The Industrial Revolution in Britain can be seen as radical changes which took place during short period of time mainly in three fields: textile industry, iron industry and the coal industry.

1. Industrial Revolution
 The Textile Industry
 The Iron Industry
 The Coal Industry

2. The Textile Industry ‘‘the
Cottage Industry’’
 The main material used in the textile industry was
Wool. The process of cloth making passed by three
main steps:
1. Carding: separating the short staples of wool from
the raw mass.
1. Spinning: joining these staples into a continious
thread
2. Weaving: the continious thread was woven into
clothes, this step entiled the hand loom.

3. What was wrong with the
Cottage industry before the
revolution?
 Though textile under this system allowed work to be
done in the free atmosphere of home, and helped
families making earning, its main weakness was that
spinning was a very much slower process than
weaving.

4. Spinning Wheal

5. Hand Loom

6. Revolutionazing the Textile
Industry
Flying Shuttle by John Kay:
His invention made weaving faster, thus increasing the
disparity in speed between weaving and spinninig.
Spinning Jenny by Hargreaves:
This was an attempt to speed up spinning to the level
required for the Flying Shuttle, but it has one main
defect: the resultant thread was fine, but weak
The Water-Frame by Arkwright:
This was another attempt to speed the spinning process;
this time the thread produced was strong but not fine
(coarse or rough).

7.  The Mule by Samual Crompton:
 It was a combination of the Spinning Jenny and the
Water-Frame. The Spinning Jenny produced fine
but weak thread, and the Water-Frame produced
strong but coarce thread. The result was the
invention of the Mule: Strong and fine thread.

8. Iron Industry
 The iron industry has two stages:
1. Smelting: metal extraction process in which an ore
is heated at high temperature in an enclosed
furnace.

9. 2_Forging:
forming a shape for the metal through heating or
hammering

10. What was wrong with iron
industry before the revolution?
Lack of fuel in the smelting process, for
generations, the charcoal was used, but now the
British forests became exhausted. Britain had to
depend on other countries for iron because charcoal
was both scarce and expensive.
The solution to this problem was to find another fuel
rather than charcoal. The coal was suggested, but
when it was employed in the smelting process
releases sulphur which made the iron too brittle to be
forged.

11. Darby’s Coke Smelting
Process:
 Darby worked hard to employ coal in the smelting
process instead of charcoal. He focused on making
coal loses its sulphur. He could achieve this through
turning coal into coke, so that the coal loses most of
its sulphur as sulphurous gases. But the resulting
iron was unworkable for the process of forging.

12. The Puddling Process:
 Cort invented the Puddling Furnace. A method of
converting pig iron (impure iron) into wrought iron
(iron ready to be forged, purer that the pig iron) by
subjecting it to heat with the presence of oxidizing
substances

13. The Puddling Furnace

14. Coal Industry
 The revolution in the coal industry can be
summarized in overcoming the following handicaps:

15. 1. Flooding:
As miners got deeper, they were more likely to face
flooding problems. In the begining they used the
steam pump, but it was not effective. In
1979, James Watt introduced the most important
innovation in the industrial revolution: it is the
steam engine which allowed digging deeper and
solved the danger of floods.

16.  The Danger of Explosion:
In coal mines, there exist poisonous or explosive gases
and if one candle is lit the whole mine goes ablaze.
To solve this problem, children were hired as
‘trappers’ to open and shut trap doors.

17. The trapper of the Industrial
Revolution

18.  Using trappers was not effective for it caused
problems of ventilation.
 The problem of explosion was solved with the
introduction of the Safety Lamp by Davy
In addition to the Exhaust Fan

19. Results of the Industrial
Revolution:
Imperialism
(Mercantilist
theory)
Bad working The Emergence of
Conditions whci The
Industrial Britain as a
led to the rise of leading political
trade unions Revolution
power
Disfiguration of
nature and the
emergence of
some of the
literary mvts

20. All praise be to Allah. I hope that other
people benifit from this presentation.