The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail, Lymnaea acuminata, was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11th day by mechanical means. The young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age-length relationship was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations. The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation
y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Article Citation:
Borale RP and Ahirrao KD.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age-length relationship and relative condition factor (Kn)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0009.pdf
ABSTRACT— Evidence is that the Lunar cycle entrain crustacean biological rhythms in briefly reviewed. Egg laying and hatching undergo semi-lunar and monthly rhythms that appear to depend on endogenous clocks. The lunar cycle can be understood in terms of adaptation and life post larvae n = 150 hatched during March 2002 and rared artificially. Their moulting frequency was monitored from day 112 post hatch to day 204 (CL = 20mm + 1.55 SD.) Daily moults (n=25) recorded individually during July, August and September showed an average duration for the first and second inter moult internal of 34 to 36 days respectively. Daily moulting frequency distribution showed and trend characterized by peak values around new moon and full moon in the absence of any tidal condition. The pattern for commonly rared female crab is more natural water temperature affecting the rhythm. However it is model or many average value of over 24 hours sampling period support the presence of semilunar cycle. The cycle is main-tained under laboratory could sublittroral population that are not rhythm may represent the powerful clock that is retained for synchronizing events throughout the life history of crustaceans. It results in reduced preparation risks for hatchery in dark new moon night & favour dispersed during spring tides due to tidal carrent. This may enhance mutual protection against habits simultenously juveniles
Ecobiology of the Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
In the environs of Lankamalai region (14°45' - 14°72' N and 79°07' - 78°80' E), the common pierrot
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) lays eggs singly on Zizyphus jujuba. The butterfly available thought the year
with high frequency during September to November (post monsoon season). Enumeration of eggs, larvae and
pupae on the host plants in the field and flight observation of adults on wings attest this seasonality. The life
cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 21-25 days. Success development of
adults, larvae and pupae was 90-100 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development
of life stages suggest the production of 12-13 broods in the year. The larvae pass through four instars and the
nutritional indices across the instars mostly the ground flora with sugar concentrations ranging between
28-52% either with sucrose of glucose dominance. Nutritional indices Consumption index (CI) and Growth rate
(GR) increase as the larvae aged, while approximate digestibility (AD) decreases, efficiency of conversion of
digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
what increases penile boom diagram.
reproductive anatomy: gonads - paired testes in adult males & normally a single ovary in ladies ovary maximum birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are regular of many raptors includes from 500 to several thousand number one oocytes testes & follicles increase dramatically in length because the breeding season processes. as day duration will increase, photic stimulation of the hypothalamus consequences within the secretion of gonadotropin liberating hormone (gnrh below). when activated by means of gnrh, the anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropin hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh). fsh acts on sperm-generating systems in the testes, even as lh acts on the interstitial cells of the testes inflicting them to secrete the steroid hormone testosterone. the pituitary gland monitors the quantity of testosterone in the blood, consequently growing a poor feedback loop to maintain hormone ranges within a hard and fast variety (akins and burns 2001). ambient visible cues, which include sunlight hours, activate photosensitive loci inside the mind both in a roundabout way, through the eyes, and without delay, through the cranium. the hypothalamus of the bird brain includes special cells which are touchy to extremely low mild ranges, intensities comparable to the quantity of light that could penetrate mind tissue (akins and burns 2001).
from: akins and burns (2001)
the pattern of testosterone secretion in unfastened-residing populations of tune sparrows. plasma tiers height in april and can as breeding got underway after which had been maintained at a decrease “breeding baseline” at some point of the relaxation of the breeding season. as prebasic molt ensued, plasma stages of testosterone were basal and remained so during autumn and iciness. from: wingfield and hahn (1994).
biological movements of the steroid hormone testosterone . the morphological, physiological and behavioral moves of testosterone that are critical for male reproductive feature are given on the right hand and lower facets of the discern. the “expenses” of prolonged high degrees of testosterone are given at the left hand side in italics. the styles of plasma testosterone ranges may be a characteristic of secretion patterns to preserve male reproductive function, and “costs” of testosterone that require that plasma ranges be low. from wingfield et al. (2000).
testosterone increases availability of carotenoids -- androgens and carotenoids play a essential role in the expression of secondary intercourse developments in animals that speak information on man or woman high-quality. in birds, androgens modify music, aggression, and a diffusion of
ABSTRACT— Evidence is that the Lunar cycle entrain crustacean biological rhythms in briefly reviewed. Egg laying and hatching undergo semi-lunar and monthly rhythms that appear to depend on endogenous clocks. The lunar cycle can be understood in terms of adaptation and life post larvae n = 150 hatched during March 2002 and rared artificially. Their moulting frequency was monitored from day 112 post hatch to day 204 (CL = 20mm + 1.55 SD.) Daily moults (n=25) recorded individually during July, August and September showed an average duration for the first and second inter moult internal of 34 to 36 days respectively. Daily moulting frequency distribution showed and trend characterized by peak values around new moon and full moon in the absence of any tidal condition. The pattern for commonly rared female crab is more natural water temperature affecting the rhythm. However it is model or many average value of over 24 hours sampling period support the presence of semilunar cycle. The cycle is main-tained under laboratory could sublittroral population that are not rhythm may represent the powerful clock that is retained for synchronizing events throughout the life history of crustaceans. It results in reduced preparation risks for hatchery in dark new moon night & favour dispersed during spring tides due to tidal carrent. This may enhance mutual protection against habits simultenously juveniles
Ecobiology of the Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
In the environs of Lankamalai region (14°45' - 14°72' N and 79°07' - 78°80' E), the common pierrot
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) lays eggs singly on Zizyphus jujuba. The butterfly available thought the year
with high frequency during September to November (post monsoon season). Enumeration of eggs, larvae and
pupae on the host plants in the field and flight observation of adults on wings attest this seasonality. The life
cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 21-25 days. Success development of
adults, larvae and pupae was 90-100 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development
of life stages suggest the production of 12-13 broods in the year. The larvae pass through four instars and the
nutritional indices across the instars mostly the ground flora with sugar concentrations ranging between
28-52% either with sucrose of glucose dominance. Nutritional indices Consumption index (CI) and Growth rate
(GR) increase as the larvae aged, while approximate digestibility (AD) decreases, efficiency of conversion of
digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
what increases penile boom diagram.
reproductive anatomy: gonads - paired testes in adult males & normally a single ovary in ladies ovary maximum birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are regular of many raptors includes from 500 to several thousand number one oocytes testes & follicles increase dramatically in length because the breeding season processes. as day duration will increase, photic stimulation of the hypothalamus consequences within the secretion of gonadotropin liberating hormone (gnrh below). when activated by means of gnrh, the anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropin hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh). fsh acts on sperm-generating systems in the testes, even as lh acts on the interstitial cells of the testes inflicting them to secrete the steroid hormone testosterone. the pituitary gland monitors the quantity of testosterone in the blood, consequently growing a poor feedback loop to maintain hormone ranges within a hard and fast variety (akins and burns 2001). ambient visible cues, which include sunlight hours, activate photosensitive loci inside the mind both in a roundabout way, through the eyes, and without delay, through the cranium. the hypothalamus of the bird brain includes special cells which are touchy to extremely low mild ranges, intensities comparable to the quantity of light that could penetrate mind tissue (akins and burns 2001).
from: akins and burns (2001)
the pattern of testosterone secretion in unfastened-residing populations of tune sparrows. plasma tiers height in april and can as breeding got underway after which had been maintained at a decrease “breeding baseline” at some point of the relaxation of the breeding season. as prebasic molt ensued, plasma stages of testosterone were basal and remained so during autumn and iciness. from: wingfield and hahn (1994).
biological movements of the steroid hormone testosterone . the morphological, physiological and behavioral moves of testosterone that are critical for male reproductive feature are given on the right hand and lower facets of the discern. the “expenses” of prolonged high degrees of testosterone are given at the left hand side in italics. the styles of plasma testosterone ranges may be a characteristic of secretion patterns to preserve male reproductive function, and “costs” of testosterone that require that plasma ranges be low. from wingfield et al. (2000).
testosterone increases availability of carotenoids -- androgens and carotenoids play a essential role in the expression of secondary intercourse developments in animals that speak information on man or woman high-quality. in birds, androgens modify music, aggression, and a diffusion of
Mr. Rakesh Sharma. M, M.Sc., in Applied Microbiology, Research Assistant with seven years of experience in Central Inter- Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), SBV - Puducherry has joined as Research Associate in Mahatma Gandhi Medical Preclinical Research Centre (MGMPRC). A talk by him on “Zebrafish as an animal model for biomedical research” is scheduled on 19th November, 2022 (Saturday) at 2.30 pm in A1 conference hall, 1st floor Hospital block, MGMCRI.”
La regeneración en planarias son metazoos bilaterados acelomados cuya asombrosa capacidad regenerativa ha sido ampliamente investigada debido a sus potenciales aplicaciones clínicas y biotecnológicas.
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
MY RESEARCH PLAN By Yvette RomeroCompletedAssignmentDat.docxgemaherd
MY RESEARCH PLAN
By Yvette Romero
Completed?
Assignment
Dates
Research Proposal & Plan
9/25/18
Conference Day @ 9:30 A.M
DUE: 9/27/18
Annotated Bibliography (5)
Annotated Bibliography (5)
Annotated Bibliography (5)
Submit Annotated Bibliography
10/12/18
10/14/18
10/17/18
DUE: 10/19/18
Research Report
10/21/18
DUE: 10/23/18
Research Writing & Note Cards
10/28/18
DUE: 10/30/18
Outline
10/31/18
DUE: 11/1/18
1st draft (pp. 6)
11/3/18
DUE: 11/6/18
2nd draft (pp. 8)
11/5/18
DUE: 11/8/18
3rd draft (Whole essay- pp.8-12)
11/9/18
DUE: 11/13/18
4th draft (Final Essay) & Work Cited
11/11/18
DUE: 11/15/18
Portfolio Project
11/18/18
DUE: 11/20/18
E-portfolio
11/27/18
Research Paper & Research portfolio
11/29/18
Presentations
11/29/18
1
2
Introduction
Evolution is the process that involves the change in organisms over a period of time as a result of changes in hereditable, physical or behavioral characters. The truth behind Evolution emphasizes the solid pieces of evidence that verifies mostly evolution natural selection to be a fact. Putting together and explaining the latest ideas and discoveries from many disparate areas of the modernized science Jerry A. Coyne leaves us with an open mind in his book of why evolution is true in any doubt about the truth and the beauty of evolution.
Chapter One: What is Evolution
Learning models in the evolution theories include various theories that explain more about the evolution and existence of many living things on the planet earth. These theories include cell theories, relativity theory, evolution theory (Winther, 2015), the theory of plate tectonics and atomic theory. Evolution shows us more about us in the whole extraordinary and the great array of life. It brings us together with every living thing in the earth today and with long-dead creatures and myriads whereby it provides us with the true accounts of our origins hence replacing thousands of year’s myths that existed and satisfied us.
According to Darwin’s theory of Evolution, it states that the whole of life was as a result of evolution (Winther, 2015). The operation was then later driven by Natural selection which happens to be the most valid theory supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific fields like geology, genetics, paleontology, and developmental scientists and it’s sometimes described as the survival of the fittest. However, it is equally thought to erode morality.
Various shreds of evidence have been found that supports the evolution theory, for instance, the study on human evolution that involved a study on 1,900 students published online in the month of October 2017 in the journal Personality and individual differences found that many people may have a problem in finding a mate because of the rapidly changing social technological advances that are faster growing than human whereby one or two individuals face considerable difficulties when mating (Winther, 2015). Also, the story of the origin of whale.
Age Related Histomorphological and Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
It was observed that swim rate of sperm changes in microgravity. Sperm swim with higher velocity in microgravity. The fertilization might be affected by this mobility changes in sperm and this led to reduction in sperm motility under microgravity. Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH that is responsible for ovulation in women by triggering egg maturity and stimulating sperm production in men can be damaged by microgravity. Therefore, ovulations and triggering of egg maturity and production of sperm may not take place. Higher acidity of outer vagina due to fluid distribution at the upper part of the body might kill the sperm or reduce sperm counts. Microgravity environment reduced the thickening of the endometrium to the extent that eggs cannot be planted cause non implantations . Jaiyeola O. Paul | Oluwafemi A. Funmilola | Abdullahi S. Ayegba "Microgravity and Infertility" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29408.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29408/microgravity-and-infertility/jaiyeola-o-paul
Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) ...Sana_haroon
this is my presentation based on research paper title "Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) from the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt"
This was written by Amgad M. Shaaban et al., 2018
Which have Impact factor: 1.98
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
The fecundity and egg size of the freshwater crab (Isolapotamon bauense Ng,19...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Island of Borneo harbors a high species richness of freshwater brachyurans, many of which are endemic in the region and their existence is threatened by anthropogenic activities. Our knowledge on the fundamental aspects which are required for species conservation assessment is currently limited. For instance, information on fecundity of most Bornean freshwater crabs is almost non-existent despite this being an important predictor of vulnerability to extinction. This paper describes the fecundity and egg size of the giant freshwater crab (Isolapotamon bauense Ng, 1987) from Kuching Division in Sarawak, Borneo. The fecundity of the crab is between 26 and 81 eggs, with the egg diameter ranging between 3.7-4.2 mm. The macrolecithal eggs are attached to the pleopods of the female abdominal brood pouch; they are bright orange and are comprised of two layers of membrane, with a thicker outer layer and a thinner inner layer, encapsulating the large embryonic yolk sac.
Mr. Rakesh Sharma. M, M.Sc., in Applied Microbiology, Research Assistant with seven years of experience in Central Inter- Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), SBV - Puducherry has joined as Research Associate in Mahatma Gandhi Medical Preclinical Research Centre (MGMPRC). A talk by him on “Zebrafish as an animal model for biomedical research” is scheduled on 19th November, 2022 (Saturday) at 2.30 pm in A1 conference hall, 1st floor Hospital block, MGMCRI.”
La regeneración en planarias son metazoos bilaterados acelomados cuya asombrosa capacidad regenerativa ha sido ampliamente investigada debido a sus potenciales aplicaciones clínicas y biotecnológicas.
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
MY RESEARCH PLAN By Yvette RomeroCompletedAssignmentDat.docxgemaherd
MY RESEARCH PLAN
By Yvette Romero
Completed?
Assignment
Dates
Research Proposal & Plan
9/25/18
Conference Day @ 9:30 A.M
DUE: 9/27/18
Annotated Bibliography (5)
Annotated Bibliography (5)
Annotated Bibliography (5)
Submit Annotated Bibliography
10/12/18
10/14/18
10/17/18
DUE: 10/19/18
Research Report
10/21/18
DUE: 10/23/18
Research Writing & Note Cards
10/28/18
DUE: 10/30/18
Outline
10/31/18
DUE: 11/1/18
1st draft (pp. 6)
11/3/18
DUE: 11/6/18
2nd draft (pp. 8)
11/5/18
DUE: 11/8/18
3rd draft (Whole essay- pp.8-12)
11/9/18
DUE: 11/13/18
4th draft (Final Essay) & Work Cited
11/11/18
DUE: 11/15/18
Portfolio Project
11/18/18
DUE: 11/20/18
E-portfolio
11/27/18
Research Paper & Research portfolio
11/29/18
Presentations
11/29/18
1
2
Introduction
Evolution is the process that involves the change in organisms over a period of time as a result of changes in hereditable, physical or behavioral characters. The truth behind Evolution emphasizes the solid pieces of evidence that verifies mostly evolution natural selection to be a fact. Putting together and explaining the latest ideas and discoveries from many disparate areas of the modernized science Jerry A. Coyne leaves us with an open mind in his book of why evolution is true in any doubt about the truth and the beauty of evolution.
Chapter One: What is Evolution
Learning models in the evolution theories include various theories that explain more about the evolution and existence of many living things on the planet earth. These theories include cell theories, relativity theory, evolution theory (Winther, 2015), the theory of plate tectonics and atomic theory. Evolution shows us more about us in the whole extraordinary and the great array of life. It brings us together with every living thing in the earth today and with long-dead creatures and myriads whereby it provides us with the true accounts of our origins hence replacing thousands of year’s myths that existed and satisfied us.
According to Darwin’s theory of Evolution, it states that the whole of life was as a result of evolution (Winther, 2015). The operation was then later driven by Natural selection which happens to be the most valid theory supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific fields like geology, genetics, paleontology, and developmental scientists and it’s sometimes described as the survival of the fittest. However, it is equally thought to erode morality.
Various shreds of evidence have been found that supports the evolution theory, for instance, the study on human evolution that involved a study on 1,900 students published online in the month of October 2017 in the journal Personality and individual differences found that many people may have a problem in finding a mate because of the rapidly changing social technological advances that are faster growing than human whereby one or two individuals face considerable difficulties when mating (Winther, 2015). Also, the story of the origin of whale.
Age Related Histomorphological and Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
It was observed that swim rate of sperm changes in microgravity. Sperm swim with higher velocity in microgravity. The fertilization might be affected by this mobility changes in sperm and this led to reduction in sperm motility under microgravity. Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH that is responsible for ovulation in women by triggering egg maturity and stimulating sperm production in men can be damaged by microgravity. Therefore, ovulations and triggering of egg maturity and production of sperm may not take place. Higher acidity of outer vagina due to fluid distribution at the upper part of the body might kill the sperm or reduce sperm counts. Microgravity environment reduced the thickening of the endometrium to the extent that eggs cannot be planted cause non implantations . Jaiyeola O. Paul | Oluwafemi A. Funmilola | Abdullahi S. Ayegba "Microgravity and Infertility" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29408.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29408/microgravity-and-infertility/jaiyeola-o-paul
Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) ...Sana_haroon
this is my presentation based on research paper title "Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) from the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt"
This was written by Amgad M. Shaaban et al., 2018
Which have Impact factor: 1.98
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
The fecundity and egg size of the freshwater crab (Isolapotamon bauense Ng,19...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Island of Borneo harbors a high species richness of freshwater brachyurans, many of which are endemic in the region and their existence is threatened by anthropogenic activities. Our knowledge on the fundamental aspects which are required for species conservation assessment is currently limited. For instance, information on fecundity of most Bornean freshwater crabs is almost non-existent despite this being an important predictor of vulnerability to extinction. This paper describes the fecundity and egg size of the giant freshwater crab (Isolapotamon bauense Ng, 1987) from Kuching Division in Sarawak, Borneo. The fecundity of the crab is between 26 and 81 eggs, with the egg diameter ranging between 3.7-4.2 mm. The macrolecithal eggs are attached to the pleopods of the female abdominal brood pouch; they are bright orange and are comprised of two layers of membrane, with a thicker outer layer and a thinner inner layer, encapsulating the large embryonic yolk sac.
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8×10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7×10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Biosorption of metals by Solitary Ascidian, Phallusia Nigra in Vizhinjam Ba...researchanimalsciences
Biosorption of heavy metals by ascidians has been recognized as a potential
alternative to existing technique for recovery of heavy metals from waste stream. The
solitary ascidian,
Phallusia nigra,
is a common and large black ascidian and occurs
throughout the year in Vizhinjam Bay. Hence this study has been focused on the
biosorption of metals in the test and mantle body of
P. nigra
from ecologically
significant station, Vizhinjam Bay. Monthly samplings of water and specimens of
P. nigra were done during the period from September 2010 to August 2011 and
subjected to the analysis of metals. The concentration of metals in water were found
in the following order Cd>Pb>V>Hg. Mean concentrations of metals were high during
monsoon season and low during premonsoon season.
Absorption of metals by
P. nigra
revealed that both test and mantle body
accumulated a diverse range of trace metals. The present results showed that the
content of metals in the test was usually less than that of the mantle body. High
concentration of these metals was found to be during monsoon season whereas low
concentration was during premonsoon season.
The bioaccumulation factors were in the order of V>Pb>Cd> Hg for the test
and mantle body of the study animal. Application of one
–
way ANOVA for the
concentration of these metals between test and mantle body showed significant
differences. Metal concentrations recorded in this ascidian could effectively be used
as good reference material for monitoring metal contamination in Indian sea waters.
Biodiversity and conservation strategies of Nymphalidae Butterflies in the h...researchanimalsciences
Nymphalidae butterflies have a number of subfamilies, including the species
such as Browns, Milkweeds, Heliconians and Beaks. These vary greatly in appearance
ranging from small to large, with mostly in medium size. Some among these
butterflies are powerful fliers (Nawabs and Rajahs) or migrants (Painted lady,
Milkweed butterflies) while Bush browns (
Mycalesis visala, Melanitis leda
and
Elymnias hypermnestra)
and Rings (
Ypthima baldus, Ypthima chenui
and
Ypthima philomela
) are weak fliers. Three study sites i.e., Lankamalai of Kadapa
district, Talakona and Tirumala Hills of Chittoor district of Eastern Ghats of Southern
Andhra Pradesh were chosen.
Captive breeding method has been adopted for
restocking the population.
Nearly 26 Nymphalidae species were identified from
6 sub families. Species diversity
was calculated by using Simpson’s diversity indices
along with the seasonality and population index, richness and evenness of the species
were also discussed.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age - length r...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail,
Lymnaea acuminata,
was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All
the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats
started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show
differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from
third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11
th
day by mechanical means. The
young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age
-
length relationship
was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between
age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations.
The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictag...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of
Bougainvillea spectabilis
was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti
under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability,
larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for
Aedes aegypti . The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were
found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based
on the probit analysis the LC 50
(mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231),
III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC - 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upo...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high
concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that
the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also
change the physico
-
chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc
chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total
alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs,
whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in
water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity,
free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due
to increase in the metabolic processes of
Ophiocephalus punctatus
upon exposure to
zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, us...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by
application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of
tetraploidy was attempted in
Cyprinus carpio
L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five
females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were
divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min,
27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were
exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min.
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After
treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy
was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat
shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a
maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large
proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such
as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and
malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were
obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four
min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times
greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful
model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of
tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction
and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is
developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is
behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this
experiment we study feeding behavior in
P. reticulata
by six treatments. Six
aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the
maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium
No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without
feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in
aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark
conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness
conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of
fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2
it
was about 92%. In aquarium No.3,
95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B.
In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A,
respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good
aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, usi...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min, 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min. One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Article Citation:
Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 013-019.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0006.pdf
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Effect of zinc chloride (lc 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon e...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy; Poecilia reticulata.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age length relationship and relative condition factor (kn)
1. JournalofResearchinAnimalSciences
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age-length
relationship and relative condition factor (Kn)
ABSTRACT:
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail,
Lymnaea acuminata, was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All
the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats
started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show
differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from
third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11th
day by mechanical means. The
young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age-length relationship
was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between
age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations.
The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
055-059 | JRAS | 2013 | Vol 1 | No 2
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.janimalsciences.com
Journal of Research in
Animal Sciences
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Borale RP and
Ahirrao KD.
Institution:
Jaihind ET’s Z. B. Patil
College, Dhule (MS)
424 005 India.
Rani Laxmibai
Mahavidyalaya, Parola,
District -Jalgaon (MS)
425 111 India.
Corresponding author:
Borale RP.
Email:
rajendraborale@gmail.com
Phone No:
+91 94222 18839.
Web Address:
http://janimalsciences.com
documents/AS0009.pdf
Dates:
Received: 07 May 2012 Accepted: 15 May 2012 Published: 21 Feb 2013
Article Citation:
Borale RP and Ahirrao KD.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age-length
relationship and relative condition factor (Kn)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
Keywords:
Lymnaea acuminate, age length relationship, developmental studies on
Lymnaea
2. INTRODUCTION
The developments of Pulamonate gastropod have
been described by (Taylor, 1907). (Carrick, 1938)
described the life cycle and development of
Agriolimax agrestis. (Raven and Kolomp, 1946)
has worked on development of Lymnaea strangles.
Bondesen (1950) made detailed observation on the egg
capsule of fresh water pulmonates gastropods. He
showed hatching of the young ones from the eggs
by rupturing the egg membrane by their radula in
L. stagnalis and three pulmonate families, Physidae,
Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae. Creek (1951) studied
the reproductive system and embryology of snail,
Pomatia elengans. Balsubramaniam (1952) studied the
development of Ariophanta bistrialis. Dewitt (1954)
reported the reproduction, embryonic development and
growth in the pond snail, Physa gyrinaI.
Jura and George (1958) made observations on
the jelly mass of three mollusk, Succinea putris L.
Stagnalis and Planorbis corneus with special reference
to Metachromasia. (Quazi, 1974 and Dama, 1977) have
studied the embryology and early development of
freshwater pulmonate snail, Limnea sp. (Vaidya, 1977)
observed the early development of fresh water snail
Indoplanorbis exustus. In this paper the breeding habits
and early development of the snail, L.acuminate are
described along with the relationship of animal length
and age of animal during development.
056 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059
Borale and Ahirrao,2013
SR. No. Age (days) x Mean length (µ) y x2
xy
Calculated length
y' from reg. eq.
Kn value y/y'
1 0 37.44 0.00 0.00 31.49 1.19
2 1 46.08 1.00 46.08 54.57 0.84
3 2 54.72 4.00 109.44 77.65 0.70
4 3 60.48 9.00 181.44 100.73 0.60
5 4 84.96 16.00 339.84 123.81 0.69
6 5 165.60 25.00 828.00 146.89 1.13
7 6 182.88 36.00 1097.28 169.97 1.08
8 7 203.04 49.00 1421.28 193.05 1.05
9 8 239.04 64.00 1912.32 216.13 1.11
10 9 295.13 81.00 2556.17 239.22 1.23
11 10 301.61 100.00 3016.10 262.30 1.15
12 11 313.06 121.00 3443.66 286.38 1.10
13 12 324.50 144.00 3894.00 308.46 1.05
14 13 330.98 169.00 4302.74 331.54 1.00
15 14 335.88 196.00 4702.32 354.62 0.94
16 15 348.91 225.00 5233.65 377.70 0.92
17 16 376.63 256.00 6026.08 400.78 0.94
18 17 414.14 289.00 7040.38 423.86 0.98
19 18 415.80 324.00 7470.00 446.95 0.93
20 19 456.55 361.00 8674.45 470.03 0.97
21 20 492.41 400.00 9848.20 493.11 1.00
22 21 544.61 441.00 11436.81 516.19 1.06
n=22 Σx=231.00 Σy=6024.41
Σx2
=33
11.00
Σxy=836
94.64 ΣKn=21.66
Table 1 Age-length relationship of early developmental stages of snail, Lymnaea acuminata.
Regression equation: y = a + bx
a= 31.49, b = 23.08,
y = 31.49 + 23.08x
Average Kn= 0.98
3. Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059 057
Borale and Ahirrao, 2013
Plate 1
Fig. 1
Legend:
Figure. 1: Egg string of L. acuminata ( 100X), E = Egg, Em = Embryo.
Figure. 2: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 0 days
Figure. 3: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 1 days
Figure. 4: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 2 days
Figure. 5: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 3 days
Figure. 6: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 4 days
Figure. 7: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 5 days
Figure. 8: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 6 days
Figure. 9: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 7 days
Figure. 10: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 8 days
Figure. 11: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 9 days
Figure. 12: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 10 days
Figure. 13: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 11 days
Figure. 14: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 12 days
Figure. 15: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 13 days
Figure. 16: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 14 days
Figure. 17: Developing embryo of L. acuminata ( 100X) – 15 days
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The snails, L. acuminata were collected from
local ponds. they were brought to the laboratory
and kept in plastic troughs containing sufficient
de-chlorinated water. They were cleaned so as to remove
the mud and algal material on their shell. The snails were
acclimated for 24 h under laboratory conditions. The
active snails, ranging from 24 to 26 mm were selected
for the experiments. The snails were fed once in a
day with a algal material like Spirogyra and Hydrilla.
Before starting the experiments, the rearing troughs were
cleaned so as to collect easily egg strings adhered to the
surface of troughs. Egg strings attached to surface of
troughs, petioles and leaves were collected carefully with
the help of scalpel during morning hours 8 to 9 AM.
They were kept in Petri-dishes containing filtered water.
The Petri-dishes were labeled according to date and time
of collection. The egg masses showing different
developmental stages were sorted out in different
Petri-dishes according to the stage of their development.
The time taken for each of them for hatching was noted.
As the eggs were transparent and surrounded by mucus
string, changes taking place up to the stage of hatching
could be observed directly under a light microscope.
Their maximum lengths were measured with the help of
ocular micrometer. The measurements were then
statistically analyzed like length of developmental stage
and age relationship, and relative condition factor, Kn by
using MS Excel 2007 with the procedures stated by
(Pillai and Sinha, 1968).
RELULTS AND DISCUSSION
The development was completed in eleven days.
On eleventh day hatching is taken place. Just before the
time of hatching the dimension of the young snail was
313.06 µ X 268.2 µ. The shell had only single gyri,
showed resemblance to the adult. The head and foot were
developed; the foot was heavily ciliated towards the
anterior tip. A single egg membrane surrounded around
the young one. The young animal glided around over the
inner surface of egg membrane. Eventually the egg
membrane became more and more flexible and the foot
could be seen to have a suction effect upon it. There after
the membrane began more and more collapsed in folds
around the young animal. Ultimately the repeated the
tearing motion resulted in rupture of the egg membrane;
in the course of events, the foot and anterior part of the
head region protruded outside to enlarge the hole. When
the size of the hole was increase the animal rather
quickly emerged out.
The length and dimensions of the developing
embryo in egg capsule was found to be increased
(Plate 1). The relationship of age and length of embryo
was statistically analyzed and represented in Table 1.
The heart beat was clearly seen in the embryo from V
day on wards. It was initially around 85 beats /minute;
this gradually decreased as age increase and stabilized at
60 beats /minute at the age of 21 days.
L.acuminata is hermaphrodite freshwater
pulmonate snail. Generally the animal breeds in rainy
season from July to September. Though they are
hermaphrodite, crossbreeding generally takes place. The
court ship behavior includes the trailing one snail by
another and testicular contraction. (Nagabhushanam and
Kulkarni,1971) observed cross fertilization in
Laevicaulis alte. Early in the morning there were several
strings attached to the wall of trough and to the leaves
and petioles. The eggs were laid in triple layer in
gelatinous ribbon shaped matrix. Parental care of egg
was not noticed in Limnaea.
Age and length relationship of embryo was found
to be perfect positive, r = 0.98. It means that the
development was not slowed down. During the period of
development, length of embryo was increased gradually.
Average Kn Value of age and length relationship was
found to be near about 1, i.e., Kn = 0.98. It is evident that
length of embryo was increased as age is increased.
058 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059
Borale and Ahirrao,2013
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