This document discusses the scope of work handled by architects and architectural drawings. It describes the various stages and responsibilities of architects, from initial discussions with clients to construction administration. It also covers the different types of drawings architects produce, including sketches, plans, elevations, sections, and more. The drawings provide detailed instructions to contractors and become more refined as the design process progresses from schematic to construction phases.

1. Architects & Architectural
Drawings

2. Integrated Project of Introduction To
Drawing, Introduction To Construction
Industry and English 1

3. Members
• Teoh Jun Xiang (L)
• Yee Jyh Lin
• Tang Ying Jien
• Quah Keng Yew
• Ow Xun Cong
• Bryan Teh Qing Da
Tutors
1. Introduction To Drawing
• Miss Noorul Iffa
2. Introduction To
Construction Industry
• Ms. Ann See Peng
3. English 1
• Ms. Thivilojana

4. Scope of work handled by
architects

5. Scope of work handled by architects
1) Taking client's instructions and preparation of
design brief
2) Site evaluation and analysis of development on
environment
• Lay foundation to an eco-friendly design

6. Scope of work handled by architects
3) Design and site
development
a) First draft: 1/500 – 1/200
scale.
• The architects generate 2-
3 preliminary designs from
the information acquired
from site evaluation.
• Meetings are conducted
with clients to determine
overall design strategy

7. Scope of work handled by architects
b) Structural design
 Deliver a design which
incorporates :
 Elevators, escalators etc
 Sanitary, plumbing etc
 Heating, ventilation and other
systems

8. Scope of work handled by architects
4) Client validation
o Scale: 1/100 – 1/50
• The architecture firm will work
with the client to refine the
original design
• The architecture firm will also
work closely with the general
contractor
• Other professions also brought
into process

9. Scope of work handled by architects
5) Process permit documents
• The permit documents are used to submit, coordinate, and
obtain the building permit from the city or council.
• The drawings are refined in regards to details and methods.

10. Scope of work handled by architects
6) Execution
• Plans are sent back and forth to the contractors and
engineers for review
• Most of the materials are specified
o Detailed 1/50, 1/20 and 1/10 scale plans

11. Scope of work handled by architects
7) Construction
• Conduct periodic inspections and evaluations on the
construction

12. Responsibilities and tasks at
different stage of
construction

13. Before construction
Consult with
the owner
Communicate
with project
team
Attend
meetings
Research
design criteriaReport
progress to
owner
Submit a
schedule (date
for start and
completion of
construction)
Submits
drawings and
specification to
owner

14. During construction
Administration
• Owner’s
representative
Site visit
• Observing
progress of work
Investigation
• Site conditions that are different
Communication
• Inform progress
• Report deviations and defects
Inspection
• Determine dates of completion
• Whether work conforms with contract document

15. After Construction
 The architect’s work continues until after the building
work.
 Part of the payment due to the builder – the retention –
is held back for up to twelve months and is only paid
out on the architect’s instruction, after any defects
have been rectified by the contractor.
 The architect’s opinion on compliance with planning
and building regulations is subject to work and is not
being changed during construction.

16. Authority and limitations of architects
 The architect’s authority might be actual, implied or apparent
during construction.
 Rejecting contractor’s work if work does not conform to the
contract documents is a common authority granted to
architects by contract.
 An architect often makes several site visits in order to
become familiar with the progress of the work.

17. Stages and examples of
drawings & Types and
functions of drawings

18. 1) Initial discussion and information gathering
• Show a portfolio of past projects
• Discuss goals, needs and requirements
• Visit the site and review the existing conditions
• Take as-built measurements and create plans
Architect’s portfolio

19. Types of drawings
Sketch drawings or freehand drawings
 Drawn using a free hand by holding a pen or pencil
 To initiate and freely work through ideas

20. Types of drawings
As-built drawings

22. 2) Schematic design
• First phase in the design of a project
• Prepares schematic diagrams after detailed
discussions with client

23. 3) Design development
• The project development phase
• The project’s composition,
dimensions, attributes and/or
specifications are determined

24. Types of drawings
Site Plans
 Describes the location and
orientation of a building
complex on a plot of land
 Provides information of the
site’s topography,
landscaping utilities and site
work.

25. Types of drawings
Orthographic projections
• Consists of plans, sections and elevations
• To illustrate three-dimensional objects in a
two-dimensional drawing

26. Materials shown on elevations

27. Plan symbols

28. Reflected ceiling plan
 Shows the items that are
located on the ceiling of a
room or space
Roof plan
 Show the basic shape of the
roof of a building

29. Types of drawings
Presentation drawings and renderings
• Drawings that are usually rendered
• Proposal for clients approval
• Means for others to study structure’s appearance

30. 4) Construction drawings
• Drawings, plans, specifications and others
associated with a construction project

31. Types of drawings
Working drawings
• Final drawn instructions which the builder will use
on site to convert the design ideas into a real
building
• Detailed, specific and accurate
Assembly Drawings Component Drawings

32. 5) Bidding documents
• The offering of particular prices to suit both the client
and the contractor

33. 6) Construction administration
• The architect will oversee the fulfillment
of responsibilities of all parties to the
contract for construction
• Site visits
• The architect will keep the client updated
about the progress

34. References
 Author Unknown. (2007). Defining the Architect’s Basic Services.
The AIA, 15, 1-2.
 Build LLC. (2008, September 23). The Process of Architecture [Blog
post]. Retrieved from http://blog.buildllc.com/2008/09/the-process-
of-architecture/
 Career Option: Architect. (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 3,
2015, from Digi Careers website:
https://digicareers.wordpress.com/2015/02/05/career-option-
architect/
 Ching, F. D. K. (2009). Architectural Graphics. New Jersey: John
Willey & Sons, Inc.
 Cellier, I. (2009). How to sell architects – Part 2 – Architect’s
workflow [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://www.polantis.com/blog/2009/10/06/how-to-sell-to-architects-
part-2-architects-workflow/
 Charles Levin Architects. Schematic Design Phase. Retrieved
March 3 2015 from Charles Levin Architects’ website:
http://www.charleslevinarchitects.com/whatwedo/schematicdesign/s
chematicdesign.html

35. References
 Chicago Architecture Foundation. (unknown date). DISCOVER
DESIGN- A Student Design Experience. Retrieved March 3 2015
from Chicago Architecture Foundation’s website:
http://discoverdesign.org/design/process
 De Biasse & Seminara Architects. (Date unknown). Retrieved March
3, 2015, from De Biasse & Seminara Architects’ website:
http://dbsem.com/the-five-phases-of-the-architectural-design-
process/
 George. A. M. (2007). Architectural Process. Retrieved March 3
2015 from Michael A. George Architect’s website:
http://www.seattlearchitects.com/realestate.html
 Grau III, P. A., Muller, E. J., Fausett, J. G. (2010). Architectural
Drawing & Light Construction. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
 Isometric Projection. (Date Unknown). Retrieved March 3 2015 from
http://www3.ul.ie/~rynnet/keanea/isometri.htm
 Makstutis, G. (2010). Architecture – An Introduction. London:
Laurence King Publishing Ltd

36. References
 Perspective Drawing - Linear and Aerial Perspective. (Date
Unknown). Retrieved March 3 2015 from
http://www.artyfactory.com/perspective_drawing/perspective_index.
html
 Phases of Design & Construction. (Date Unknown). Retrieved March
9 2015 from
http://hamden.com/filestorage/43/79/Stages_of_Construction.pdf
 Pilot Builders. (Date Unknown). Design - Build Process. Retrieved
March 3 2015 from http://www.pilotbuilders.com/design.php
 Types of drawings for building design. (2015). Retrieved March 3
2015 from
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_drawings_for_bui
lding_design
 Pilot Builders. (Date Unknown). Design - Build Process. Retrieved
March 3 2015 from http://www.pilotbuilders.com/design.php