This document discusses health care associated infections (HAIs) that patients can acquire while in the hospital. It outlines common types of HAIs like urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and respiratory infections. Common causative organisms are listed. Standard and additional precautions are recommended to prevent the spread of infections. Key prevention methods discussed include proper hand hygiene, aseptic practices like wearing gloves and masks, disinfecting equipment, isolating infected patients, environmental cleaning, and proper waste disposal. Specific practices around hand washing, disinfection, sterilization, and surgical asepsis are also outlined.

2. Introduction
• “The very first requirement in a hospital that it
should do the sick no harm" - Florence
Nightingale

3. Infections that are acquired by the patients while
he is in the hospital either from other patients, the
environment or members of hospital staff.

4. Health Care Associated Infections
Commonly occurring types
• Urinary tract infections.
• Surgical wound infections.
• Respiratory tract infections.
• Catheter related blood stream infections.
• Meningitis.
• Gastroenteritis.

5. Common organisms
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Enterococcus
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Klebsiella
• E- coli
• HIV
• HBV
• HCV
• CMV
• Candida

10. Based on
Standard precaution
Additional precaution

11. Chain of infection
11

13. 97 total slides 13

14. 14

15. 97 total slides 15

16. 16

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22

23. PREVENTION
I. Fumigation:-

30. Aseptic practices
• Hand washing.
• Use of barrier nursing –gloves, gown,
mask, goggles etc.
• Adopting universal and standard
precautions.
• Care of indwelling devices.

31. Aseptic practices(cont…)
• Proper decontamination, disinfection and
sterilization of equipment.
• Isolation of infected patients.
• Environmental cleaning.
• Proper disposal of hospital waste.

32. Hand washing
• Social/routine Hand washing
• Aseptic Hand washing
• Surgical Hand washing

34. Hand washing V/s Hand rub
Hand washing
• Hands visibly soiled.
• Before eating or handling food.
• After handling contaminated linens ,
equipment, organic material.
• Entering and exiting from clinical
setting.

35. Hand rub
• Hands not visibly soiled.
• After touching clients intact skin.
• After touching any inanimate objects.

40. Decontamination
Decontamination
Sterilization
Steam
Dry heat
Chemical
Cleaning Disinfection
Boiling
Chemical
Steam

41. Disinfection : Reduce the number of microorganisms on an object
or surface but not the complete destruction of all microorganisms
or spores.
Sterilization : Procedures, which would remove all microorganisms,
including spores, from an object.

42. SURGICALASEPSIS
Commonly used disinfectants and
germicides
• Bacillocide
• Korsolex
• Cidex
• Savlon
• Sterilium
• Betadine
• Formalin

43. Disinfectants commonly used
• 2% glutaraldehyde (cidex)
• 5% phenol
• Isopropyl alcohol (bacillol)
• Hydrogen peroxide
• 1% sodium hypochlorite solution
• Calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder)

44. Sterilization Methods
• Dry heat Autoclave
• Ethylene oxide
• 2% Gluteraldehyde
• Gamma radiation

45. Changes observed over a period of time
• A switch over to digital thermometers from
clinical thermometers.
• Using distilled H2O ampoules to dissolve
injections rather than using common stock
solutions.

46. Current trends(cont…..)
• Wet mopping over dry sweeping.
• Revised steps of Hand washing.
• No more fumigation with formaldehyde.
• Dry bottles for Chittle forceps rather antiseptic
solution filled bottles.