The document discusses several innovative instructional strategies for teaching and learning, including programmed instruction, cooperative learning, team teaching, and computer-assisted instruction. Programmed instruction breaks learning down into small sequential units and provides feedback, while cooperative learning emphasizes group work and interaction. Team teaching involves pooling teacher resources and expertise to jointly teach students. Computer-assisted instruction applies programmed learning principles through computer technology. Microteaching allows teachers to practice specific skills by teaching small units to small groups of students. These innovative strategies aim to make learning more effective by incorporating psychological principles.

1. ONLINE ASSIGNMENT
INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES OF LEARNING
INTRODUCTION
The message of technology as well as the technological
devices is being applied in teaching and learning and this has
resulted in the evolution of a special branch known as
educational technology. Educational technology refers to the
development, application, and evolution of systems, aims and
techniques in the field of education. This branch of knowledge
together with the emergence of psychological principles has
paved the way for the emergence of various innovative
instructional practices. Among them a few are of utmost
importance in education in general and social science education
in particular. These are described below.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Programmed instruction applies principles of psychology
and technology in order to make learning effective. The main
strategy adopted in programmed learning is to provide
individual instruction programmed learning is a self-instructional
and self corrective technique in which the learning
material are presented to the learner stage by stage through
sequentially arranged small units called frames. The frames are

2. graded according to the level of difficulty as well as logical
sequences.
There are two common varieties of programming. They are
Linear Programming and Branched Programming. Linear
programming is a better suited for small children most of the
pedagogical principles involved in it namely small steps
presentation, immediate feedback, knowledge of result and
students even in secondary schools to master complex ideas.
Branched programming is a different type of programming
more appropriate for people of comparatively was developed
by Norman A Crowder. Hence it is called the crowderian style
programming. It is also known as intrinsic programming
because the learner is given the opportunity instruction
according to his needs background and level of existing
knowledge. Branched program anticipates errors from learners.
The errors are diagnosed and remedial instruction.
CO-OPERATIVE LEARNING
Co-operative learning is another innovative strategy which
received an increased momentum in our classroom. The major
proponents of this strategy were David Johnson and Rojer
Johnson. This method is constructed with a view to take
advantage of collective that we call “synergy”. The five basic
elements of co-operative learning are positive

3. interdependence, individual accountability, group processing,
social skills, face to face interaction, and group formation.
TEAM TEACHING
Team teaching is a form organization in which resources as
well as interest and expertise of various teachers are pooled in
order to devise and implement a scheme of joint work in
teaching. In this strategy the needs of pupils are met in a
comprehensive manner and in tune with all the facilities
available in schools. Team Teaching has been defined as a type
of instructional organization involving teaching personnel and
the students assigned to them in which two or more teachers
are given responsibility of working together for all or significant
part of the instruction of the same group of students. They are:
a) Team Teaching in the same class period
b) Team Teaching based on specific teacher competencies
c) Team Teaching based on specialization
d) Team Teaching on relay system.
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Computer Assisted Instruction is a natural outgrowth of the
application of the principles of programmed learning. It
provides opportunity for systematically organized learning, to
the maximum level for all learners. It makes learning easy and
interesting.

4. PROGRAMMED LEARNING
The basic idea of programmed is that the most efficient
pleasant and permanent learning takes places when the
student proceeds through a course by a large number of small,
easy to take steps. It may be notes that the origin of
programmed learning are not essentially new, Socrates may be
regarded as one of the earliest programmers who developed a
program in Geometry. This was recorded by Plato in the
dialogue. Socrates used to guide his followers to knowledge by
conducting them conversationally along a path from fact to fact
and insight to in sight.
MICRO TEACHING
Micro Teaching technique was first adopted at Stanford
University USA in 1961 – by Dwight Allen and his co-workers
and is now followed in many countries with modified and
improved versions. Micro Teaching is a scaled down sample of
teaching is which a teacher teaches a small unit to a small
group of 5 to 10 pupils for a small period of 6 to 10 minutes. It
should be stressed here that Micro Teaching is only an aspect
of the teacher education program. It is not intended to replace
the theoretical foundations in the teacher education program.
Micro teaching practice begins with the basic teaching skills
progressively provides the teacher with opportunities practice
and master high-order skills and instructional decision making.

5. CONCLUSION
Innovative strategies are more effective from teaching
learning process. It is not intended to replace the theoretical
foundations in the teacher education program. The branches of
knowledge together with the emergence of psychological
principles have paved the way for the emergence of various
innovative instructional practices.
REFERENCES
JC AGGARWAL – TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES
KUMAR SPK & NOUSHAD PP – SOCIAL STUDIES IN CLASS ROOM
PATHAK RP – TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES