From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the application of deoiled cakes as organic manures enhances the growth and biomass production of tree seedlings. Also low C: N ratio its decomposition rate is faster than easily available for plant nutrients and reduces population of plant-parasitic nematodes. Among various deoiled seed cakes mahua, neem, castor, sal, karanj, mustard etc. proved that the good potentiality of deoiled seed cakes as an effective and much cheaper source of plant nutrients.

1. 1
(M. Sc. Forestry)
Arrangement slide
(M. Sc. Forestry)
Email ID: vkskumar49@gmail.com

2. 2
 Introduction
 Present status and production technology
 Role of deoiled cakes as organic manures
 Review of research work
 Conclusion
Contents

3. 3
 Action: Injudicious use of fertilizers
 Impact: Deteriorate soil properties.
Therefore, decrease in soil fertility and
productivity
 Overcome: INM / organic farming
 Component: Fertilizer, Manure,
Biofertilizer
Back ground

4. • Indian soils being very poor in organic matter and major
plant nutrients,
• Addition of regular doses of organic manures in requisite
quantities can help restoration of soil health and also
compensate the loss of basic nutrients of every year from
soil due to uptake of plants.
• Use of organic manure is extremely essential for better
plant productivity and maintaining the fertility of soil to
ensure sustainable production.
4
Need for deoiled seed cakes as
Organic Manure

5. 5
Manures
Bulky organic manures
-FYM
-Compost
-Night soil
-Green manures etc.
Concentrated organic
manures
-Edible oil cake
(Ground nut cake)
-Non edible oil cake
(Neem, Castor etc. )
-Blood meal
Classification of organic manures

6. 6
• Deoiled cakes are the by-products of oil
seed crops or trees.
• After oil is extracted from oil seeds, the
remaining solid portion is called deoiled
cakes.
• It is widely used as animal feed or
organic manure.
• Oil cakes are the important and quick
acting organic nitrogenous manure.
Deoiled cakes

7. A. Edible Oil Cakes
 Are those cakes which are edible in nature
 Such oil cakes are used for feeding to animals
Such as:
Mustard oil cakes,
Groundnut cake,
Sesame or Til cake,
Coconut cake etc.
7
Types of Deoiled Cakes

8.  These oil cakes are not suitable for
feeding to animals
 Therefore, they are mainly used as
manures
 These are a good source of nutrients.
Such as : Castor cake
Neem cake
Mahua cake
Karanj cake
Sal meal cake etc.
8
B. Non-edible oil cakes

9. Mahua (Madhuca indica) Jatropha (Jatropha curcas)
Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) Neem (Azadiractha indica)
Sal (Shorea robusta)
9
Major non-edible tree borne oilseeds (TBOs)

10. 10

11. The non-edible oil cakes contain a harmful toxic substance,
which make them unsuitable for feeding to cattle.
11
Deoiled cakes Toxin compound(s)
Mahua seed cake Mowrin
Karanj cake Karanjia, Pongamol, Glabrin
Sal seed cake Tannic acid glucosides
Castor cake Ricin
Neem seed cake Nimbia, Salamin
Jatropha cake Jatropine
Source: AICRP on agricultural by-products and industrial wastes
for livestock and poultry feeding, ICAR, New Delhi

12.  Manufacture of organic fertilizer because they are
concentrated organic manure.
 Improves the soil properties i.e. Physical, chemical and
biological
 Deoiled seed cakes are rich in NPK content than bulky
organic manures (Table: Yawalkar and Agrawal (1962)
 They also have micro nutrients, which are very important
for plant growth.
 Quick acting organic manures as C:N ratio is usually
narrow (5-15)
 Improve the soil reaction
12

13.  It increases the microbial population and
activity
 Biological nitrogen fixation
 Solubilization of insoluble phosphates and
other nutrients
 There is improvement in soil structure, water
holding capacity, exchange capacity, seed
germination and reduction of soil erosion.
13

14.  Oil prevents rapid conversion of N
 Some oil cakes contains alkaloids which are
responsible for slow nitrification of their N due to
effects of on soil microorganisms
 Castor cake has also good vermicidal effect
against white ants
 Groundnut cake has the highest nitrification rate.
 Mahua cake is very poor in N and takes a long time
to nitrify. When used as manure it has got to be
applied to the soil two to three months before
sowing/planting of crop.
 Seed cakes of Jatropha, Karanj, Castor and Neem
have pesticide materials, which save the plants
from pests.
14

15. Oil-cakes
Nutrient content (%)
N P K
Non edible oil-cakes
Castor cake 4.3 1.8 1.3
Karanj cake 3.9 0.9 1.2
Mahua cake 2.5 0.8 1.2
Safflower cake 4.9 1.4 1.2
Neem cake 5.2 1.9 1.6
Edible oil-cakes
Cotton seed cake 6.4 1.5 1.3
Groundnut cake 7.3 2.9 2.2
Linseed cake 4.9 1.4 1.3
Niger cake 4.7 1.8 1.3
Rape seed cake 5.2 1.8 1.2
Sesamum cake 6.2 2.0 1.2
15
Source:Yawalkar and Agrawal (1962). Manures and Fertilizers

16. 16
Oil-Cake Organic
Carbon
(%)
Organic
Nitrogen
(%)
C / N ratio
Neem cake 11.7 3.56 3.28
Jatropha
cake
10.65 3.85 2.76
Karanja
cake
12.6 5.5 2.29
Mahua cake 15.75 2.5 6.3
Source: AICRP on agricultural by-products and industrial
wastes for livestock and poultry feeding, ICAR, New Delhi

17.  Anti Bacterial
 Anti inflammatory
 Antiviral
 Anti fungal
 Germicidal
 Anti vermicidal
17

18.  Agricultural products: Used in manufacturing organic
pesticides, insecticides.
 Cosmetics: Used in various skin and body lotions, skin
creams and moisturizers. It is also used to make face
packs etc.
 Pharmaceuticals: It is used to manufacture medicated
creams curing pimples, blemishes and other skin
infections. It is also used to manufacture birth control
products.
18

19. • Before their organic nitrogen is used
by the plants, it is converted through
bacterial action into readily usable
form of ammonical nitrogen and
nitrate nitrogen.
• These organic manures are relatively
slow acting, but they supply
variables nitrogen for a longer
period. 19

20. 20
SEED POTENTIAL
(in lakh tones)
PRESENT
COLLECTION
(in lakh tones)
SAL 15.0 2.0
NEEM 5.0 1.0
MAHUA 5.0 1.0
JATROPA 4.0 0.25
KARANJ 2.0 0.30
KUSUM 3.0 0.10
OTHER OILSEEDS 44.0 8.35
TOTAL 78.0 12.0
SOURCE: The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (1998)

21. 21
Year Domestic Edible
deoiled cakes
Production
(million tones)
Import of Edible
deoiled cakes
(million tones)
2006-07 7.72 4.71
2005-06 8.03 4.42
2004-05 7.59 5.04
2003-04 7.78 4.28
2002-03 5.12 5.38
2001-02 6.67 4.42
2000-01 5.81 4.83
SOURCE: USDA, January 2008

22. 22
Neem seed cake Mustard seed cake
Maringa seed cake Sal seed cake Groundnut seed cake
Deoiled seed cakes

23. Linseed cake Castor seed cake
Mahua seed cake
23

24. Extraction technology Capacity kg/day
Screw or hydraulic press 5-30 kg/day
Ghanis (Animal-driven
or motorized)
Up to few hundred
kg/day
Expellers 50-3000 kg/h
Solvent extraction 200-4000 tonnes/day
24
Source: TERI, 2005

25. Biorefinery of deoiled seed cakes - Potential
Pathway
25

26. Ghani (Motorized) deoiled extraction technology
26

28. 28

29. Treatments
Tectona grandis Acacia nilotica
Dosage
(kg
N/ha)
Dry matter
yield
gm/plant
%
increase
over
control
Dry matter
yield
gm/plant
% increase
over
control
Control (T1) - 10.3 - 26.2 -
Sal meal cake (T2) 100 28.5 177 26.2 13
Castor cake (T3) 100 23.0 123 39.4 50
Karanj cake (T4) 100 29.2 184 46.4 ** 77
Neem cake (T5) 100 34.2 ** 232 34.8 33
** Significant at 1%
FRI, Dehra Dun Bhatnagar and Gupta (1977) 29

30. 30
*Significant difference at 5%
FRI, Dehra Dun Singh (1984)
Treatments Nitroge
n
content
of cakes
(%)
Quantity
per (gm)
equivale
nt to
100kg
N/ha
Shoot
length
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Number
of
branches
per plant
Shoot
dry
weight
(g)
Root
dry
weight
(g)
Total
dry
weight
(g)
Karanj
cakes
5.40 3.33 112.8 * 44.00 13.2 34.5 * 11.9 * 46.4 *
Castor
cakes
4.60 3.91 62.1 36.1 12.8 28.6 10.8 39.4
Sal cake 1.90 9.47 82.2 42.6 13.8 20.5 9.1 29.6
Neem
cake
5.20 3.46 86.9 45.8 * 15.6 * 23.2 11.6 34.8
Control - - 52.2 39.2 7.6 18.1 8.2 26.2

31. ***1 % significant
FRI, Dehra Dun Singh et al. (1986)
Treatments Fertilizer
quantity/pot
in (g)
Shoot length
(cm)
Root length
(cm)
No. of
branche
s
Nitrogen fertilizer
(T1 )
0.485 211.30 35.90 5.00
Castor cake (T2 ) 3.70 202.30 38.70 6.40
Karanj cake (T3 ) 3.10 235.50 51.70 *** 7.80
Neem cake (T4 ) 3.30 222.90 32.60 7.30
Mahua cake (T5 ) 4.80 245.80 *** 46.50
9.70 ***
Salmeal cake (T6 ) 8.90 244.40 39.60 8.70
Control (T7 ) - 216.80 31.30 4.80

32. 32
Convent and non-
conventional
fertilizers
NPK percent in different cakes
Fertilizer
quantity/pot
in (g)N P K
Nitrogen (NH4NO3)
(T1)
28.00 - - 0.485
Castor cake (T2) 4.60 0.70 1.00 3.70
Karanj cake (T3) 5.40 0.90 1.20 3.10
Neem cake (T4) 5.20 1.00 1.40 3.30
Mahua cake (T5) 3.50 0.80 1.80 4.80
Sal meal cake (T6) 1.90 0.60 1.50 8.90

33. 33
Treatments
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Total dry
weight
(g)
Root dry
weight
(g)
Total dry wt.
of
(Shoot + Root)
(g)
Stem Leaves
Nitrogen fertilizer
(T1)
65.80 15.60 82.70 36.30 121.0
Castor cake (T2) 62.90 15.80 80.00 39.10 119.10
Karanj cake (T3) 79.80 21.80 103.20 52.10
***
155.40
Neem cake (T4) 80.50 20.90 103.30 33.10 137.40
Mahua cake (T5) 82.00 24.4
***
108.0
***
46.70 155.70 ***
Sal meal cake (T6)
82.80***
23.30 107.50 40.20 147.60
Control (T7) 73.1 19.10 93.50 31.70 126.40
***0.1% significant
FRI, Dehra Dun Singh et al.(1986)

34. Treatment % of
Nitroge
n oil
cake
Dosage
(kg
N/ha)
Quantity
of
cake/pot
(g)
Shoot
length
(cm)
Dry weight (g)
Shoot Root Total
dry wt.
Control
( T1)
- - - 23.40 30.00 12.50 42.50
Sal meal
cake ( T2)
2.38 100 4.36 43.40 * 49.80 15.00 64.80
Karanj
cake ( T3)
6.42 100 1.62 32.40 59.00
*
18.40 * 77.40 *
Castor
cake ( T4)
5.56 100 1.87 32.60 56.75 15.50 77.25
34
*Significant difference at 5%
FRI, Dehra Dun Gupta et al. (1988)

35. 35
Treatments
3% w/w
Nematode
populatio
n
Shoot Root
Length
(cm)
Dry wt
(g)
Length
(cm)
Dry wt
(g)
Control (T1) 6500 06.80 80.60 28.40 32.20
Neem cake ( T2) 2200 * 237.40 * 113.00 * 44.80 * 46.60 *
Castor cake
(T3)
2920 221.20 107.20 44.40 44.60
Mahua cake
(T4)
3880 215.60 109.00 39.60 41.40
C.D. at 0.05 208 4.994 2.596 1.786 1.438
*Significant difference at 5%
IGFRI, Jhansi Azmi (1990)

36. Treatments Fertilizer
quantity/pot
in (g)
Shoot
length
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
No. of
branches
Nitrogen( T1) 0.50 128.20 37.20 14.00
Castor cake (T2) 3.70 143.90 41.70 19.50
Karanj cake (T3) 3.10 138.40 40.40 15.60
Neem cake ( T4) 3.30 135.90 42.40 20.50 *
Mahua cake( T5) 4.80 146.90 * 46.90 * 18.50
Salmeal cake (T6) 8.90 133.00 46.10 11.50
Control (T7) - 104.10 35.10 9.60
* Significant at 5%
FRI, Dehra Dun Kumar et al. (1993)
36

37. Treatments
Stem
(g)
Branches
(g)
Leaves
(g)
Root
(g)
Total dry wt. of
Shoot + Root (g)
Nitrogen
(T1)
6.90 1.20 2.60 4.50 15.20
Castor (T2) 8.40 2.20 2.30 5.90 18.80
Karanj (T3) 7.40 2.40 * 1.70 5.50 17.00
Neem (T4) 6.90 1.30 1.90 6.10 16.10
Mahua (T5) 12.00 * 1.80 2.90 * 8.70 * 25.40 *
Salmeal
(T6)
8.10 1.90 2.40 6.40 18.80
Control (T7) 4.90 1.00 0.76 3.20 9.90
*Significant at 5%
FRI, Dehra Dun Kumar et al. (1993)
37

38. Treatment Dosage
(kg
N/ha)
Quantit
y of
cake/pot
(g)
Shoot
height
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
No. of
branche
s/plant
Total leaf
area
(cm2)
Girth
of
stem
(cm)
Mahua cake
(T1)
100 3.85 125.53 * 58.55
*
10.8 4861.06
*
8.63
*
Karanj cake
(T2)
100 2.90 117.24 56.22 11.7 * 4461.24 7.57
Neem cake
(T3)
100 3.21 108.77 47.96 8.30 3893.50 6.84
Castor cake
(T4)
100 4.40 98.46 38.69 6.80 3797.91 5.46
Control (T5) - - 80.79 31.47 4.40 2961.81 3.37
*Significant difference at 5%
SVU, Tirupati Naidu and Swamay (1993)
38

39. Treatments Leaf
(g)
Stem
(g)
Root
(g)
Total
Biomass
(g)
Mahua cake
(T1)
23.12 * 43.94 * 49.22 * 116.26 *
Karanj cake
(T2)
21.84 39.25 46.75 107.72
Neem cake (T3) 18.59 37.43 42.54 98.44
Castor cake
(T4)
17.26 32.87 38.43 88.40
Control (T5) 13.53 26.12 31.99 71.57
*Significant difference at 5%
SVU, Triupati Naidu and Swamay (1993)
39

40. 40
Treatment Dosag
e (kg
N/ha)
Quantit
y of
cake/pot
(g)
Shoot
height
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
No. of
branche
s/plant
Total leaf
area
(cm2)
Girth
of
stem
(cm)
Mustard cake
(T1)
100 3.85 122.92
**
50.18
**
6.8 4789.27
**
8.72
**
Karanj cake
(T2)
100 2.90 127.18 46.42 5.8 4386.13 8.46
Neem cake
(T3)
100 3.21 116.92 42.92 5.0 3762.79 6.75
Castor
cake(T4)
100 4.40 107.48 36.81 4.6 3369.41 6.49
Control (T5) - - 90.69 28.64 3.4 2648.63 4.84
**0.01% significant
SVU, Tirupati (AP) Naidu and Swamy (1994)

41. 41
Treatments Quantity of
cake/pot
(g)
Leaf wt.
(g)
Stem wt.
(g)
Root
wt.
(g)
Total
biomass
Mustard cake
(T1)
3.85 25.17** 46.92** 42.16** 114.25**
Karanj cake
(T2)
2.90 22.98 42.16 38.94 104.08
Neem cake (T3) 3.21 19.85 38.94 35.40 94.19
Castor cake
(T4)
4.40 17.88 34.74 29.75 82.37
Control (T5) - 14.70 30.68 24.69 70.07
**0.01% significant
SVU, Tirupati (AP) Naidu and Swamy (1994)

42. 42
Treatment Shoot
length
(cm)
No. of
nodules/
seedling
Shoot
fresh
wt.
(g)
Root
fresh
wt.
(g)
Shoot
dry
wt.
(g)
Root
dry wt.
(g)
Total
fresh
wt.
(g)
Total
dry wt.
(g)
L0
(0g/pot)
37.15 30.23 61.37 267.80 24.70 147.10 329.20 171.80
L1
(10g/pot)
37.57 37.57 67.23 268.30 27.23 155.90 335.60 183.10
L2
(20g/pot)
37.63 53.37 67.93 275.10 27.40 155.10 343.30 182.50
L3
(30g/pot)
38.93 55.53 69.47 283.10 27.37 156.40 352.50 183.80
L4
(40g/pot)
43.43 47.17 72.23 300.10 31.80 156.42 372.40 188.20
C.D. at
0.05
1.66 5.03 7.95 19.92 4.25 9.64 22.18 10.65
TFRI, Jabalpur (MP) Verma and Totey (2000)

43. Treatments Shoot
length
(cm)
Collar
diamet
er
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Leaf let
Area(cm
2)/seedli
ng
Nodule
number
Root-
shoot
ratio
Cost
Rs. per
seedlin
g
Control (T1) 30.46 0.26 24.98 231.02 16.66 0.82 1.710
Mustard cake
(T2)
30.50 0.29 27.00 239.99 21.33 0.88 1.731
Karanj cake(T3) 36.50 0.43 45.70 391.05 26.66 1.25 1.736
Groundnut
cake(T4)
32.33 0.41 37.20 311.22 24.33 1.15 1.734
Mahua cake(T5) 30.25 0.31 30.25 248.90 23.33 0.98 1.737
Neem cake (T6) 31.83 0.36 32.50 284.55 25.66 1.02 1.736
Linseed cake(T7) 31.00 0.35 32.90 251.94 23.66 1.06 1.736
C.D. at 0.05 3.321 0.040 1.692 24.732 1.010 0.109
BAU, (Ranchi) Mahto (2003)
43

44. Treatments Percentage of
nitrogen
(%)
Quantity of cake
per pot (mg)
Control (T1) - -
Mustard cake (T2 ) 4.80 739.50
Karanj cake (T3) 4.00 887.50
Groundnut cake
(T4)
7.00 507.10
Mahua cake (T5 ) 2.50 1420.00
Neem cake (T6) 5.20 682.60
Linseed cake (T7) 5.50 645.40
44

45. Treatment Leaf
(g)
Stem
(g)
Root
(g)
Total Biomass
(g)
Control (T1) 0.97 2.18 1.85 5.10
Mustard cake (T2) 1.18 2.65 2.25 6.08
Karanj cake (T3) 1.45 3.24 2.75 7.44
Groundnut cake
(T4)
1.41 3.16 2.68 7.44
Mahua cake (T5) 1.81 2.65 2.25 6.10
Neem cake (T6) 1.35 3.02 2.57 6.95
Linseed cake (T7) 1.34 2.99 2.54 6.87
C.D. at 0.05 0.065 0.186 0.154 0.445
BAU, (Ranchi) Mahto (2003)
45

46. 46
Treatment
Seed yield (kg/plant)
4mx3m spacing 3mx2m spacing
Control (No cake) 0.69 0.45
Jatropha cake @ 0.75
t/ha
0.78 (13%) 0.52 (16%)
Jatropha cake @ 1.5 t/ha 1.05 (52%) 0.63 (40%)
Jatropha cake @ 2.25
t/ha
1.31 (90%) 0.75 (67%)
Jatropha cake @ 3.0 t/ha 1.52 (120%) 0.87 (93%)
C.D. at 0.05 0.16 0.07
CSMCRI, Bhavnagar Anonymous (2006)

47. Treatment Shoot
length
(cm)
Collar
diameter
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
No. of
leaflets
Leaf let
Area
(cm2)
Nodule
number
Root-
shoot
ratio
Cost Rs.
per
seedling
Control
(T1)
20.33 0.26 20.00 25.32 86.07 3.33 0.98 1.608
Mustard
cake (T2)
21.06 0.29 24.30 25.67 87.52 5.66 1.15 1.629
Karanj cake
(T3)
24.83 0.43 35.30 42.66 145.52 9.33 1.42 1.634
Groundnut
cake (T4)
24.50 0.41 33.85 40.33 134.92 8.33 1.38 1.632
Mahua cake
(T5)
21.83 0.31 25.35 38.00 129.65 6.66 1.16 1.635
Neem cake
(T6)
23.83 0.36 30.55 39.32 131.04 8.66 1.28 1.634
Linseed cake
(T7)
22.13 0.35 29.25 38.33 130.76 7.33 1.32 1.736
C.D. at 0.05 1.073 0.040 2.199 3.594 5.754 1.010 0.103
BAU, (Ranchi) Mahto et al. (2007)

48. Treatments Percentage of
nitrogen
(%)
Quantity of cake per
pot (mg)
Control (T1) - -
Mustard cake (T2) 4.80 739.50
Karanj cake (T3) 4.00 887.50
Groundnut cake (T4) 7.00 507.10
Mahua cake (T5) 2.50 1420.00
Neem cake (T6) 5.20 682.60
Linseed cake (T7) 5.50 645.40
48

49. Treatments Leaf
(g)
Stem
(g)
Root
(g)
Total
Biomass
(g)
Control (T1) 0.36 1.13 0.80 2.30
Mustard cake (T2) 0.44 1.35 0.97 2.76
Karanj cake (T3) 0.55 1.69 1.21 3.46
Groundnut cake
(T4)
0.51 1.57 1.12 3.21
Mahua cake (T5) 0.45 1.38 0.98 2.82
Neem cake (T6) 0.49 1.51 1.11 3.09
Linseed cake (T7) 0.46 1.41 1.01 2.88
C.D. at 0.05 0.036 0.045 0.221 0.203
BAU, (Ranchi) Mahto et al. (2007)
49

50. 50
From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the
application of deoiled cakes as organic manures enhances the
growth and biomass production of tree seedlings.
Also low C: N ratio its decomposition rate is faster than easily
available for plant nutrients and reduces population of plant-
parasitic nematodes.
Among various deoiled seed cakes mahua, neem, castor, sal,
karanj, mustard etc. proved that the good potentiality of deoiled
seed cakes as an effective and much cheaper source of plant
nutrients.

51. 51