUMMARY
This report is the second phase of an analysis to be added to the first phase which was
International Business analysis to have a clear and effective overall analysis. This report is to
cover the legal elements analysis and a discussion of the General Post and
Telecommunication Company (GPTC) case. As Menatel intention is to study the opportunity
of providing a prepaid payphone network in Libya through the domestic provider of telephone
lines GPTC.
I will start with identifying the objective of this report, briefing Menatel legal entity and what
kind of a company is Menatel, who are Menatel share holders and their shares. By wearing
the hat of a Menatel executive I will start the analysis by explaining the (GPTC) case nature
and circumstances, and what is (GPTC)? What facts need to be considered? A brief about
the legal system in Libya, What are the questions that need to be answered by the Menatel’s
legal consultant, and all the legal questions that need discussion, through which I will identify
the main legal elements that need solutions such as protecting Menatel property in Libya,
ensuring a good competition environment, see how to make sure that any contract with the
Libyan part is executed and how to enforce all its articles in addition to discussing if there is a
dispute case what will be the solution?, finally how will Menatel protect its revenue and be
able to transfer its profits with no risk of any kind of losing part of them for whatever reasons.
Some of the solutions will be suggested and discussed before my final conclusion and
recommendations.
EMBA Cairo
Rennes International School of Business II
4. 1- REPORT OBJECTIVE.
The purposes of this report is to analyse and discuss the (GPTC) case using the legal skills
acquired during the international business law module, and to show my understanding of the
subjects that have been discussed during the course. Also using what I have been taught in a
practical way that will benefit me and my company. The objective is to write this report in a
form of a draft memo or a business report to Menatel Company’s legal consultant for his legal
solutions to the (GPTC) case. Illustrating the General Post and Telecommunication Company
(GPTC) case history and circumstances, what are the questions lighting in our mind, what are
the legal elements that need to be covered, our conclusions and feedback of the case and
finally a proposed recommendation of our side.
1
2- LEGAL ENTITY OF MENATEL.
2
2-1 Menatel in brief
Late in 1998 Mena Communication Company (Menatel) was born as a joint stock company,
under investment law number 8/1997 registered in 1998 under number 314030. Menatel is
granted a ten years; renewable license, to install, operate, and manage a telecommunication
network of at least 30,000 public payphone. Egyptian shares are 53 % and foreign shares are
47 %. By the end of 2003 Menatel has been operating a payphone network with near to
30,000 payphones in operation, and work force of more than 400 employees. Menatel is in
the prepaid cards business, Menatel products are calls (minutes), local calls, national calls,
mobile calls, and international calls. Menatel is selling its products through a payphone
network that covers all Egypt and managed by a payphone management system. These calls
category are Menatel profit contribution. With a centralized management style Menatel
structured into five main divisions headed by corresponding Director and five Branches
allocated all over Egypt, to form simple flat functional organizational structure.
2-2 Menatel objectives
“The design, set up, installation, operation and provision of a national
public payphone network in Egypt in accordance with the applicable laws and
regulations”.
“The manufacture of telecommunication equipment and related
components”.
“The company may establish other projects or change its objects
within the scope of the investment incentives and guarantees law No. 8 of
1997. It may also subscribe to or participate in any manner in ancillary
1
Company’s contract of incorporation Feb.1999
2
Menatel annual report 1999
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Rennes International School of Business 1
5. projects outside the scope of the mentioned law provided it benefits from the
incentives and guarantees stated in that law only within the limits of its
activities which conform with the fields determined in that law”.
2-3 Ownership and Equity Distribution
Egyptian shares are 53% and foreign shares are 47%. The company's Shareholders are as
follows:
The National bank of Egypt Egyptian 18%
Telecom Egypt Egyptian 2%
ADCOM Egyptian 9%
EGYTEL Egyptian 20%
France Telecom (FCR) French 47%
CIIC Egyptian 2%
ADI Egyptian 2%
3- CURRENT CASE STUDY (GPTC).
What is the (GPTC)? What is the nature of this case? What are the circumstances of this
case? To answer those questions a brief historical background about the case will help to
understand it better.
3-1 Menatel side
At the beginning of the year 2003 Menatel was faced by the drop of the economical situation
in Egypt due to the Egyptian pound floating policy and the shortage of the hard currency
which affected strongly the exchange-rate consequently Menatel revenue and of course
Menatel profitability. It was decided to take advantage of all Menatel resources and
experience to generate additional revenue to fulfil this gap. One of the projects was to analyse
the opportunity of transferring Menatel highly skilled employees and the Know-how abroad.
Providing a prepaid payphones network in Libya, our neighbour country, was one of the
opportunities that needed to be analyzed. We did so, from business perspectives, and to
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Rennes International School of Business 2
6. complete our analysis we need to cover the legal issues for this project, this is where this
report fit.
3-2 Libya side for Telecommunication sector (GPTC)
For telecommunication sector in Libya, it lags behind in telecommunication development, and
3
the figures prove so:
State-owned sole provider (GPTC) for fixed telephone line.
605,000 fixed telephone lines.
Penetration rate of just 11 %.
State-owned sole provider (Al Madar) for mobile telecom.
50,000 mobile lines in 2002.
Penetration rate of just 1 %.
4
3-3 Libya side for legal environments
Reference to the World Bank information data the below table shows some indicators that can
be helpful in understanding the legal system environment in Libya that affects any FDI.
Governance Percentile Rank (0-100)
Indicators (2002) Libya Egypt UAE USA UK Sweden Netherlands France Australia
Voice &
4.5 22.2 35.9 90.9 93.9 99.0 98.0 88.4 94.4
accountability
Political stability 31.9 34.1 80.5 56.2 73.5 96.2 95.7 70.8 89.7
Government
18.0 46.9 78.9 91.2 97.9 93.3 99.0 90.7 92.8
effectiveness
Regulatory quality 4.6 38.1 78.4 91.2 77.9 96.9 99.0 85.6 94.8
Rule of law 18.0 57.7 80.4 91.8 94.3 96.9 94.8 87.6 95.4
Control of
24.7 47.9 84.0 92.3 94.3 97.7 96.4 89.2 93.8
corruption
The table simply illustrates six indicators that affect the legal system environment in Libya and
other countries divided into four categories;
Menatel home base, Egypt
The No. one attractive country for foreign investments in ME, UAE (Dubai)
Some of the strong economies in the world, USA, UK, France
Some countries with lost corruption indicator, Australia, Sweden, Netherlands
The Libyan indicators compared to the above named categories are considered poor ones,
for example if we compare the Libyan regulatory quality to the above, it’s the worst. The
corruption control indicator is even worst than Egypt, this shows that the legal system
environment as a whole is incorrigible.
3
Libya country profile (EIU 2003)
4
World Bank information data (2002)
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Rennes International School of Business 3
7. 3-4 Libya side for Legal system
Before identifying the legal system we need to know that the political system (which has
strong effect over the Legal system as a source of jurisdiction), is a poor one, as the
Jamahiriya is theoretically governed by the people through local council, the General People’s
Congress (GPC), but practically it’s governed by Colonel Qadhafi, as for the legal system
itself is based on the Italian civil law system and Islamic law, a mixed system of both sources,
which is obviously approved by the Colonel, is characterized by separate religious courts, and
5
no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts.
In addition to this brief history some general facts need to be considered:
General Post and Telecommunication Company (GPTC), is the state-
owned sole provider for the fixed telephone lines. (Network of 605,000 fixed
6
line) . It is a monopoly market.
The Libyan legal system is based on the Italian civil law system and
7
Islamic law.
Libyan political system is based on colonel Qadhafi’s vision; it’s a mix
of Socialism and Islamic theories, which he calls the third international
8
theory.
9
Libyan exchange-rate system is poor.
Libya is not a member of WTO or Vienna Sale Convention or any
other conventions of this kind.
The legal system environment is not trusted as the international
10
indicators approve .
4- QUESTIONS NEED TO BE ANSWERED.
As a conclusion of the business analysis report we were faced by some questions related to
legal issues, such as:
What are the custom dues and the taxes regulation?
The monopoly status is it expected to have an end? What if not?
Telecommunication and information laws do they exist?
And if they do, are they enforced?
Is the legal system strong or weak?
5
CIA world fact book Dec.2003.
6
Libya country profile (EIU 2003).
7
CIA world fact book Dec.2003.
8
CIA world fact book Dec.2003.
9
Libya country profile (EIU 2003).
10
World Bank information data (2002).
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Rennes International School of Business 4
8. What are the distribution channels conditions and characteristics?
What about competition laws?
The monitory policy and transfer of profit in hard currency ($)?
Tax privilege for foreign (Egypt) investment?
How can we protect Menatel property?
To what extend the sovereign rights affect the investments and
foreign property?
To what extend the political system affect the legal system?
What about corruption?
What if the Libyan part infringes the contract?
What about the Libyan labour law for expatriates?
Are the international conventions (WTO) rules enforced in Libya?
What if there is a dispute case?
All the above questions can be combined to four main legal questions:
What protects Menatel properties?
What protects Menatel competition environments?
What protects Menatel contract and how to enforce this contract?
What protects Menatel revenue transfer?
5- LEGAL ELEMENTS IDENTIFIED.
5-1 Menatel Property Rights
What guaranties do Menatel need to protect its properties rights against any private
(individuals or groups), or public (individuals or groups) infringes. If menatel decides to invest
in the public payphones business in Libya in the form of a joint venture with the Libyan local
sole provider for telephone lines (GPTC), does this contract protect Menatel intellectual
property or is it better to have an exclusive license to build, operate, and transfer a public
payphone network, or a combination of both as in the case of France Telecom (FCR) with
Telecom Egypt (T/E) in Menatel case. Another point is to just transfer the technology, the
Know-how in a form of management contract. I think to answer this we need to know is
(GPTC) independent enough to enforce a signed contract by her side and not as a follower of
the general political trends of the Libyan government. Is (GPTC) capable of supporting
Menatel against any public infringes and corruptions as in Egyptian case (Menatel faces the
local governorates and districts corruption), T/E has no role or part in supporting Menatel
against what we face of corruption, blackmailing and briberies in every single request or
dealing with the local districts authority (we postpone the investments in some governorate
due to things like that). Another important question here is what if the Libyan government
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Rennes International School of Business 5
9. (Colonel Qadhafi) decides to expropriates Menatel property? Also does the domestic law
protect intellectual properties or does the legal system in Libya enforce such law, I don’t think
that even such law exists, we still see goods soled in the “free” market her in Egypt especially
in Marsa Matroh (a city near the Libyan border) with false logos (the famous one is Quarunes
logo stamped over all Philips merchandises pretending that it’s a Libyan product). So I think
the contract to be signed with the Libyan part need to cover these risks.
5-2 Menatel Competition environments
As there is only one sole provider for telephone lines (GPTC) the competition environment is
an unhealthy one in this monopoly condition. Actually the telecommunication market is still a
developed market and controlled by public entities (the political system have a strong impact
over it) with a poor management. In this kind of environment it is obvious that there is no
competition law to protect and ensure fair competition among the companies in the field of
telecommunications. So the question is what regulates the competition among all the market
players, the mobile, the normal in-door telephone, the public out-door payphones, and the
home prepaid telephone cards. What law controls the tariff policy? And actually is there a
domestic law for telecommunication and information sector? So we are faced with this
unhealthy competition telecommunication market, and we also need to cover this risk in the
contract articles.
5-3 Menatel contract & Dispute Settlement
Whatever the shape or the nature of the contract Menatel will singe (in case if the final
decision is to invest in Libya), Menatel needs to insure the enforcement of the contract
articles, and to know what kind of law will be handling this contract, the Libyan domestic law,
the Egyptian law, or the international law that is based on the international rules and
regulations approved and agreed upon nations and states through international treaties
and/or through international organisational conventions. Also in any dispute case between the
two parties, Menatel and the Libyan side, what will be the solution? Who will solve this
dispute? And what law will handle this? Knowing that Libya is no part of any international
treaty or convention for dispute settlement, this leaves us with the only law we can implement
here to enforce the contract articles and to have fair settlements in case of any dispute, which
is the domestic law. The roots of this domestic law are, the Italian civil law and the Islamic law
(El shareaa), which in some ways have the same nature of the Egyptian law, also based on
the French civil law and the Islamic law (El shareaa). In this case the contract should be
written by the domestic law and the Libyan courts will be responsible for any dispute
settlement, which is risky.
EMBA Cairo
Rennes International School of Business 6
10. 5-4 Menatel Revenue & Profit Transfer
The most important question is Menatel profit, what about both end of the profit equation
Menatel expenditure and Menatel revenue? In this business, the prepaid cards payphone
business, the operator main expenditures are the prepaid cards and the network spare parts
which are provided by hard currency (Dollars or Euros), on the other hand the revenues are in
local currency (the Libyan Dinar in this case). For Menatel side, we need to convert the profit
to Menatel preferred currency (Dollars, Euros, or Egyptian pounds). Knowing that the
exchange-rate system is a poor one in Libya, this introduces the importance of a kind of
financial contract or article along with the normal business contract, this financial contract can
be signed by a third party (an international bank for example) to share the risk of profit
transfer. Another question related to Menatel profit is what about the custom dues and taxes
regulations, the contract should cover this part of risk or benefit.
But we do not want to forget that all the above discussed legal elements are strongly
dependant on the legal system environment, regulations and rule of the law, corruption,
government interference, and political system.
6- SOLUTIONS
There are four solutions (theoretical solutions), as to ensure them we need reliable legal
system.
A joint venture agreement with GPTC.
A license for build, operates, and transfers by GPTC.
A combination between both contracts.
A consultant contract.
The first three of the above points will have in away some common articles that can be
combined to the following parts:
Part one in which the company identification is illustrated: the
company name, address, objects, duration, what laws and regulations control
it, and its legal activities conforming with the fields determined by laws and
regulation.
Part two that illustrate the capital of the company: the authorized
capital, the issued capital, number of shares, the share par value, the way the
payment will be, and how this capital will be financially managed.
Part three that illustrate the company management policy, how the
company will be managed? Who have the right of management and
decision? Who have the authorized signatures?
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Rennes International School of Business 7
11. Part four that illustrates the financial policy of the company: the
company financial year, inventories, final accounts, reserves, distribution of
profits, and the external auditor identification.
Part five that illustrates solutions of any conflicts among the
shareholders or the contract parties
Part six that covers the dissolution and liquidation of the company in
case of loses below determined and approved percentage of the company
capital.
Part seven in which the legal consultant is named and identified, also
illustrating the laws and regulations that handle this kind of business and
activities.
Part eight which regulates the domestic tariff for calls by category
and also type of provider that is to be clear and fair.
In addition to the above general articles any other parts that provide legal insurance for the
high risks illustrated by the previous discussions of the GPTC case might be added, which will
be:
A part to protect Menatel properties against any nationalization or
confiscation or expropriation risks by adding an insurance article to the
contract that covers Menatel loss, or the company should be registered for a
free zone, where the domestic authority have no power.
A part to cover the risk of unfair competition environment in case
Menatel suffers any loss a force majeure article is to be added to the contract
in case these loses exceed certain percentage of the revenues.
A part to cover the transfer of profit of Menatel by a financial
agreement with an international bank to ensure the profit transfer through a
financial cycle out side the domestic currency-exchange cycle and to ensure
that all the accounts and the transactions are done through banks not related
to the domestic monitory policy.
A part also to cover the risk of the poor exchange-rate by adding a
termination article to the contract in case the exchange-rate affects the profit
by a certain percentage.
But even with this, the first three solutions will not ensure minimizing the risk, which is why a
consultant contract could be the less risky solution. Menatel can send over one of its staff as
expatriate in the field of technical, commercial, or even financial, and sign a consultant
contract with the (GPTC) part that includes the following, in addition to the normal articles of
any consultant contract, the working hours, the working days, the introduction article, the
contract duration, the termination article, and so on, the most important article is the financial
part in which it should be clear that:
EMBA Cairo
Rennes International School of Business 8
12. The payment should be in advance and in hard currency.
It should be transferred directly to Menatel account in Egypt.
All expenses to be covered by the Libyan side.
Monthly petty cash to cover local expenses with local currency.
In case of contract termination, a three month salary should be paid
to Menatel.
7- CONCLUSION
The history of nations or states concerning international business and trading with other is a
reliable indicator of how well this nation respects and enforces its commitments and
obligations towards the other party, and in our case (GPTC) Libya, the history of the Libyan
government is not promising one. It is highly risky to have a long term business contract with
Libyan parties, as the economical and the legal system is much related and affected by the
political system (which in our case is quite clear). Also all the legal system environment
indicators, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and
control of corruption indicating an unhealthy ruined legal system environment.
8- RECOMMENDATION
I strongly recommend not doing business with Libyan part, and if necessary, a very desperate
situation for Menatel, a consultant contract could be the minimum risky solution. Menatel
could make use of its strength in its skilled, highly trained, and efficient employees, and export
one or at maximum two of its staff for one year management contract with the Libyan party.
9- REFERENCES
Menatel internal data, Annual report 1999
Menatel regulation of the organization of the board activities
August RAY, International Business Law, Fourth Edition 2002
World Bank information data 2002, internet site.
CIA, world fact book Dec.2003, internet site.
EIU, Economist Intelligent Unit, Libya country profile 2003
Pre-reading materials & slides, Sylviane BAKER 2004
EMBA Cairo
Rennes International School of Business 9