1) The document discusses the effects of various pre-sowing treatments on seed germination and seedling vigor in three tree species: Sterculia urens, Pterocarpus Marsupium, and Garcinia gummi-gutta.
2) For Sterculia urens, the highest germination percentages were achieved with mechanical scarification combined with gibberellic acid or potassium nitrate treatments.
3) For Pterocarpus Marsupium, soaking seeds in cold water for 24 hours resulted in the highest germination percentage and vigor index.
4) The document concludes by noting that pre-sowing treatments can help overcome seed dormancy issues and promote more rapid and uniform
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing seed quality in vegetable crops. It describes seed hydration/priming techniques like pre-hydration, osmopriming, and bio-priming which allow seeds to imbibe water and begin germination processes without radicle emergence. Studies showed priming with KNO3 improved germination and seedling vigor of tomato cultivars compared to controls or priming with PEG or NaCl. The document also covers seed coating techniques like pelleting and film coating and integrated seed enhancement approaches.
Establishment of an in vitro propagation and transformation system of Balani...PGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca is a drought-tolerant but salt-sensitive tree species distributed in the tropical and arid lands in Africa and Asia; the seeds were used in biodiesel production. This study aimed to establish an in vitro propagation system of two B. aegyptiaca provenances from nodal and cotyledon explants. The explants were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for shoot induction. BA was significantly more effective in shoot induction from nodal explants. Three different Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, GV3101, and LBA4404) harboring the plasmid pCAMBIA2301 containing the nptII marker and gus reporter genes were used to establish a transformation system in B. aegyptiaca. Strain GV3101 resulted in the highest survival rates and highest number of explants positive in the GUS assay. This selected A. tumefaciens strain was used to introduce pBinAR containing the sequence encoding ERD10 (early responsive to dehydration 10) to produce salt-tolerant B. aegyptiaca plants.
Seed quality enhancement technology of major vegetable cropsAbhishek Katagi
This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Several tables show results of studies on the effects of seed fortification and hydropriming treatments on seed quality parameters like germination percentage, vigor index, and seedling growth of crops such as brinjal, tomato, chilli, and watermelon. The techniques can help overcome problems with seed quality and support better crop establishment under stressful conditions.
Seed Quality Enhancement technology of major vegetable cropsAbhishek Katagi
This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Tables show results of studies on different crops like brinjal, tomato and chilli seeds treated with fortification solutions and primed with osmotic solutions. Hydropriming pinto bean and watermelon seeds for different durations improved seed quality parameters. Osmopriming tomato seeds with KNO3, NaCl and PEG solutions enhanced germination and seedling growth over the control. Thus, seed hydration and priming techniques can effectively enhance seed quality and crop establishment.
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
SALT TOLERANCE IMPROVEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS THROUGH SEED PRIMINGSamar Biswas
Seed priming is a pre-germination technique that improves seed performance under stress. The document discusses seed priming techniques for improving salt tolerance in horticultural crops. It describes various priming methods and their modes of action, including physiological and biochemical changes. Tables and figures show the effects of priming agents like KNO3, NaCl, and hormones on metrics like germination rate and seedling growth of crops like amaranth, marigold, cucumber, and tomato under saline conditions. Primed seeds demonstrated enhanced salt tolerance compared to unprimed seeds. The conclusion states that priming develops defense mechanisms that help seeds better tolerate salinity stress.
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
Weed management in vegetable crops is important to achieve good economic returns. The problems of weeds in vegetable crops are more serious than in field crops due to the higher nutrient and water requirements of vegetables. Initial vegetable crop growth is also very slow. Several weed management practices can be used in vegetables including good crop husbandry, mechanical weed control, herbicides, soil solarization, and biological control. Data from studies show that different weed management treatments significantly impact weed population, plant growth, and crop yield. Integrated weed management approaches that combine cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods provide effective weed control in vegetable crops.
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing seed quality in vegetable crops. It describes seed hydration/priming techniques like pre-hydration, osmopriming, and bio-priming which allow seeds to imbibe water and begin germination processes without radicle emergence. Studies showed priming with KNO3 improved germination and seedling vigor of tomato cultivars compared to controls or priming with PEG or NaCl. The document also covers seed coating techniques like pelleting and film coating and integrated seed enhancement approaches.
Establishment of an in vitro propagation and transformation system of Balani...PGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca is a drought-tolerant but salt-sensitive tree species distributed in the tropical and arid lands in Africa and Asia; the seeds were used in biodiesel production. This study aimed to establish an in vitro propagation system of two B. aegyptiaca provenances from nodal and cotyledon explants. The explants were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for shoot induction. BA was significantly more effective in shoot induction from nodal explants. Three different Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, GV3101, and LBA4404) harboring the plasmid pCAMBIA2301 containing the nptII marker and gus reporter genes were used to establish a transformation system in B. aegyptiaca. Strain GV3101 resulted in the highest survival rates and highest number of explants positive in the GUS assay. This selected A. tumefaciens strain was used to introduce pBinAR containing the sequence encoding ERD10 (early responsive to dehydration 10) to produce salt-tolerant B. aegyptiaca plants.
Seed quality enhancement technology of major vegetable cropsAbhishek Katagi
This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Several tables show results of studies on the effects of seed fortification and hydropriming treatments on seed quality parameters like germination percentage, vigor index, and seedling growth of crops such as brinjal, tomato, chilli, and watermelon. The techniques can help overcome problems with seed quality and support better crop establishment under stressful conditions.
Seed Quality Enhancement technology of major vegetable cropsAbhishek Katagi
This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Tables show results of studies on different crops like brinjal, tomato and chilli seeds treated with fortification solutions and primed with osmotic solutions. Hydropriming pinto bean and watermelon seeds for different durations improved seed quality parameters. Osmopriming tomato seeds with KNO3, NaCl and PEG solutions enhanced germination and seedling growth over the control. Thus, seed hydration and priming techniques can effectively enhance seed quality and crop establishment.
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
SALT TOLERANCE IMPROVEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS THROUGH SEED PRIMINGSamar Biswas
Seed priming is a pre-germination technique that improves seed performance under stress. The document discusses seed priming techniques for improving salt tolerance in horticultural crops. It describes various priming methods and their modes of action, including physiological and biochemical changes. Tables and figures show the effects of priming agents like KNO3, NaCl, and hormones on metrics like germination rate and seedling growth of crops like amaranth, marigold, cucumber, and tomato under saline conditions. Primed seeds demonstrated enhanced salt tolerance compared to unprimed seeds. The conclusion states that priming develops defense mechanisms that help seeds better tolerate salinity stress.
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
Weed management in vegetable crops is important to achieve good economic returns. The problems of weeds in vegetable crops are more serious than in field crops due to the higher nutrient and water requirements of vegetables. Initial vegetable crop growth is also very slow. Several weed management practices can be used in vegetables including good crop husbandry, mechanical weed control, herbicides, soil solarization, and biological control. Data from studies show that different weed management treatments significantly impact weed population, plant growth, and crop yield. Integrated weed management approaches that combine cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods provide effective weed control in vegetable crops.
The document summarizes a study on enhancing seed germination of Balanites aegyptiaca, an important tree crop in Africa. Various chemical and physical treatments were tested for breaking dormancy, including dry heat, gibberellic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and mechanical scarification. The highest germination percentage of 73.5% was achieved with dry heat treatment at 60°C for 15 minutes. Hot water and mechanical scarification also improved germination rates. The study aims to develop methods to increase seed viability and support conservation of Balanites aegyptiaca in Egyptian gene banks.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of hydropriming on seed germination and seedling growth of bitter gourd. It describes how hydropriming involves soaking seeds in water for a period of time before sowing. The study tested 7 hydropriming treatment times (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 hours) on bitter gourd seeds. It measured variables like germination rate, seedling vigor, shoot length, root length, and fresh weight. The results showed that hydropriming improved germination and seedling growth, with treatments of 24-48 hours performing best.
1) Indiscriminate use of pesticides can lead to problems like pest resistance, increased costs, and environmental pollution. Physical and mechanical control methods provide non-chemical alternatives for pest management.
2) Examples of physical control methods discussed include the use of temperature (hot and cold), radiation, sound traps, and modified atmospheres to control various pests. Mechanical methods like shaking, beating, hand removal, and trapping are also reviewed.
3) The document provides details on the application of several physical and mechanical control techniques for different pests, citing relevant studies to support their effectiveness. Maintaining proper temperatures, atmospheres, or using techniques like trenches, barriers and traps can help manage pest populations as
From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the application of deoiled cakes as organic manures enhances the growth and biomass production of tree seedlings.
Also low C: N ratio its decomposition rate is faster than easily available for plant nutrients and reduces population of plant-parasitic nematodes.
Among various deoiled seed cakes mahua, neem, castor, sal, karanj, mustard etc. proved that the good potentiality of deoiled seed cakes as an effective and much cheaper source of plant nutrients.
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
In vitro shoot multiplication in okra (Ablemonschus esculentues).TAJNE SACHIN
1: In vitro shoot multiplication in okra (Ablemonschus esculentues).
2: About Okra Plant.
3: Application of Tissue culture in Okra.
4: Objective.
5: Material and Method.
6: Methodology.
7: Treatment schedule.
8: Result of Program
9: Conclusion
10:References
The document summarizes research on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) being conducted in China and other countries. SRI is an alternative rice cultivation method that involves wider spacing of young seedlings, reduced water usage, and other practices. Studies have found SRI can lead to higher rice yields, improved grain quality, and reduced costs compared to conventional methods. Researchers are exploring different techniques to adapt SRI principles to local growing conditions. Overall, results suggest SRI has potential to increase rice productivity while reducing environmental impacts.
Eco-friendly Management of fruit fly in Bitter Gourd at Baitadi.pptxSabinKaphle
In this pptx, there is about influence of different control method of fruit fly in bitter gourd and from this research we conclude that the Bt can also control the fruit fly without chemical with greater effectiveness.
Abstract— A laboratory experiments were conducted during the year of 2012-2014 at Annamalai University of cuddalore district under irrigated conditions to formulate site –specific nutrient management and efficiency of treatments known by comparing with rice, sunflower and black gram seeds. And the treatments includes control, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% vermicompost, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% phosphobacteria, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% azospirillum. And the above treatments are applied to all the three seeds ie, rice, sunflower, black gram. The numbers of seeds used for the experiment are 50 seeds of paddy, 20 seeds of black gram and 10 seeds of sunflower. Highest values for plant biomass root and shoot length was noticed in 10 % all the treatments.
This study establishs a basis for growing
plantlets without sucrose and investigating other
factors like carbon dioxide and light regime to
improve the in vitro growth performance.
Germination Studies in Lycium shawii Roem. And Schult.kaakaawaah
The study investigated methods for mass propagating the native Kuwaiti plant Lycium shawii through seed germination. Seeds exposed to dry heat at 50°C for 20 days followed by soaking in 500 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) for 24 hours resulted in 94.67% germination, the highest percentage achieved. Pretreating seeds with 750 or 1000 ppm GA3 also enhanced germination compared to untreated seeds. The results provide techniques to standardize mass propagation of L. shawii for use in urban landscaping and conservation efforts.
pomegranate callus cultivation by BA and NAAManjiri Sonone
The document reports on a study conducted to optimize the conditions for callus induction in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Bhagwa) using cotyledon explants. Seeds were sterilized and germinated on half strength MS medium. Cotyledon explants from 20-day old seedlings were cultured on WPM medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA (8-13 μM) and 5.5 μM NAA. Maximum callus induction was observed on medium with 9 μM BA, with initiation in 14 days and highest fresh weight, diameter and dry weight. The optimal conditions identified can support further tissue culture studies in pomegranate.
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Febri Doni, Anizan Isahak, Norela Sulaiman, Che Radziah Che Mohd Zain, Abidah Ashari, Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff
Title: Use of Tricoderma spp. in Enhancing Rice Productivity
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Significance of different growth regulators for successful cultivation of Cuc...AnupSahoo8
The document discusses the effects of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the growth and yield of various cucurbit crops. It finds that for cucumber, the combination of 50 ppm GA3 and 500 ppm NAA with double stem pruning provides the highest yield. For bottle gourd, 300 ppm Ethrel application results in the highest yield and other yield attributes. Similarly, for cucumber, 100 ppm GA3 leads to maximum fruit size and number. The document thus analyzes the role of various PGRs like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene in regulating growth and yield of important cucurbit crops.
The document discusses integrated weed management in cereal-based cropping systems. It begins with an introduction to integrated weed management and its importance. It then outlines research studies on integrated weed management in rice, maize, sorghum and pearl millet-based cropping systems. The studies show the effects of herbicides, tillage practices, and intercropping on weed control efficiency and crop yields over multiple seasons. Maintaining soil cover and rotating crops, herbicides and other control methods provides effective long-term weed control and protects soil health and the environment.
Abstract
Potato is an important food and cash crop in Eastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is low for a number of constraints. Shortage of quality planting material and poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at planting are two of the factors known to affect production cycle and productivity of the crop in Eastern Ethiopia. Two separate experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014, to assess the effect of Gibberellic acid and storage condition on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (‘Bubu’ and ‘Bate’) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, and 20 ppm) kept under three storage methods: in diffused light store (DLS), in pit, and in farmyard manure (FYM) heap. The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete design with four replications and conducted in the horticulture laboratory of Haramaya University. The second experiment consisted of the same treatments laid out in the field to study the effects of the treatments on the subsequent growth, yield, and yield-related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications and conducted on a farmer’s field. The results of the experiments showed that genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions, as well as the interaction between them, significantly affected seed tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics, and subsequent tuber yield. Dormancy period, sprouting percent, sprout length, length of lateral axillary sprouts, and sprout vigour were significantly affected by the treatments. However, parameters such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, and number and weight of very small and small tubers showed highest values for seed tubers, either treated with GA3 or not, and stored under FYM heap and pit storage conditions when compared with tuber treated and stored in DLS. In general, the study indicated that the interaction between genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions resulted in early dormancy termination, early emergence of shoots, and high marketable tuber yield.
Gemeda Mustefa
This study evaluated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and storage methods on breaking dormancy and subsequent yield of two potato varieties in Ethiopia. The results showed that GA3 application and storage method significantly reduced dormancy period and improved sprouting. Specifically, 20 ppm GA3 combined with pit storage led to the shortest dormancy period and highest sprouting rates. This treatment combination also resulted in the highest marketable tuber yields for both varieties. Additionally, 20 ppm GA3 increased tuber quality traits like specific gravity, dry matter content, pH, and total soluble solids. The study concludes that GA3 and appropriate storage methods can help farmers in Ethiopia break dormancy to enable year-round
Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
This document discusses biological nitrogen fixation, which is the process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted to ammonia by bacteria. It occurs naturally in soil through nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with plants like legumes. Key points discussed include:
- Nitrogen fixation is essential for life and agriculture as nitrogen is required for proteins, DNA, RNA, and fertilizer production.
- It is carried out by nitrogenase enzymes containing iron, molybdenum or vanadium in diazotroph bacteria found in soils and plants.
- Important symbiotic associations include rhizobia bacteria in legume root nodules and Frankia bacteria with non-legume plants.
This document discusses bio-herbicides and allelochemicals. It begins by defining weeds and their benefits and limitations. It then discusses different methods of weed control, focusing on biological methods like bio-herbicides and allelochemicals. Bio-herbicides are defined as biologically based weed control agents derived from microbes. Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites produced by plants that can inhibit other plants. Some examples of specific bio-herbicides and allelochemical sources are provided. The document discusses advantages and limitations of bio-herbicides, factors influencing allelopathy, and mechanisms of allelochemical action. It concludes by stating that while bio-herbicides and allelopathy show potential
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The document summarizes a study on enhancing seed germination of Balanites aegyptiaca, an important tree crop in Africa. Various chemical and physical treatments were tested for breaking dormancy, including dry heat, gibberellic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and mechanical scarification. The highest germination percentage of 73.5% was achieved with dry heat treatment at 60°C for 15 minutes. Hot water and mechanical scarification also improved germination rates. The study aims to develop methods to increase seed viability and support conservation of Balanites aegyptiaca in Egyptian gene banks.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of hydropriming on seed germination and seedling growth of bitter gourd. It describes how hydropriming involves soaking seeds in water for a period of time before sowing. The study tested 7 hydropriming treatment times (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 hours) on bitter gourd seeds. It measured variables like germination rate, seedling vigor, shoot length, root length, and fresh weight. The results showed that hydropriming improved germination and seedling growth, with treatments of 24-48 hours performing best.
1) Indiscriminate use of pesticides can lead to problems like pest resistance, increased costs, and environmental pollution. Physical and mechanical control methods provide non-chemical alternatives for pest management.
2) Examples of physical control methods discussed include the use of temperature (hot and cold), radiation, sound traps, and modified atmospheres to control various pests. Mechanical methods like shaking, beating, hand removal, and trapping are also reviewed.
3) The document provides details on the application of several physical and mechanical control techniques for different pests, citing relevant studies to support their effectiveness. Maintaining proper temperatures, atmospheres, or using techniques like trenches, barriers and traps can help manage pest populations as
From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the application of deoiled cakes as organic manures enhances the growth and biomass production of tree seedlings.
Also low C: N ratio its decomposition rate is faster than easily available for plant nutrients and reduces population of plant-parasitic nematodes.
Among various deoiled seed cakes mahua, neem, castor, sal, karanj, mustard etc. proved that the good potentiality of deoiled seed cakes as an effective and much cheaper source of plant nutrients.
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
In vitro shoot multiplication in okra (Ablemonschus esculentues).TAJNE SACHIN
1: In vitro shoot multiplication in okra (Ablemonschus esculentues).
2: About Okra Plant.
3: Application of Tissue culture in Okra.
4: Objective.
5: Material and Method.
6: Methodology.
7: Treatment schedule.
8: Result of Program
9: Conclusion
10:References
The document summarizes research on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) being conducted in China and other countries. SRI is an alternative rice cultivation method that involves wider spacing of young seedlings, reduced water usage, and other practices. Studies have found SRI can lead to higher rice yields, improved grain quality, and reduced costs compared to conventional methods. Researchers are exploring different techniques to adapt SRI principles to local growing conditions. Overall, results suggest SRI has potential to increase rice productivity while reducing environmental impacts.
Eco-friendly Management of fruit fly in Bitter Gourd at Baitadi.pptxSabinKaphle
In this pptx, there is about influence of different control method of fruit fly in bitter gourd and from this research we conclude that the Bt can also control the fruit fly without chemical with greater effectiveness.
Abstract— A laboratory experiments were conducted during the year of 2012-2014 at Annamalai University of cuddalore district under irrigated conditions to formulate site –specific nutrient management and efficiency of treatments known by comparing with rice, sunflower and black gram seeds. And the treatments includes control, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% vermicompost, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% phosphobacteria, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% azospirillum. And the above treatments are applied to all the three seeds ie, rice, sunflower, black gram. The numbers of seeds used for the experiment are 50 seeds of paddy, 20 seeds of black gram and 10 seeds of sunflower. Highest values for plant biomass root and shoot length was noticed in 10 % all the treatments.
This study establishs a basis for growing
plantlets without sucrose and investigating other
factors like carbon dioxide and light regime to
improve the in vitro growth performance.
Germination Studies in Lycium shawii Roem. And Schult.kaakaawaah
The study investigated methods for mass propagating the native Kuwaiti plant Lycium shawii through seed germination. Seeds exposed to dry heat at 50°C for 20 days followed by soaking in 500 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) for 24 hours resulted in 94.67% germination, the highest percentage achieved. Pretreating seeds with 750 or 1000 ppm GA3 also enhanced germination compared to untreated seeds. The results provide techniques to standardize mass propagation of L. shawii for use in urban landscaping and conservation efforts.
pomegranate callus cultivation by BA and NAAManjiri Sonone
The document reports on a study conducted to optimize the conditions for callus induction in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Bhagwa) using cotyledon explants. Seeds were sterilized and germinated on half strength MS medium. Cotyledon explants from 20-day old seedlings were cultured on WPM medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA (8-13 μM) and 5.5 μM NAA. Maximum callus induction was observed on medium with 9 μM BA, with initiation in 14 days and highest fresh weight, diameter and dry weight. The optimal conditions identified can support further tissue culture studies in pomegranate.
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Febri Doni, Anizan Isahak, Norela Sulaiman, Che Radziah Che Mohd Zain, Abidah Ashari, Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff
Title: Use of Tricoderma spp. in Enhancing Rice Productivity
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Significance of different growth regulators for successful cultivation of Cuc...AnupSahoo8
The document discusses the effects of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the growth and yield of various cucurbit crops. It finds that for cucumber, the combination of 50 ppm GA3 and 500 ppm NAA with double stem pruning provides the highest yield. For bottle gourd, 300 ppm Ethrel application results in the highest yield and other yield attributes. Similarly, for cucumber, 100 ppm GA3 leads to maximum fruit size and number. The document thus analyzes the role of various PGRs like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene in regulating growth and yield of important cucurbit crops.
The document discusses integrated weed management in cereal-based cropping systems. It begins with an introduction to integrated weed management and its importance. It then outlines research studies on integrated weed management in rice, maize, sorghum and pearl millet-based cropping systems. The studies show the effects of herbicides, tillage practices, and intercropping on weed control efficiency and crop yields over multiple seasons. Maintaining soil cover and rotating crops, herbicides and other control methods provides effective long-term weed control and protects soil health and the environment.
Abstract
Potato is an important food and cash crop in Eastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is low for a number of constraints. Shortage of quality planting material and poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at planting are two of the factors known to affect production cycle and productivity of the crop in Eastern Ethiopia. Two separate experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014, to assess the effect of Gibberellic acid and storage condition on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (‘Bubu’ and ‘Bate’) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, and 20 ppm) kept under three storage methods: in diffused light store (DLS), in pit, and in farmyard manure (FYM) heap. The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete design with four replications and conducted in the horticulture laboratory of Haramaya University. The second experiment consisted of the same treatments laid out in the field to study the effects of the treatments on the subsequent growth, yield, and yield-related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications and conducted on a farmer’s field. The results of the experiments showed that genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions, as well as the interaction between them, significantly affected seed tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics, and subsequent tuber yield. Dormancy period, sprouting percent, sprout length, length of lateral axillary sprouts, and sprout vigour were significantly affected by the treatments. However, parameters such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, and number and weight of very small and small tubers showed highest values for seed tubers, either treated with GA3 or not, and stored under FYM heap and pit storage conditions when compared with tuber treated and stored in DLS. In general, the study indicated that the interaction between genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions resulted in early dormancy termination, early emergence of shoots, and high marketable tuber yield.
Gemeda Mustefa
This study evaluated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and storage methods on breaking dormancy and subsequent yield of two potato varieties in Ethiopia. The results showed that GA3 application and storage method significantly reduced dormancy period and improved sprouting. Specifically, 20 ppm GA3 combined with pit storage led to the shortest dormancy period and highest sprouting rates. This treatment combination also resulted in the highest marketable tuber yields for both varieties. Additionally, 20 ppm GA3 increased tuber quality traits like specific gravity, dry matter content, pH, and total soluble solids. The study concludes that GA3 and appropriate storage methods can help farmers in Ethiopia break dormancy to enable year-round
Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
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This document discusses bio-herbicides and allelochemicals. It begins by defining weeds and their benefits and limitations. It then discusses different methods of weed control, focusing on biological methods like bio-herbicides and allelochemicals. Bio-herbicides are defined as biologically based weed control agents derived from microbes. Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites produced by plants that can inhibit other plants. Some examples of specific bio-herbicides and allelochemical sources are provided. The document discusses advantages and limitations of bio-herbicides, factors influencing allelopathy, and mechanisms of allelochemical action. It concludes by stating that while bio-herbicides and allelopathy show potential
This document summarizes key points from a doctoral seminar on climate change adaptations in forestry. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including an introduction to climate change impacts, adaptation approaches, case studies, and a conclusion. Two case studies are then summarized in more detail: one on using close-to-nature silviculture to adapt European forests and another on thinning increasing acorn production in drought conditions, though only temporarily. The document concludes that forests are adapting more slowly than the rate of climate change and emphasizes mixed plantations, species selection, breeding programs, and silvicultural practices to facilitate adaptation.
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Influence of seed treatments on germination and seedling.pptx
1.
2. Influence of pre-sowing treatments on germination
and seedling vigour in important tree species
Uday Kumar Lodh
M.Sc. Forestry (Plantation Technology)
ICAR JRF (AIR-2)
4. • The demand for nursery grown seedlings has increased
manifold for planting programme and massive afforestation
programme taken up by the government agencies.
• Lack of standard nursery techniques hinders such attempts.
• A healthy and succesful germinating seed is beginning of
good establishment .
• This depends largely on seed germination and vigour
potential of the seeds used for sowing , which can be
improved by various pre-sowing treatments .
Introduction
4
5. Pre-sowing treatment is a treatment of the seed often applied to
overcome seed dormancy and accelerate germination or to enhance
rapid and uniform germination of seed and to speed up seed
germination ( Mbora.,2012).
Seed Dormancy???
The physical or physiological condition of a viable seed that prevents
germination even in the presence of otherwise favorable germination
conditions.(Leadem, C. L. 1997).
5
6. WHY DOES DORMANCY OCCUR?
Dormancy is a biological mechanism to ensure that seeds will germinate at a time
and under conditions that will optimize the chances for the growth and survival of
the next generation.
• Unfavorable climatic conditions for germination .
• Incomplete development.
• Protection against predation.
• Protection against time (seed longevity) : evolved survival strategy to extend
germination over many years and different environmental conditions.
ex., Lupine seeds found in a lemming burrow by a Yukon mining engineer were
able to germinate and produce healthy, flowering plants after10,000 years (Porsild
et al., 1967).
• Genetic variation : The expression of dormancy in natural seed populations is
known to be under genetic control(Edwards and El-Kassaby 1995).
6
7. Comparision of the major stages of seed maturation,dormancy and germination
in the natural and artificial regeneration of temperate tree seedlings
Biological stage Dormancy Germination
Hydration Activation Emergence
Mature seed
Germinants
Natural regeneration Soil Seed bank Seeds soaked by
rains
Overwinter in
soil
Warm
conditions in
spring
Artificial regeneration Storage
(-1.8oC,
< 10 %MC)
Soak in water Stratification
(25Oc,>25%MC)
Sow in nursery
Leadem., 1997
7
10. Different pre-sowing treatments
Treatment Description
Stratification Moist chilling at 2-5oC; removes metabolic blocks, weakens seed coats, increases germination-
promoter levels ex., Abies, Acer, Pinus gerardiana, Fagus, pinus spp etc.
Light Exposure to specific wavelengths; stimulates the phytochrome system Gmelina arborea, and
Pinus merkusii
Scarification Chemical (sulphuric acid) or mechanical (abrasion) treatment; breaks down seed coats ex.,
Acacia, Leucaena, Albizia, Cassia glauca, & Sterculia urens .
Plant growth regulators Enhance natural levels in favor of germination, or trigger regulators other metabolic pathways
leading to germination
Boiling water It is generally used for the seeds having very hard seed coat e.g. Acacia auriculiformis,
A.mangium, etc.
Cold Water Treatment The seeds are soaked at room temperature for a period ranging from 2 to 48 hrs depending on the
species e.g. Acacia, Poplars & Pterocarpus marsupium .
Bisht, 1999
10
12. • 1. Imbibed water
stimulates Gibberellin
synthesis.
• 2-3. Gibberellins
diffuse to the aleurone
layer and stimulate the
synthesis of enzymes.
• 4-5. Enzymes break
down the starch and the
sugars are transported
to the developing
embryo.
Thomas,2012
12
13. Graeber et al., 2012
13
A hypothetical model showing the
mechanisms of seed dormancy induction and
release.
15. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Sterculia urens Roxb.
Sanjeev,2015
Case study - 1 15
16. Importance of study
The annual production of gum karaya is about 1500 T and 90% of it is exported to
Europe and US.
Gum karaya contributes 2% of the revenue from the medicinal plant exports from
India (Avinash Upadhayay, 2006).
This tree is also known as ‘Bulnaru’ (Uttar Kannada), a well known tree for fibre,
for this reason only most of the farmers cut the entire tree to get fibre.
Sanjeev,2015
16
17. Location :- This study was carried out in polyhouse ,College of Forestry, sirsi in 2014-15.
Methodology :-
Seeds collected from karwar forest division
Uniform seeds were collected for germination trail
150 seeds were used in each treatment
10 treatments and 3 replications.
Design
Completely Randomized Design
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 45 days from the day of seed sowing.
Experiment:
Sanjeev,2015
17
18. • Type of seed : Orthodox (Gondwe et al., 2007)
• Habitat : Dry, tropical deciduous forests, often
associated with Boswellia serrata, on hilltops, exposed
ridges, rocky crevices, eroded slopes and similar
habitats.
• Germination percentage : 30-37% (khan,2013)
• Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh(Anon,1976)
• Type of seed dormancy: Seed coat dormancy
Sanjeev,2015
18
19. Influence of pre sowing treatments on seed germination parameters of Sterculia urens.
Treatments Germination % MDG PV GV GR
T1 Mechanical scarification (rubbing with sand paper) 38.7 0.87 4.32 3.77 2.56
T2
Chemical scarification (dipping in conc.H2SO4 for 1minute,
followed by washing with tap water)
42.7 0.94 5.00 4.75 3.03
T3 Cow dung slurry treatment (2 days). 33.3 0.74 3.92 2.90 2.44
T4
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of
200 ppm for 12 hours
54.7 1.22 7.61 9.29 4.60
T5
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3)
of 250 ppm for 12 hours
65.3 1.44 8.95 12.97 5.80
T6
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200
ppm for 12 hours
56.7 1.25 7.00 8.81 4.52
T7
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250
ppm for 12 hours
54.0 1.19 7.41 8.87 4.36
T8
Mechanical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12
hours
60.0 1.33 8.23 10.96 4.96
T9 Chemical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 57.3 1.27 6.72 8.54 3.96
T10 Control 34.7 0.77 3.66 2.85 2.21
Mean 49.74 1.10 6.28 7.37 3.84
SEm± 1.01 0.03 0.37 0.61 0.26
CD @ 5% 3.01 0.11 1.11 1.82 0.78
19
20. Influence of various pre sowing treatments on shoot length, root length and total length of Sterculia urens seedlings
Treatments Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm)
Total seedling
length (cm)
T1 Mechanical scarification (rubbing with sand paper) 26.50 10.25 36.75
T2
Chemical scarification (dipping in conc.H2SO4 for 1
minute, followed by washing with tap water)
30.02 9.70 39.72
T3 Cow dung slurry treatment (2 days). 27.97 9.47 37.45
T4
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12
hours
32.22 10.33 42.55
T5
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm
for 12 hours
34.81 12.10 46.91
T6
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12
hours
34.27 10.12 44.40
T7
Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm for 12
hours
30.24 10.30 40.54
T8 Mechanical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 31.83 9.12 40.95
T9 Chemical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 29.78 8.65 38.44
T10 Control 22.04 7.15 29.19
Mean 29.96 9.71 39.69
SEm± 1.81 0.62 2.17
CD @ 5% 5.39 1.86 6.44
Sanjeev,2015
20
21. Influence of pre sowing treatments on seedling vigour index
Treatments Seedling vigour index
T1 Mechanical scarification (rubbing with sand paper) 1418.4
T2
Chemical scarification (dipping in conc.H2SO4 for 1
minute, followed by washing with tap water)
1702.8
T3 Cow dung slurry treatment (2 days). 1249.2
T4
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12
hours
2328.3
T5
Mechanical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm for 12
hours
3070.0
T6 Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 200 ppm for 12 hours 2521.8
T7 Chemical scarification + Treating with Gibberlic acid (GA3) of 250 ppm for 12 hours 2184.1
T8 Mechanical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 2458.6
T9 Chemical scarification + Treating with KNO3 (0.5%) for 12 hours 2208.7
T10 Control 1014.5
Mean 2015.6
SEm± 148.71
CD @ 5% 438.70
Sanjeev,2015
21
22. Effect of pre sowing treatments on germination percent of Sterculia urens.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
38.7
42.7
33.3
54.7
65.3
56.7
54
60
57.3
34.7
Germination
percent
Treatments
Sanjeev,2015
22
23. Conclusion
• That germination was highest in two treatments i.e., mechanical
scarification + Gibberelic acid(GA3) 250 ppm for 12 hours (65.3%
)and mechanical scarification + KNO3(0.5%) for 12hours (60%).
• Highest germination was due to softening of hard seed coat which
may be impermeable for water and the seeds given scarification
treatment make the seed coat permeable.
• GA3 induced the production of enzymes by gibberllins , like
protease,lipases for mobilizing storage reserves for seed germination.
Sanjeev,2015
23
24. Influence of seed pretreatment on seed germination and
seedling vigour of Pterocarpus Marsupium ROXB.
Case study - 2
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
24
25. Location :- Nursery in center for forestry research and human resource development, poama, chhindwara , M.P
Methodology :-
Seeds are collected from gondia forest division
potting media is 1:1:1 ( sand, soil,compost) .
Seeds were sown in july
100 seeds of each treatment with 4 replications were sown in nursery bed.
Design
Randomized block design
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 28 days from the day of seed sowing.
The hypocotyls emerged 1cm above round was considered as criterion for seed germination.
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
25
26. Type of seed: Orthodox
Habitat : Mainly found in deciduous forests at low
elevations(Gamble., 1972)
Distribution : Found in the Deccan Peninsula, central India
and certain parts of northern India.
Type of seed dormancy : Physical – seed coat dormancy
26
27. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
• Excellent timber and high valued in international market i.e.,1000-1500
rupees/cft ( muralidhara .,2016)
• In diabetes control (Trivedi., 2006)
• high market price of its dry heartwood (Rs. 70/kg) (NMPB 2008),
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
27
28. Treatments
parameters
Germination percentage vigour index
T1 ( soaking in conc. H2SO4 for 10 min
and washed with running water)
21.67 172.8
T2(soaking in conc.HCl for 10min &
washed with running water)
31.67 253.9
T3 (soaking of seeds in hot water for
24 hr)
47.33 602.9
T4 (soaking of seeds in cold water
for 24hr)
58.67 1009.3
T5 (control) 33.00 611.8
CD at 5% 5.14 12.96
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
28
29. Conclusion
• The seed coat is thin and water is permeable
through the seed coat and absorbed by the seed
and helped in mobilizing storage reserves.
Ved pal Singh and Devendra kumar , 2014
29
30. Effect of different pre-sowing treatments for early germination
in Garcinia gummi-gutta
Shankar,2014
Case study - 3 30
31. Importance of study
• Traditionally people of high rainfall tracks of Karnataka and Kerala
use the dried fruit rind in culinary preparations as flavoring agent
while preparing fish and beef curries in lieu of tamarind or lime.
• Fruit rind is marketed in large quantities. In India exports of over 50
tones (valued at 17 million rupees) have been recorded.
• In the recent years 'Garcinia' has become one of the major NTFP
because of its newly identified pharmaceutical property. Hydroxy
Cirtic Acid (HCA) a chemical that is believed to reduce fat
accumulation when consumed isextracted from the dried fruit rind.
Marketed in the name of citin, citrimax.
Shankar,2014
31
32. Garcinia gummi-gatta
• Type of seed : Recalcitrant (Chacko and Pillai ,1997) .
• Habitat : Semi-evergreen to Evergreen forests, river banks and valleys (Abraham
et al., 1999).
• Distribution : Western ghats, Konkan belt & Northern part of Kerala (Abraham et
al., 1999).
• Type of seed dormancy : Innate or Induced (Vazquez-Yanes & Orozcosegovia
1993). Shankar,2014
32
38. Conclusion
• The Germination was highest in decoated seed and decoated seeds
treated with GA3 .
• This is due to either damaging or removal of seed coat and change
in metabolic activities , which made easy permeability of water to
the cotyledons and led to higher germination percentage.
Shankar,2014
38
39. Effect of treatments on seedling vigour of cassia glauca
Bahar ,2013
Case study - 4 39
40. – The leaves of this species are used for the treatment of diabetes.
– In folk medicine, bark and leaves of Cassia glauca are used for the
treatment of diabetes and gonorrhea (Salahuddin,2010)
IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
Bahar ,2013
40
41. Location :- Study was conducted in forest research institute, Dehradun.
Methodology :-
Mature pods were collected during January from Dehradun.
8 treatments with 4 replications with 100seeeds in each replication.
The petridishes were kept in germinator at 98% relative humidity and 32 ± 2oC temperature in
controlled cabinet on top of a moist blotting paper.
Design
Completely Randomized Design.
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 28 days from the day of seed sowing.
Seeds were considered germinated when the radicle had emerged 1cm.
Bahar ,2013
41
42. In each column values not followed by the same letter are significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT
Treatments Germination (%) Vigour index
Control(untreated) 10.22e 277.20e
Soaking in cold water(260C) for 24hrs 22.65e 375.52e
Soaking in hot water(700C) for 24hrs 70.58b 392.77e
Mechanical scarification (nicking at the
cotyledon end)
95.66a 1133.82a
Sulphuric acid scarification for 10 min 75.36d 511.40d
Sulphuric acid scarification for 20 min 80.83c 678.39c
Sulphuric acid scarification for 30 min 90.54b 1096.30b
Sulphuric acid scarification for 40 min 82.69c 869.75c
Bahar ,2013
42
43. conclusion
Problem in germination of Cassia glauca is due to hard seed coat and the
germination can be enhanced by mechanical or by sulphuric acid
scarification.
Bahar ,2013
43
44. Studies on cone maturation and pre-sowing seed treatment on germination behaviour
of chilgoza pine (pinus gerardiana wall.)
Shamet et.al.,2013
Case study - 5 44
45. • Type of seed: Orthodox
• Habitat : Dry temperate region of North-Western
Himalaya between 1600 m to 3000 m above mean sea
level (Dogra, 1964)
• Germination percentage: Low germination 20 to 30 per
cent (Luna, 2008)
• Distribution : . It is found in Afghanisthan and parts of
Pakistan, i.e. Baluchistan.
• Type of seed dormancy : Physiological Shamet et.al.,2013
45
46. Location :- Horticulture research station sharbo(peo), kinnaur, h.p (2010-11)
Methodology :-
Seeds are collected from 40 middle aged cone bearing trees in october (when cone scales started opening).
10 treatments with 3 replications
120 seeds were used in each treatment
Seeds were placed on moist germination sheets in germinator at 25oC.
Design
Completely Randomized Design ( factorial)
The data was subjected to (ANOVA) to determine the (CD) following the method of Snedecor and
cochran(1989).
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 40 days from the day of seed sowing.
The radicle emergence was considered as criterion for seed germination.
Shamet et.al.,2013
46
47. Effect of collection date on seed viability and cone characteristics of chilgoza pine
Harvest period(H)
Seed viability(%) Seed moisture
content(%)
Cone moisture
content(%)
Cone specific
gravity
23rd August 52.44 34.21 60.70 1.05
6th September 68.00 32.88 57.38 0.97
20th September 87.56 30.99 52.23 0.93
4th October 82.67 27.90 43.09 0.87
18th October 80.00 23.26 26.80 0.79
CD0.05 3.67 0.50 1.76 0.05
Shamet et.al.,2013
47
49. CONCLUSION
• Application of 100ppm GA3 for 24hr most effective pre-sowing
treatment.
• Enhancement of seed germination with GA3 treatment might probably
be due to increased hydrolase ( alpha amylase) synthesis or diffusion
of endogenous auxin and giberellin like substances .
49
50. Effect of different pre-sowing treatments on seed germination percentage
and growth performance of Acacia auriculiformis
Azad et al., 2011
Case study - 6 50
51. Importance
• Proved successful for afforestation, reforestation and agroforestry programme.
• It is planted for fuel wood production and erosion control (NAS 1979).
• It is also planted as an ornamental, shade bearer, sources of pulp and tannin
producing plant in many tropical areas in the world (NAS 1979).
• It gained a favourable reputation as a good cover crop of tea & in land
reclamation,erosion control, and water conservation.
• The leaves can be used as mulch around other crops (Duke 1981).
Azad et al., 2011
51
52. Location : The experiment was carried out in the nursery of Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline,
Khulna University, Bangladesh,
Methodology :-
The seeds were collected from 20 to 30 years old matured and healthy trees during the month of
January 2008.
The germination test was done by sowing the seeds in poly-bags (4cm × 6 cm).
The media of the poly-bags was topsoil, coconut husk compost, coarse sand and fine sand in the
ratio of (3:4:1:1).
5 treatments with 4 replications.
80 seeds were sown in each treatment .
Design:
Randomized Block Design (RBD) .
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT) (Duncan 1955) were
carried out for data analysis.
Collection of data:
Germination was recorded up to 35 days from the day of seed sowing.
The growth performance of the seedlings was monitored for 180 days to assess the pre-sowing
treatment effect on growth. Azad et al., 2011
52
53. Different pre-sowing treatment on Seed germination percentage, height and diameter
growth of A . auriculiformis at nursery stages.
Pre-sowing treatment Total Germination(%) Mean Height
Growth(cm/Month)
Mean Collar Diameter
(cm/month)
T1 - Control 43.75c 12.91b 0.17b
T2 - Immersion
in the cold water (4°C) for
12 hours
52.50c 13.24b 0.18b
T3 - Immersion in the
hot water (80°C) for 10
min
83.75a 17.65a 0.24a
T4 - Scarification with the
sand paper
78.75b 14.31b 0.19b
T5 - Immersion in the
concentrated H2SO4 (80%)
for 20 min.
75.00b 13.92b 0.20b
Azad et al., 2011
53
54. Conclusion
• Among the pre-sowing treatments, seed germination under
immersion in hot water performs significantly well than other
Treatments.
• Seedling growth from hot water treatment performed
significantly higher than others.
• Therefore,it is suggested to apply hot water treatment on seed
germination for Acacia auriculiformis in Bangladesh for social
forestry and agroforestry program.
Azad et al., 2011
54
55. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Tectona grandis .
Billa et al.,2015
55
56. Location :- The experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Department of
Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology (SUST),Sylhet, Bangladesh.
Methodology :-
Seeds were collected from Shekhghat Nursery, Sylhet, Bangladesh
6 treatments and 3 replications with 30 seeds in each replication
Design
Randomized Complete Block Design
Collection of data
Germination was recorded for 45 days
Billa et al.,2015
56
57. Tectona grandis germination period and germination percentage under different treatments
Treatment No. of germinated
seeds
Germination Period
(days)
Germination (%)
Start complete
T0 - control 13 28 43 36.67b
T1 -soaking in normal water for 24
hours
16 23 33 53.33a
T2 -soaking in normal water for 72
hours
22 21 32 73.33a
T3 - soaking in hot water for 5
minutes
18 20 31 60.00a
T4 – Pit method 26 14 27 86.67a
T5 - immersion in 80% concentrated
H2SO4 for 20 minutes
17 17 29 56.67a
Billa et al.,2015
57
58. Mean daily germination (%) of T. grandis seeds under different treatments
Billa et al.,2015
58
59. CONCLUSION
• Among the treatments applied in the experiment, the best effective
treatment found for Tectona grandis was Pit method in respect to faster
germination, higher germination percentage and germination value.
• The main reason behind the successful germination of Pith method may be
of that seeds of Teak require continuous hot temperature in association
with available water to germinate.
• If the seeds are kept first time in normal water for 3 days, the seed coat
become soft and after that if they get sufficient temperature in
association with water, then their highest and successful germination is
ensured.
Billa et al.,2015
59
60. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Pterocarpus santalinus
Sankanur,2008
60
61. Location :- college of forestry, sirsi in 2007-2008. This study was
carried out in polyhouse
Methodology :-
50 pods were sown in each replication.
Mature pods were collected for germination trail.
After pre-sowing treatment , pods were sown in sand beds
Design
Completely Randomized Design .
Collection of data
Germination was recorded up to 30 days from the day of seed sowing.
Sankanur,2008
61
62. Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Pterocarpus santalinus
Treatment Germination (%) Seedling height(cm) Seedling vigour
index
Control – T1 17.33 2.23 38.67
Pods soaking in water for 72 hrs – T2 40.00 2.73 109.33
Pod soaking in 40% HCl for 24 hrs – T5 75.67 4.37 333.93
T2+ dipping in beejamrutha – T7 42.00 2.93 123.20
Edge cutting of pods with secature – T8 52.00 3.33 173.47
Scarification of pods by rubbing with
sand paper –T9
58.33 3.63 211.97
T9 + 200 ppm GA3 for 3 hrs – T10 66.00 3.73 246.40
T9+100 ppm GA3 for 6hrs – T11 71.33 4.03 287.93
SEm± 1.11 0.06 5.56
CD@5% 3.25 0.16 16.23
Sankanur,2008
62
63. Conclusion
• Scarification of pods by rubbing with sand paper and further treatment
with GA3 for 6 hrs allowed early germinaton process by activating
enzyme production .
• GA3 play a central role in early germination proces by activating
enzyme production , mobilizing stored reserves and thus
overcoming the inhibitory effect as Pterocarpus santalinus pods
contain phenolic compounds as inhibitors
Sankanur,2008
63
64. Overall conclusion
• Seeds of Pterocarpus marsupium when soaked in cold water for
24hour resulted in better germination (58.67%) as compared with
control (33%)
• The Germination in Garcinia gummi-gutta was highest in decoated
seed(74.67%) and decoated seeds treated with GA3 50 ppm(86.33)
• The germination was highest in Sterculia urens of two treatments i.e.,
mechanical scarification + Gibberelic acid(GA3) 250 ppm for 12
hours (65.3% )and mechanical scarification + KNO3(0.5%) for
12hours (60%).
• Application of 100ppm GA3 for 24hours proved to be most effective
pre-sowing treatment in pinus gerardiana which has resulted in
highest germination(65%) as compared to control (31.67%).
64
65. • Germination in Cassia glauca is due to hard seed coat and the
germination can be enhaAnced by mechanical(95.66%) or by
sulphuric acid scarification for 30 minutes(90.54%).
• Among different pre-sowing treatments, seed germination under
immersion in hot water for 10 minutes performs significantly
well(83.75%) than other Treatments.
• The best effective treatment for Tectona grandis was Pit method
in respect to faster germination, higher germination percentage
(86.67%) as compared to control.
• Scarification of pods by rubbing with sand paper and further
treatment with GA3 for 6 hrs allowed highest germinaton (66%)
in Pterocarpus santalinus by activating enzyme production
mobilizing stored reserves and thus overcoming the inhibitory
effect .
66. We need to understand
• Habitat ,
• Morphological features of the seed
• By applying different pre-sowing treatments we can
overcome seed dormancy and obtain early
germination and high seedling vigour as compared
to those which are not treated.
67. Habitat of origin Dormancy treatment Species
Temperate region by cold
winters
Stratification Pinus gerardiana
Dry climate (grassland,
desert)
Leaching,
scarification,soaking
Acacia auriculiformis
Tectona grandis
Warm, high humidity Scarification, de-coating Garcinia gummi-gatta
65