CdSe thin films were deposited using Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) by maintaining the bath at 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C temperatures. The thin films were deposited on ordinary glass substrates then characterized for their crystallinity, morphological and optical properties. From the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis; it was revealed that there was a significant difference in crystallinity and the UV-vis spectroscopy enhanced the study of the energy band gaps which showed a drastic shifting. The study performed on the surface morphologies of the CdSe thin films exhibited a double layer of deposition; but did not show considerable difference from each other for different temperatures. The EDS pattern helped in determining the stoichiometric ratio.
Properties of CdS Chemically Deposited thin films on the Effect of Ammonia Co...IOSR Journals
1. The document investigates the effect of ammonia concentration on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films deposited via chemical bath deposition (CBD).
2. When the ammonia concentration was varied from 0.1M to 3.0M, films were obtained between 0.25M and 2.5M ammonia, with the best results at 2.0M.
3. Electrical measurements showed the films have n-type conductivity. Carrier concentration decreased from 1.831x106 cm-3 to 1.026x106 cm-3 as ammonia increased from 0.5M to 2.5M due to changes in sulfur
The document describes a study on the effect of annealing on the optical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition. CdS thin films were deposited on glass substrates at optimized deposition parameters. The as-deposited films and films annealed at temperatures from 100-400°C were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy. Annealing was found to cause a blue shift in the absorption edge and increase the optical band gap and transmittance of the films. The highest band gap of 3.8 eV and transmittance of 64% were observed for the film annealed at 400°C. Annealing improves the optical properties of CdS thin films by modifying the structural properties of the
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorods doped with copper (Cu) for application in photonic devices. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-prepared CdS:Cu nanorods were a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases, with preferential growth of the (100) plane. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed garland-like nanorod structures consisting of cubic and hexagonal particles, with hexagonal particles confirming the hexagonal phase of CdS. The CdS:Cu nanorods exhibited a red shift in absorption compared to undoped CdS, indicating quantum confinement effects due to Cu doping.
Structural, Optical and Electrical Studies on Spray Deposited Mercury Doped C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the paper.
STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL STUDIES ON SPRAY DEPOSITED MERCURY DOPED C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass
substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for
doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth
surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the
crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS
film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using
the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the
paper.
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been
successfully deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD)
technique using a mixed aqueous solution of cadmium
sulphate, thiourea, and triethylamine. The films were
characterized using a variety of techniques. Powder X-ray
diffraction analysis shows that the as-deposited thin film has
the hexagonal (wurtzite) structure. Scanning electron
microscope (SEM) micrographs show the film surface consists
of clusters with a globular surface morphology. Energy
dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDAX) analysis confirmed the
film to be consistent with the formation of cadmium sulphide
on silica glass slide. The band gap, determined from optical
absorption spectroscopy, was 2.42 eV which is consistent with
other published results.
An Investigation of SILAR Grown Cobalt Selenide Thin Films IIJSRJournal
Nowadays, several deposition techniques have been used to produce thin film materials. The obtained films were characterized by using different tools. These semiconductor materials could be employed in solar cell, laser devices and opto-electronic devices. The main objective of this work is to produce cobalt selenide thin films through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. Advantages of this method include simple procedures, inexpensive equipment, it does not need expensive vacuum system and high quality substrate. During the deposition process, the films were deposited onto soda lime glass under various anionic bath immersion times. The properties of the films were studied for the first time via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Based on the FESEM analysis, uniform morphology could be observed for the sample produced for 30 seconds (anionic immersion time). The band gap was about 2.6 eV and the optical transmission increased in the visible region could be detected for these samples.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Selenide NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles. CdSe nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method involving cadmium oxide, selenium dioxide, ammonia, and thioglycerol as a capping agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of CdSe and showed peaks matching the standard pattern for CdSe. The synthesized CdSe nanoparticles have potential applications in solar cells, thin films, and biofluorescent tagging.
Properties of CdS Chemically Deposited thin films on the Effect of Ammonia Co...IOSR Journals
1. The document investigates the effect of ammonia concentration on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films deposited via chemical bath deposition (CBD).
2. When the ammonia concentration was varied from 0.1M to 3.0M, films were obtained between 0.25M and 2.5M ammonia, with the best results at 2.0M.
3. Electrical measurements showed the films have n-type conductivity. Carrier concentration decreased from 1.831x106 cm-3 to 1.026x106 cm-3 as ammonia increased from 0.5M to 2.5M due to changes in sulfur
The document describes a study on the effect of annealing on the optical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition. CdS thin films were deposited on glass substrates at optimized deposition parameters. The as-deposited films and films annealed at temperatures from 100-400°C were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy. Annealing was found to cause a blue shift in the absorption edge and increase the optical band gap and transmittance of the films. The highest band gap of 3.8 eV and transmittance of 64% were observed for the film annealed at 400°C. Annealing improves the optical properties of CdS thin films by modifying the structural properties of the
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorods doped with copper (Cu) for application in photonic devices. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-prepared CdS:Cu nanorods were a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases, with preferential growth of the (100) plane. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed garland-like nanorod structures consisting of cubic and hexagonal particles, with hexagonal particles confirming the hexagonal phase of CdS. The CdS:Cu nanorods exhibited a red shift in absorption compared to undoped CdS, indicating quantum confinement effects due to Cu doping.
Structural, Optical and Electrical Studies on Spray Deposited Mercury Doped C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the paper.
STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL STUDIES ON SPRAY DEPOSITED MERCURY DOPED C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass
substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for
doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth
surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the
crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS
film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using
the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the
paper.
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been
successfully deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD)
technique using a mixed aqueous solution of cadmium
sulphate, thiourea, and triethylamine. The films were
characterized using a variety of techniques. Powder X-ray
diffraction analysis shows that the as-deposited thin film has
the hexagonal (wurtzite) structure. Scanning electron
microscope (SEM) micrographs show the film surface consists
of clusters with a globular surface morphology. Energy
dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDAX) analysis confirmed the
film to be consistent with the formation of cadmium sulphide
on silica glass slide. The band gap, determined from optical
absorption spectroscopy, was 2.42 eV which is consistent with
other published results.
An Investigation of SILAR Grown Cobalt Selenide Thin Films IIJSRJournal
Nowadays, several deposition techniques have been used to produce thin film materials. The obtained films were characterized by using different tools. These semiconductor materials could be employed in solar cell, laser devices and opto-electronic devices. The main objective of this work is to produce cobalt selenide thin films through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. Advantages of this method include simple procedures, inexpensive equipment, it does not need expensive vacuum system and high quality substrate. During the deposition process, the films were deposited onto soda lime glass under various anionic bath immersion times. The properties of the films were studied for the first time via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Based on the FESEM analysis, uniform morphology could be observed for the sample produced for 30 seconds (anionic immersion time). The band gap was about 2.6 eV and the optical transmission increased in the visible region could be detected for these samples.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Selenide NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles. CdSe nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method involving cadmium oxide, selenium dioxide, ammonia, and thioglycerol as a capping agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of CdSe and showed peaks matching the standard pattern for CdSe. The synthesized CdSe nanoparticles have potential applications in solar cells, thin films, and biofluorescent tagging.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
Influence of Field Assisted Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Deposition Technique on the Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (2), 2014, 23–27
U.U. Iwok*, J.A. Bwamba, N.O. Alu, K.K. Adama, Z. Abdullahi, A.C. Egba, A.A. Oberafo, B.O. Akogwu
Optical and Morphological Characterization of BaSeThinFilms Synthesized via C...IOSR Journals
Barium selinide (BaSe) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of deposition time on the thin film formation mechanism has been studied to understand the optimum conditions for synthesis process. The phase identification and surface morphology of thin coated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively while the optical characterizations were conducted by means of ultraviolet visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study confirms the polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the thin films. The XRD peaks at 2θ =23.84° and 2θ = 23.86o showed the preferential orientation along the (021) and (201)plane with deposition time 20 hours and 22 hours respectively, whereas the major peak at (111) was obtained with a deposition time of 24 hours. With the increase in deposition time up to 24 hours, the film gradually grew thicker along with the fine increase in the grain size. The direct optical band gap of the films was measured to be varied from 1.33 to 3.37 eV.
This document summarizes research on cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films doped with cobalt (Co) prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique. Key findings include:
1. Cd1-xCoxS thin films were deposited on glass substrates at 523K for x=0.00, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 compositions.
2. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the presence of Cd, S, and Co in the appropriate stoichiometric ratios.
3. X-ray diffraction showed all films were amorphous in nature as deposited.
4. The optical band gap decreased from 2.54 eV to 2.40 eV
The document discusses electrodeposited cadmium sulfide (CdS) as the n-type semiconductor layer in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells. Figure a-d show the visual appearance, surface morphology, transmittance, and crystal structure of the CdS films. Electrodeposition produces hexagonal CdS at room temperature with no post-treatment, and shows higher photoactivity than chemically bath deposited CdS. Photoelectrochemical measurements indicate that electrodeposited CdS on CIGS enhances light absorption and electron-hole separation compared to bare CIGS. The electrodeposition technique is advantageous as it reuses electrolytes and produces less toxic waste than chemical
The document discusses cadmium telluride thin film solar cells. It describes how CdTe solar cells work and the fabrication process using spray pyrolysis to deposit CdS thin films and pulsed plasma deposition to deposit CdTe layers at low temperature. Characterization of the films using XRD showed the CdS films were polycrystalline hexagonal structures and the CdTe films had an optical bandgap of 1.50eV, matching the expected value.
Optimization of optical properties of annealed cadmium selenide (cdse) thin f...Alexander Decker
1) Cadmium selenide thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature (25°C) and a higher temperature (74°C) using a chemical bath deposition technique with sodium selenosulphite as the selenium source.
2) The films were annealed at different temperatures and their optical properties like transmittance, reflectance, and band gap were analyzed using spectroscopy.
3) The results showed that the films deposited at room temperature had higher band gaps than those deposited at 74°C. Transmittance increased with lower annealing temperatures while absorbance and reflectance increased with higher annealing temperatures.
Influence of Manganese doping on Structural, optical and ethanol sensing of S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the influence of manganese doping on the structural, optical, and ethanol sensing properties of copper oxide thin films synthesized using successive ion layer adsorption and reaction technique. Key findings include:
- X-ray diffraction analysis showed manganese doping reduced grain size up to 5% doping due to increased microstrain, beyond which grain size increased.
- Optical studies found the band gap increased with doping up to 5% due to the Burstein-Moss effect, then decreased with further doping likely due to excess manganese in interstitial sites.
- The 5% doped film exhibited the highest sensitivity of 87% for detecting 1500 ppm ethanol at
This document summarizes a final year project on depositing CdSe nanoparticles multilayers using chemical bath deposition. It introduces CdSe and its properties, the chemical bath deposition technique, and how it was used to deposit different sized CdSe nanoparticles by varying the concentration of the complexing agent NTA. Characterization of the deposited nanoparticles found smaller sizes were produced with higher NTA concentrations. Attempts to deposit two CdSe layers of different sizes on a substrate did not improve solar cell efficiency compared to a single layer. Further work is recommended to address Ostwald ripening in the deposition solution.
IRJET - Characterization of Bivalent Zn (II) and Cd (II) Nanoparticles / ...IRJET Journal
This document characterizes bivalent zinc (II) and cadmium (II) nanoparticles and nanocomposites using X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) show that ZnS nanoparticles have a hexagonal crystal structure. CdS-ZnS nanocomposites contain both cubic CdS and hexagonal ZnS nanoparticles in close contact. ZnS/CdS core-shell nanoparticles contain a ZnS core and thin CdS shell, while CdS/ZnS contain a CdS core and thin ZnS shell.
Morphological and Optical Study of Sol-Gel SpinCoated Nanostructured CdSThin ...iosrjce
Nanostructured CdS thin films of different thicknesses were deposited on a cleaned glass substrate
using sol-gel spin coating technique. CdS thin films were prepared using cadmium acetate as cadmium source
and thiourea as sulfur source. The Morphological, chemical composition, and optical properties of the spin- coated
CdS thin film were studied using field emission- scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X –ray
(EDX) spectroscopy, and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer.The morphological results revealed that the films consist
of agglomerated spherical CdS nanoparticles with diameter < 20 nm, which distributed uniformly on the substrate
surface.The films show high transmittance > 90% and very strong absorption edge at 295 nm.The absorption edge
shifts towards longer wavelength as the film thickness increased.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Influence of Cr Doping On Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of...IOSR Journals
Cr-doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal rutile structure. Increasing the Cr dopant concentration from 10% to 20% caused a shift of diffraction peaks to higher angles, decreasing the interplanar spacing and crystallite size. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the films had a homogeneous, crack-free morphology with spherical grains that decreased in size as the Cr concentration increased. Optical analysis found the energy bandgap increased with higher Cr doping levels, exhibiting a blue shift. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were influenced by the Cr dopant concentration.
Characterisation of NanostructuredLead Selenide (PbSe) Thin Films for Solar D...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes research characterizing nanostructured lead selenide (PbSe) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition for potential solar device applications. PbSe thin films were deposited on glass substrates at varying pH levels of the deposition bath. Characterization of the structural, optical and electrical properties of the films showed that film thickness and properties like band gap energy and conductivity could be controlled by varying the deposition parameters like pH. Higher pH levels resulted in films with lower conductivity and band gap, indicating the properties of PbSe could be tuned for different functions. The nanostructured PbSe thin films showed potential for use in solar energy devices based on their optical absorption properties.
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
This document discusses research into developing monolithically integrated cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell devices deposited via atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD). The research aims to improve the fabrication process and efficiency of CdTe modules. Key steps studied include AP-MOCVD deposition of CdZnS/CdTe layers, addition of back contacts via thermal evaporation or screen printing, monolithic integration via mechanical scribing, and characterization of solar cell performance. Issues addressed include delamination, improving scribing precision, and damage to scribing tips. The goal is to advance the process from single solar cells to interconnected photovoltaic modules.
5 ijaems jun-2015-19-x-ray diffraction of multilayer cd s-polyaniline thin filmsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This study examines the x-ray diffraction of multilayer cadmium sulfide (CdS)/polyaniline thin films. CdS and polyaniline films were prepared using vacuum evaporation. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of single-layer CdS films on glass and multilayer films with polyaniline deposited on CdS/glass. The x-ray patterns showed the CdS films had a preferred orientation along the (100) reflection plane and the multilayer films had a preferred orientation of the hexagonal wurtzite structure.
5 ijaems jun-2015-19-x-ray diffraction of multilayer cd s-polyaniline thin filmsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In the present investigation, the films of Cadmium Sulphide and Polyaniline have been prepared by vacuum Evaporation Technique. The growth and characterization of single layer and multilayer films have been done. In this paper, the study of X-Ray diffraction of multilayer CdS/Polyaniline thin films has been done.
Effect of zinc on structural and some optical properties of cd s thin filmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the structural and optical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films doped with varying concentrations of zinc (Zn). X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all films had a hexagonal structure and were polycrystalline. Grain size decreased with increasing Zn concentration, while surface roughness decreased based on atomic force microscopy. Optical analysis found that transmittance increased with Zn concentration, as did the optical band gap. Increasing the Zn dopant concentration improved some structural and optical properties of the CdS thin films.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
Influence of Field Assisted Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Deposition Technique on the Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (2), 2014, 23–27
U.U. Iwok*, J.A. Bwamba, N.O. Alu, K.K. Adama, Z. Abdullahi, A.C. Egba, A.A. Oberafo, B.O. Akogwu
Optical and Morphological Characterization of BaSeThinFilms Synthesized via C...IOSR Journals
Barium selinide (BaSe) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of deposition time on the thin film formation mechanism has been studied to understand the optimum conditions for synthesis process. The phase identification and surface morphology of thin coated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively while the optical characterizations were conducted by means of ultraviolet visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study confirms the polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the thin films. The XRD peaks at 2θ =23.84° and 2θ = 23.86o showed the preferential orientation along the (021) and (201)plane with deposition time 20 hours and 22 hours respectively, whereas the major peak at (111) was obtained with a deposition time of 24 hours. With the increase in deposition time up to 24 hours, the film gradually grew thicker along with the fine increase in the grain size. The direct optical band gap of the films was measured to be varied from 1.33 to 3.37 eV.
This document summarizes research on cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films doped with cobalt (Co) prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique. Key findings include:
1. Cd1-xCoxS thin films were deposited on glass substrates at 523K for x=0.00, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 compositions.
2. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the presence of Cd, S, and Co in the appropriate stoichiometric ratios.
3. X-ray diffraction showed all films were amorphous in nature as deposited.
4. The optical band gap decreased from 2.54 eV to 2.40 eV
The document discusses electrodeposited cadmium sulfide (CdS) as the n-type semiconductor layer in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells. Figure a-d show the visual appearance, surface morphology, transmittance, and crystal structure of the CdS films. Electrodeposition produces hexagonal CdS at room temperature with no post-treatment, and shows higher photoactivity than chemically bath deposited CdS. Photoelectrochemical measurements indicate that electrodeposited CdS on CIGS enhances light absorption and electron-hole separation compared to bare CIGS. The electrodeposition technique is advantageous as it reuses electrolytes and produces less toxic waste than chemical
The document discusses cadmium telluride thin film solar cells. It describes how CdTe solar cells work and the fabrication process using spray pyrolysis to deposit CdS thin films and pulsed plasma deposition to deposit CdTe layers at low temperature. Characterization of the films using XRD showed the CdS films were polycrystalline hexagonal structures and the CdTe films had an optical bandgap of 1.50eV, matching the expected value.
Optimization of optical properties of annealed cadmium selenide (cdse) thin f...Alexander Decker
1) Cadmium selenide thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature (25°C) and a higher temperature (74°C) using a chemical bath deposition technique with sodium selenosulphite as the selenium source.
2) The films were annealed at different temperatures and their optical properties like transmittance, reflectance, and band gap were analyzed using spectroscopy.
3) The results showed that the films deposited at room temperature had higher band gaps than those deposited at 74°C. Transmittance increased with lower annealing temperatures while absorbance and reflectance increased with higher annealing temperatures.
Influence of Manganese doping on Structural, optical and ethanol sensing of S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the influence of manganese doping on the structural, optical, and ethanol sensing properties of copper oxide thin films synthesized using successive ion layer adsorption and reaction technique. Key findings include:
- X-ray diffraction analysis showed manganese doping reduced grain size up to 5% doping due to increased microstrain, beyond which grain size increased.
- Optical studies found the band gap increased with doping up to 5% due to the Burstein-Moss effect, then decreased with further doping likely due to excess manganese in interstitial sites.
- The 5% doped film exhibited the highest sensitivity of 87% for detecting 1500 ppm ethanol at
This document summarizes a final year project on depositing CdSe nanoparticles multilayers using chemical bath deposition. It introduces CdSe and its properties, the chemical bath deposition technique, and how it was used to deposit different sized CdSe nanoparticles by varying the concentration of the complexing agent NTA. Characterization of the deposited nanoparticles found smaller sizes were produced with higher NTA concentrations. Attempts to deposit two CdSe layers of different sizes on a substrate did not improve solar cell efficiency compared to a single layer. Further work is recommended to address Ostwald ripening in the deposition solution.
IRJET - Characterization of Bivalent Zn (II) and Cd (II) Nanoparticles / ...IRJET Journal
This document characterizes bivalent zinc (II) and cadmium (II) nanoparticles and nanocomposites using X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) show that ZnS nanoparticles have a hexagonal crystal structure. CdS-ZnS nanocomposites contain both cubic CdS and hexagonal ZnS nanoparticles in close contact. ZnS/CdS core-shell nanoparticles contain a ZnS core and thin CdS shell, while CdS/ZnS contain a CdS core and thin ZnS shell.
Morphological and Optical Study of Sol-Gel SpinCoated Nanostructured CdSThin ...iosrjce
Nanostructured CdS thin films of different thicknesses were deposited on a cleaned glass substrate
using sol-gel spin coating technique. CdS thin films were prepared using cadmium acetate as cadmium source
and thiourea as sulfur source. The Morphological, chemical composition, and optical properties of the spin- coated
CdS thin film were studied using field emission- scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X –ray
(EDX) spectroscopy, and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer.The morphological results revealed that the films consist
of agglomerated spherical CdS nanoparticles with diameter < 20 nm, which distributed uniformly on the substrate
surface.The films show high transmittance > 90% and very strong absorption edge at 295 nm.The absorption edge
shifts towards longer wavelength as the film thickness increased.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Influence of Cr Doping On Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of...IOSR Journals
Cr-doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal rutile structure. Increasing the Cr dopant concentration from 10% to 20% caused a shift of diffraction peaks to higher angles, decreasing the interplanar spacing and crystallite size. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the films had a homogeneous, crack-free morphology with spherical grains that decreased in size as the Cr concentration increased. Optical analysis found the energy bandgap increased with higher Cr doping levels, exhibiting a blue shift. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were influenced by the Cr dopant concentration.
Characterisation of NanostructuredLead Selenide (PbSe) Thin Films for Solar D...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes research characterizing nanostructured lead selenide (PbSe) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition for potential solar device applications. PbSe thin films were deposited on glass substrates at varying pH levels of the deposition bath. Characterization of the structural, optical and electrical properties of the films showed that film thickness and properties like band gap energy and conductivity could be controlled by varying the deposition parameters like pH. Higher pH levels resulted in films with lower conductivity and band gap, indicating the properties of PbSe could be tuned for different functions. The nanostructured PbSe thin films showed potential for use in solar energy devices based on their optical absorption properties.
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
This document discusses research into developing monolithically integrated cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell devices deposited via atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD). The research aims to improve the fabrication process and efficiency of CdTe modules. Key steps studied include AP-MOCVD deposition of CdZnS/CdTe layers, addition of back contacts via thermal evaporation or screen printing, monolithic integration via mechanical scribing, and characterization of solar cell performance. Issues addressed include delamination, improving scribing precision, and damage to scribing tips. The goal is to advance the process from single solar cells to interconnected photovoltaic modules.
5 ijaems jun-2015-19-x-ray diffraction of multilayer cd s-polyaniline thin filmsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This study examines the x-ray diffraction of multilayer cadmium sulfide (CdS)/polyaniline thin films. CdS and polyaniline films were prepared using vacuum evaporation. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of single-layer CdS films on glass and multilayer films with polyaniline deposited on CdS/glass. The x-ray patterns showed the CdS films had a preferred orientation along the (100) reflection plane and the multilayer films had a preferred orientation of the hexagonal wurtzite structure.
5 ijaems jun-2015-19-x-ray diffraction of multilayer cd s-polyaniline thin filmsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In the present investigation, the films of Cadmium Sulphide and Polyaniline have been prepared by vacuum Evaporation Technique. The growth and characterization of single layer and multilayer films have been done. In this paper, the study of X-Ray diffraction of multilayer CdS/Polyaniline thin films has been done.
Effect of zinc on structural and some optical properties of cd s thin filmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the structural and optical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films doped with varying concentrations of zinc (Zn). X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all films had a hexagonal structure and were polycrystalline. Grain size decreased with increasing Zn concentration, while surface roughness decreased based on atomic force microscopy. Optical analysis found that transmittance increased with Zn concentration, as did the optical band gap. Increasing the Zn dopant concentration improved some structural and optical properties of the CdS thin films.
Similar to Influence of Synthesizing Temperatures on the Crystallinity, Morphology and Band Gap of CdSe Thin Films (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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2.2 Growth and Reaction Mechanism for the
Formation of Thin Films:
The growth of thin films strongly depends on
growth conditions, such as duration of deposition,
composition and temperature and pH of the solution, and
topographical and chemical nature of the substrate. The
film formation in CBD involves two steps, nucleation and
particle growth. Froment and Lincot [9] had proposed that
the nucleation is associated with the agglomeration of
colloids formed in solution by the homogeneous reaction.
It is called as ‘cluster by cluster’ growth that results into
formation of films. The latter is a growth mechanism
involving the reaction of atomic species at the substrate
surface; also called an ‘ion by ion’ process.
Table. 1 Optimized parameters for CdSe thin films at
different temperature
Deposition conditions
Ion Sources
Depositio
n Temp.
(°C)
Depositio
n Time
(hrs)
Thicknes
s
(μm)
Cadmium
acetate, Sodium
selenosulsulfate
, liquid NH3
20 96 0.600
Same as above 40 15 0.582
Same as
above
60 8 0.594
Same as
above
80 3.5 0.606
The dominance of one given mechanism is governed by
the classical laws of homogeneous versus heterogeneous
nucleation on a solid surface, involving the super
saturation ratio in the solution and the catalytic activity of
the substrate [10]; in short, the growth mechanism depends
on the experimental conditions. The deposition
temperature affects the rate of release of chalcogenide ions
and dissociation of metal ions from the complex reagent.
From our experiment it is important to note that CdSe film
formation takes place at a wide range of temperatures.
III. CHARACTERIZATIONS
The film thickness had been measured using
weight difference method by using a sensitive digital
microbalance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the
deposited thin films were recorded using a Rigaku
miniflex tabletop X-ray Diffractometer with CuKa
radiation. The XRD data was collected with a scan rate of
2 o
per minute. The shape, size and distribution of
nanostructures were observed with scanning electron
microscope (SEM) model JEOL JSM-6010 and Tescan
depending on the availability, attached to an energy
dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDXA), Oxford Instruments, to
measure the elemental composition. To study the optical
properties, the optical absorption spectra were recorded
with UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV 1800).
3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Results &
Discussion:
Fig. 1 XRD of CdSe thin films at different temperatures
As already stated cadmium selenide thin films can
grow with metastable sphalerite cubic (zinc blende type) or
stable hexagonal (wurtzite type) structure [11]. In order to
determine the crystal structure of CdSe thin films, the
XRD patterns of the deposited thin films were analyzed.
The XRD patterns of CdSe thin films deposited at different
temperature are shown in Fig. 1. The observed XRD data
was compared with standard JCPDS data files [12]. The
XRD pattern depicts that the film deposited at a
temperature lower than room temperature (20 °C) is of
poor crystalline nature. The peaks over a broad hump
could be assigned to (111), (220) and (311) planes that
corresponds to sphalerite (cubic phase) of CdSe [13]. The
low intensity peaks shows that the CdSe film deposited at
20°C is composed of coarsely fine crystallites or
nanocrystalline. It may be due to slow release of Se2-
ions
from relatively stable Na2SeSO3 precursor at lower
temperatures. Also the film prepared at 20°C gives one
additional unwanted peak nearly at 31° (2θ). It is possibly
due to the presence of either Cd(OH)2, [13], due to
scarcity or delay in release of Se2-
ions at low temperature.
Since, at a lower temperature Se2-
ions possibly releases
slowly from the Na2SeSO3 precursor. Fig. 1 also depicts
the XRD patterns of the films deposited at higher
temperature. The relative intensities of the peaks are in
good agreement with standard data [12]. However, the
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positions of peaks were slightly shifted to lower 2θ values,
due to induced tensile strain in CdSe. This could be
possible because of the early nucleation taking place in
accordance with higher deposition temperatures. The XRD
patterns showed that with increase in temperature of
deposited films, the diffraction peaks became sharper with
a decrease in the full width at half-maximum (FWHM). It
clearly indicates that there is improvement in crystallinity
of deposited CdSe thin films at a higher temperature. It is
worthwhile to note that the XRD graphical patterns did not
show any of the unwanted peaks corresponding to
Cd(OH)2, CdO or SeO2 at any stage of higher temperature,
indicating the high purity of the deposited film, etc. The
sharpness of the peaks determined the degree crystallinity
of the films that were deposited at different temperatures.
It was perceived that the crystallinity was very poorly
developed at a lower temperature and was found to
significantly increase at higher temperatures, indicating the
dependence of the crystallinity in accordance with the
temperature of the bath solution. Previous reports on the
chemically synthesized CdSe thin films exhibited films
forming either cubic (zinc blende) or hexagonal (wurtzite)
type structure depending on growth conditions. Pawar et al
[14] reported nanocrystalline cubic phase of CdSe thin
films developed at 70 ºC for 8h. Esparza-Ponce et al [15]
reported that the CdSe thin films developed at 80 ºC grown
with cubic phase. Gopakumar et al [16] reported hexagonal
crystal structure of CdSe thin films developed by the CBD
at temperatures of 90 ºC. Purohit et al [17] obtained cubic
structure for the CBD deposited thin films. It clearly
illustrates that the grown crystal structure of CdSe thin
films deposited by CBD method was mainly governed by
the their preparative conditions such as type of precursors
(metal and chalcogenide ions) and their relative
concentrations, pH of resultant solution, nature of complex
reagent, reaction time and temperature etc. The
temperature played a vital role on the crystallinity of thin
films.
3.2 Elemental Composition Analysis:
As a representative EDS pattern of CdSe thin
films at deposited 40 ºC are revealed in Fig. 2. The average
ratio of atomic percentage of Cd:Se was 52.00:48.00,
showing that the samples are in good stoichiometric ratio,
with slightly excess in Cd atoms.
Fig. 2 EDS of CdSe thin film at 40 ºC
3.3 Surface Morphology Results and Discussion:
Fig. 3(A) SEM of CdSe thin films deposited at 20 ºC for (a)
4 KX and (b) 10 KX
Fig. 3(B) SEM of CdSe thin films deposited at 40 ºC for (a)
5 KX and (b) 25 KX
Fig. 3(C) SEM of CdSe thin films deposited at 60 ºC for (a)
5 KX and (b) 25 KX
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Fig. 3(D) SEM of CdSe thin films deposited at 80 ºC for
(a) 5 KX and (b) 25 KX
Fig. 3(A), 3(B), 3(C) and 3(D) shows scanning electron
microscope (SEM) images of CdSe thin films deposited at
different temperature. The SEM images revealed that the
CdSe thin films deposited at different temperatures are
uniform and homogeneous, and well covered the substrate
thoroughly. Extreme minute examination further revealed
a bi-layer growth of CdSe over the substrate surface. The
somewhat smooth CdSe particles were uniformly
deposited on the substrate surface that forms an initial
layer. The initially formed layer was covered by a latter
with three dimensional (3D) micron-sized spherically
shaped CdSe grains. These microspheres were heavily
packed with the primarily formed layer and were closely
connected with each other. The microspheres were
composed of tiny CdSe nucleates or nanodots, which is
more clearly visible in the SEM micrographs of the CdSe
thin films deposited at higher temperature. As a result,
micro-spherical grains are bigger than the individual
crystallites. The observed morphology probably explained
by a two stage growth mechanism. The first stage is
attributed to instantaneous nucleation and 2D lateral
growth that covers the surface of substrate, while the
second stage was due to 3D nucleation and growth at
random sites on top of the first layer [18]. The SEM image
of the film deposited at 80 ºC clearly shows that the
microstructures consisted with minute nanocrystallites that
are engaged with each other to form the resultant
morphology.
IV. OPTICAL ABSORPTION RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
According to Y.G. Gadage et al the energy band gap ‘Eg’
by using absorption data and applying Tauc’s relation [19].
Fig. 4 shows the graphs of (αhν)2
against hν for CdSe thin
films deposited at different temperatures (20 ºC, 40 ºC, 60
ºC, 80 ºC). The ‘Eg’ value of CdSe thin film prepared at a
lower temperature (20 ºC) is 2.1 eV, which is much higher
than the standard bulk ‘Eg’ value of CdSe. The values of
‘Eg’ for thin films prepared at 40 ºC, 60 ºC and 80 °C was
1.96 eV, 1.87 eV and 1.8 eV respectively. These values are
greater than the standard ‘Eg’ value of bulk CdSe (1.72
eV), such high values of ‘Eg’ is due to a size quantization
effect that was commonly observed in nanocrystalline
metal chalcogenide semiconductors.
Fig.4. Plot of (αhν)2
vs. hν of CdSe thin films deposited at
different temperatures
V. DISCUSSION
The XRD patterns (Fig 1) of CdSe thin films
deposited at various temperatures also revealed the
nanocrystalline nature of CdSe thin films. As the
deposition temperature was increased the diffraction peaks
becomes sharper with decreasing full width of half
maximum that shows improvement in crystallinity and
increase in crystallite size. Hence increase or improvement
in crystallite size with increasing deposition temperature
reduces the ‘Eg’ value of deposited CdSe thin film and
consequently approaches towards bulk value of CdSe
material [14, 19-21].
VI. CONCLUSION
From the above studies, it is concluded that the
CdSe films, can be deposited at different temperatures
ranging from 20-80°C. The above study concludes that the
growth of the film at various temperatures is mainly
governed by ion-by-ion process. The film grown at 20 ºC
with was poorly crystallized with cubic phase along with
presence of hydroxide and/or oxide content which resulted
in a band that was too wide compare to the bulk band gap.
The increase in deposition temperature improves the
crystallinity of the CdSe thin films deposited and also
decreases the band value. The films were grown with a
pure cubic phase and it is worth to mention that in the
present work, no evidence has been observed for the
growth of hexagonal phase of CdSe thin films in the range
of the deposited temperatures. The band gaps of the CdSe
thin films were found to decrease with increasing
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deposition temperature and consequently approached
towards bulk band value.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express our sincere gratitude to the Botany
Department of the Institute of Science for the UV- vis
spectroscopy analysis; the Chemistry Department for the
XRD analysis. The University of Pune was helpful in
giving the SEM images of the samples.
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