1. Shigraf Ma’am
Lecture No.- 01
Chapter - Industries
UMANG 2024
For class 8th students
• Subject - Geography
2. Topics to be Covered
Topic
Topic
Introduction- Secondary sector activity- Industry
Classification of Industries- raw material, size and
ownership
3. Introduction
❖ Notebook- process of manufacturing- tree cut down and
transported to paper mill- wood pulp through wood processing-
chemical mixing- paper made by machine- sent to press to print
lines on the pages using ink made from chemicals- binding of
pages in the form of notebook- packed and sent to the market for
sale and finally reached to us people.
4.
5. Industry
❖ Industry is an economic activity that is concerned with
production of goods (Iron and Steel Industry), extraction
of minerals (Coal mining industry) or the provision of
services (Tourism industry- service provider)
6. Secondary activities or manufacturing
❖ It belongs to secondary sector activity where manufacturing
change raw materials into finished products.
❖ Manufacturing process may have many stages.
Example- pulp was changed into paper and paper into a
notebook.
7. ❖ In every stage of manufacturing process value is added to
the goods. Therefore, finished products has more value
and utility than the raw material that it is made from.
❖ For example- paper made from pulp and cloth made of
cotton (Readymade shirt).
10. ❖ Depending on the type of raw materials they use.
1. Agro-based industries- use plants and animal-based
products.
2. For example- food processing, vegetable oil, cotton
textile, dairy products, leather industries etc.
11.
12. 2. Mineral based industries- use mineral ores. The product of
these primary industries feed other industries. For example -
Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral based
industry, which is used as raw material for the manufacture of
a number of other products such as heavy machinery, building
materials and railway coaches etc.
13.
14. 3. Marine based industries - use products from the sea and
oceans as raw materials. For example- sea food
processing industry, manufacturing fish oil etc.
15.
16. 4. Forest based industries - use forest produce as raw
materials. For example- pulp and paper industries,
pharmaceuticals industries, furniture and building
industries.
17. Industries on the basis of size
❖ It depends on the amount of capital invested, number of
people employed, and the volume of production.
1. Small scale industries - use lesser amount of capital
and technology, less employment and also lesser
volume of production. For example- silk weaving and
food processing industries.
18. ❖ Cottage or household industry is a
type of small scale industry where
the products are manufactured by
hand, by the artisans. For example-
Basket weaving, pottery and other
handicrafts etc.
19. 2. Large scale industry - higher
investment of capital, technology
superior, high volume of
production. For example-
automobile industry, heavy
machines manufacturing
industries etc.
20. Industries on the basis of ownership
1. Private sector industries- owned and
operated by individuals or a group of
individuals. For example- Reliance
industries etc.
21. Public sector industries
2. Public sector industries- owned and operated by the
government. For example- HindustanAeronautics limited
[HAL], Steel Authority of India Ltd. [SAIL] etc.
22. Joint Sector industries
3. Joint Sector industries- owned and operated by the
government and individuals (of a group or individuals).
For example- Maruti Udyog limited.
23. Co-operative sector industries
4. Co-operative sector industries- owned and operated by
the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or
both. For example - Anand Milk Union Limited, Sudha
dairy are success stories of co-operative sector industries.
