This document investigates the optimal conditions for producing the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) from local isolates of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Thirteen local F. verticillioides isolates from maize were screened for their ability to produce FB1 using ELISA and TLC techniques. Isolate FV1 produced the highest level of FB1 (175.39 ppb) on patty maize medium. The study found that the optimal production conditions for solid state fermentation included using patty maize medium with 30% moisture, incubating at 20°C for 21 days.
Application of certain bacterial and fungal species for controlling Meloidogy...Premier Publishers
Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and B. megaterium (Bm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) as well as Trichoderma harziamum (Th), Trichoderma vierns (Tvr)and T. viride (Tv) were applied alone as well as in combination in pot experiment for controlling M. incognita in Cowpea. Results showed that Bs, Bp and Pf had nematicidal effects against M. incognita parameters viz., J2 in soil and roots, galls and egg-masses compared to untreated check. Bm alone had highly nematicidal activity against J2 in soil, while Bs was the best against J2 in roots, galls and egg-masses. Bs + Bm in combination was effective against M. incognita parameters. The tested species of Trichoderma also reduced the parameters of M. incognita.Th alone was highly effective in reducing the tested nematode parameters, followed by Tvr and Tv treatments. Tv + Tvr highly reduced the numbers of J2 in soil and roots, while Th+Tv+Tvr significantly reduced the galls and egg-masses numbers. All treatments also increased the growth parameters of cowpea viz., shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weights, and leaf numbers.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Application of certain bacterial and fungal species for controlling Meloidogy...Premier Publishers
Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and B. megaterium (Bm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) as well as Trichoderma harziamum (Th), Trichoderma vierns (Tvr)and T. viride (Tv) were applied alone as well as in combination in pot experiment for controlling M. incognita in Cowpea. Results showed that Bs, Bp and Pf had nematicidal effects against M. incognita parameters viz., J2 in soil and roots, galls and egg-masses compared to untreated check. Bm alone had highly nematicidal activity against J2 in soil, while Bs was the best against J2 in roots, galls and egg-masses. Bs + Bm in combination was effective against M. incognita parameters. The tested species of Trichoderma also reduced the parameters of M. incognita.Th alone was highly effective in reducing the tested nematode parameters, followed by Tvr and Tv treatments. Tv + Tvr highly reduced the numbers of J2 in soil and roots, while Th+Tv+Tvr significantly reduced the galls and egg-masses numbers. All treatments also increased the growth parameters of cowpea viz., shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weights, and leaf numbers.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Studies on the viabile bacteria of commercial probiotic products available in...Premier Publishers
The viability of bacteria in seven probiotic products for animal production available in Bangladesh namely Bactosac, Micro guard, Probac, Poultry Star sol, Gutpro, Clostat 11 and Rumilac were tested. All the products were purchased in local markets. The bacteria in the probiotic product were grown anaerobically using Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and incubated for 13 h at 37° C. The viable bacteria of commercial probiotics ranged between 6.8 ×102 to 2.0×104 cfu/g. The highest values (2.0×104 cfu/g) were found in Microguard and Probac and the lowest value (6.8 ×102) was found in Gutpro. However, viable cells in Microguard and Probac were found lower by four and three logarithmic cycles, respectively, than manufacturer statements (5.0×108/g and 3.0×107/g). The viable cells found in the probiotic products were not accepted as the minimum level of 106 cfu/ml or cfu/g. The results of the present study concluded that viability of bacteria in commercial probiotic products were not found at a minimum level and therefore may not be sufficient for colonization of the animal gut.
In-Vitro Evaluation of selected Fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of A...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important leguminous cold season crop cultivated widely in different parts of the world and in India. This crop is grown especially in U.P., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and in the foot hill ranges of Himalayan region including north eastern states. In Manipur, it is an important winter vegetable cum pulse crop. However, this crop suffers attack of various diseases of fungi, viruses and nematodes resulting in substantial reduction in yield. Hence, an in-vitro evaluation of selected fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria alternata causing blight disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was under taken in the present investigation. A judicious application of Tricyclazole and Copper oxychloride at 1000ppm can effectively manages the blight disease of broad bean and prevent economic loss due to disease condition.
“Microbiological Analysis Of Soy Milk Produced From Soybean”iosrjce
The soy milk was prepared using the soaked soybean seeds then soy milk was treated with Na2CO3
and NaHCO3 for the preservation. By spread plate method and streak plate method two bacteria Escherichia
spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated respectively .These bacteria were subjected to biochemical and
microbiological analysis. In Biochemical analysis IMVIC test was performed. Both the bacteria Escherichia spp
and Streptococcus spp are positive for Methyl red test and citrate utilization whereas both the bacteria are
negative for Voges-Proskauer test and for Indole production test Escherichia spp is positive and Streptococcus
spp is negative. In case of microbiological test Escherichia spp is gram negative and Streptococcus spp is gram
positive. Both these bacteria have catalase production ability
Effect of Inoculum Sizes in Laboratory Fermentation of Daddawa Condiment from...Premier Publishers
Effect of Inoculums size in laboratory fermentation of daddawa from Glycine max (soya bean) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle seeds) was carried out. Samples of soya bean and roselle seeds were fermented under laboratory conditions to produce condiment by using cultures of B. subtiilis, B. licheniformis and M. varians that were previously isolated from locally fermented daddawa. The isolate was prepared for various concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 respectively. The pH and temperature was recorded at twelve hour intervals. Fermentation has occurred in all the concentration of inoculum used as starter culture. Best fermentation with right organoleptic properties (aroma/flavor) was achieved in all the concentration used in the fermentation of Roselle seeds. The consortium of three isolates yielded best result in the laboratory fermentation of soya beans and roselle seeds.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Isolation studies of Bacteriocin producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from raw goat...Premier Publishers
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in appropriate amount gives health benefit on the host. In the current study raw goat milk obtained from Belapur village (Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Pin-400614, Maharashtra, India) was the source of isolated lactic acid bacteria. Out of 118 screened isolates, only one isolate i.e. RL 76 showed antimicrobial activity upon primary screening. Optimization of the isolate was carried out to check its bacteriocin producing potential. Isolate grew well at 370C and pH 7. Isolate RL 76 tolerated 2% of bile salt and showed no haemolytic activity. Upon morphological and biochemical tests, the isolate RL76 was identified as Lactobacillus casei. The extracted cell free supernatant was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Partially purified cell free supernatant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus fecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The study indicates potential of the isolate as a good probiotic species.
Optimizing The Bacteriocin Production In Strain Of Lactobacillus pentosus Iso...Innspub Net
MRS agar was used for the isolation of Lactobacillus strain. This strain was recognized through biochemical tests and 16S rRNA ribotyping, as Lactobacillus pentosus. Its antibacterial effects were detected by utilizing cell free supernatant (CFS). Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test strains. CFS showed antimicrobial activity against the test strains. CFS was treated with proteinases for the confirmation of loss of antimicrobial activity. Loss of antimicrobial activity on exposure to proteinases indicated the presence of bacteriocin in CFS. CFS was also studied for its antimicrobial effect at different temperatures and pH. Optimum antimicrobial effect was recorded at pH 7 and at temperature 45°C. The current study indicates the antimicrobial activity of strain of L. pentosus against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus.
Автоматизация заочного обслуживания потребителей на примере оказания услуг по передаче электрической энергии и технологического присоединения потребителей к электрическим сетям
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Studies on the viabile bacteria of commercial probiotic products available in...Premier Publishers
The viability of bacteria in seven probiotic products for animal production available in Bangladesh namely Bactosac, Micro guard, Probac, Poultry Star sol, Gutpro, Clostat 11 and Rumilac were tested. All the products were purchased in local markets. The bacteria in the probiotic product were grown anaerobically using Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and incubated for 13 h at 37° C. The viable bacteria of commercial probiotics ranged between 6.8 ×102 to 2.0×104 cfu/g. The highest values (2.0×104 cfu/g) were found in Microguard and Probac and the lowest value (6.8 ×102) was found in Gutpro. However, viable cells in Microguard and Probac were found lower by four and three logarithmic cycles, respectively, than manufacturer statements (5.0×108/g and 3.0×107/g). The viable cells found in the probiotic products were not accepted as the minimum level of 106 cfu/ml or cfu/g. The results of the present study concluded that viability of bacteria in commercial probiotic products were not found at a minimum level and therefore may not be sufficient for colonization of the animal gut.
In-Vitro Evaluation of selected Fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of A...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important leguminous cold season crop cultivated widely in different parts of the world and in India. This crop is grown especially in U.P., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and in the foot hill ranges of Himalayan region including north eastern states. In Manipur, it is an important winter vegetable cum pulse crop. However, this crop suffers attack of various diseases of fungi, viruses and nematodes resulting in substantial reduction in yield. Hence, an in-vitro evaluation of selected fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria alternata causing blight disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was under taken in the present investigation. A judicious application of Tricyclazole and Copper oxychloride at 1000ppm can effectively manages the blight disease of broad bean and prevent economic loss due to disease condition.
“Microbiological Analysis Of Soy Milk Produced From Soybean”iosrjce
The soy milk was prepared using the soaked soybean seeds then soy milk was treated with Na2CO3
and NaHCO3 for the preservation. By spread plate method and streak plate method two bacteria Escherichia
spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated respectively .These bacteria were subjected to biochemical and
microbiological analysis. In Biochemical analysis IMVIC test was performed. Both the bacteria Escherichia spp
and Streptococcus spp are positive for Methyl red test and citrate utilization whereas both the bacteria are
negative for Voges-Proskauer test and for Indole production test Escherichia spp is positive and Streptococcus
spp is negative. In case of microbiological test Escherichia spp is gram negative and Streptococcus spp is gram
positive. Both these bacteria have catalase production ability
Effect of Inoculum Sizes in Laboratory Fermentation of Daddawa Condiment from...Premier Publishers
Effect of Inoculums size in laboratory fermentation of daddawa from Glycine max (soya bean) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle seeds) was carried out. Samples of soya bean and roselle seeds were fermented under laboratory conditions to produce condiment by using cultures of B. subtiilis, B. licheniformis and M. varians that were previously isolated from locally fermented daddawa. The isolate was prepared for various concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 respectively. The pH and temperature was recorded at twelve hour intervals. Fermentation has occurred in all the concentration of inoculum used as starter culture. Best fermentation with right organoleptic properties (aroma/flavor) was achieved in all the concentration used in the fermentation of Roselle seeds. The consortium of three isolates yielded best result in the laboratory fermentation of soya beans and roselle seeds.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Isolation studies of Bacteriocin producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from raw goat...Premier Publishers
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in appropriate amount gives health benefit on the host. In the current study raw goat milk obtained from Belapur village (Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Pin-400614, Maharashtra, India) was the source of isolated lactic acid bacteria. Out of 118 screened isolates, only one isolate i.e. RL 76 showed antimicrobial activity upon primary screening. Optimization of the isolate was carried out to check its bacteriocin producing potential. Isolate grew well at 370C and pH 7. Isolate RL 76 tolerated 2% of bile salt and showed no haemolytic activity. Upon morphological and biochemical tests, the isolate RL76 was identified as Lactobacillus casei. The extracted cell free supernatant was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Partially purified cell free supernatant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus fecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The study indicates potential of the isolate as a good probiotic species.
Optimizing The Bacteriocin Production In Strain Of Lactobacillus pentosus Iso...Innspub Net
MRS agar was used for the isolation of Lactobacillus strain. This strain was recognized through biochemical tests and 16S rRNA ribotyping, as Lactobacillus pentosus. Its antibacterial effects were detected by utilizing cell free supernatant (CFS). Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test strains. CFS showed antimicrobial activity against the test strains. CFS was treated with proteinases for the confirmation of loss of antimicrobial activity. Loss of antimicrobial activity on exposure to proteinases indicated the presence of bacteriocin in CFS. CFS was also studied for its antimicrobial effect at different temperatures and pH. Optimum antimicrobial effect was recorded at pH 7 and at temperature 45°C. The current study indicates the antimicrobial activity of strain of L. pentosus against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus.
Автоматизация заочного обслуживания потребителей на примере оказания услуг по передаче электрической энергии и технологического присоединения потребителей к электрическим сетям
Graduate & Post-Graduate Education in IndiaPolicyBoss
As the cost of education continues to spiral northwards, graduate & post graduate education will continue to be expensive and perhaps go beyond the reach of many unless planned for adequately and well in advance. This visual presentation deals with this topic.
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Microbiological and physico-chemical dynamics during the fermentation of the ...Open Access Research Paper
Ablo is wet bread, slightly salty and sweet, steamed and sold in the form of pellets. The study has for objective to follow microbiological and physicochemical changes during the fermentation of the millet’s dough and sorghum’s dough for the production of two new types of Ablo. The methodology adopted consisted in performing production’s essay followed by analyses in the laboratory. The dominant micro flora of the fermentation of millet-based Ablo and sorghum-based Ablo was constituted of lactic bacteria and yeasts and moulds. The evolution of lactic bacteria was inversely proportional to the decrease of the pH and the material dry during fermentation.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Determining the Phytochemical Constituents and the Antimicrobial Activity of ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Plant growth promoting characterization of soil bacteria isolated from petrol...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Contaminant-degrading bacteria can be included among the plant-growth promoting bacteria; because the presence of contaminants, in general produce negatively effects on plant’s growth; thus, the elimination of the inhibiting contaminants will benefit them. Although contaminant-degrading strains have been traditionally isolated from various environments; the number of studies that reported the isolation and identification of soil bacteria with contaminant- degrading abilities have increased. The aim of this study was to characterized microbial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil by plant growth promotion traits to recommend them as potential bioinoculants. In this work, five of the six soil isolates were classified as Indole Acetic Acid higher producers and only one of them as lower producer. Sporosarcina aquimarina strain -Q3 and Bacillus cereus strain +F2 tested in Axonopus affinis plantlets bioassay, showed that these isolates were the most effective promoters of this plant species; therefore, these soil bacteria with possible hydrocarbon degradation ability could be considered as potential bioinoculants and can be recommended with a practical importance for the rhizoremediation of petroleum contaminated sites and plant growth promotion.
Studies on Lysine Accumulation in the Broth Culture of Bacillus Species using...ijtsrd
Lysine production in the broth culture of Bacillus species using carbohydrates as carbon source and seed meals as nitrogen source was investigated. Different carbohydrate and proteins seeds were sourced from an open market in Awka Anambra State South Eastern Nigeria and prepared in the laboratory using standard procedures. The carbohydrates carbon source and seed meals nitrogen source were added into Erlenmeyer flasks containing the basal medium and inoculated with different cultures of Bacillus subtilis PR13, B. subtilis PR9 and B. pumilus SS16. Maize hydrolysate recorded the highest reducing sugar 5.2mg ml , followed by sorghum 4.8mg ml and the least was recorded by sweet potato 2.1mg ml .The best carbon source for maximum lysine yield by B. subtilis PR13 was millet, while for B. subtilis PR9 and B. pumilus SS16 it was sorghum respectively. Maximum lysine production by B. subtilis PR13 was stimulated at a millet concentration of 6 , while enhanced lysine yield by B. subtilis PR9 and B. pumilus SS16 was observed at a sorghum concentration of 6 . The best nitrogen source for enhanced lysine yield by B. subtilis PR13 and B. pumilus SS16 was soyabean meal respectively, while for B. subtilis PR9 the best was peanut meal. Optimum lysine yield by B. subtilis PR13 and B. pumilus SS16 was observed at soyabean concentrations of 4 and 2 respectively, while maximum lysine accumulation by B. subtilis PR9 was observed at 4 . These findings indicate appreciable lysine production capability of Bacillus species when agricultural products are used as carbon and nitrogen sources. Okpalla J. | Ekwealor I. A. "Studies on Lysine Accumulation in the Broth Culture of Bacillus Species using Carbohydrates as Carbon Sources and Seed Meals as Nitrogen Sources" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21444.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/21444/studies-on-lysine-accumulation-in-the-broth-culture-of-bacillus-species-using-carbohydrates-as-carbon-sources-and-seed-meals-as-nitrogen-sources/okpalla-j
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
The occurrence of moulds and aflatoxins in groundnut kernels are of great concern to food
processors and consumers because of their ability to cause spoilage resulting to economic losses and public
health problem such as aflatoxicosis. This study was aimed at determining the presence of Aspergillus species
and aflatoxin levels in fresh harvested and stored groundnuts kernels from non-mechanized groundnut oil
processors in parts of Kaduna State. Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus spp of groundnut kernels;
freshly harvested and stored samples were carried out using standard methods. Aflatoxin levels were
determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that both harvest and stored
products had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus
parasiticus. The four Aspergillus species isolated in descending order were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Though only about 9.02% of the total 260 samples
screened had aflatoxin levels above the 20ppb recommended standard limit by Nigeria National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control, it was obvious that the persistent detection of moulds and total
aflatoxin in this research could be a health threat to both human and animal groundnut products (cake and oil)
consumers.
Reduction of sporulation time by solid state fermentation of Bacillus thuring...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
(48)Screening and identifiation of Bacillus sp. isolated from traditional Vie...minhdaovan
Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms have been attractive in prevention and
treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by their low-cost and safety. This study focused
on screening for the existence of firinolytic enzymes in Vietnamese traditional fermented
soybean paste products and isolation and identifiation of related bacteria. Sixteen fermented
soybean paste samples were collected over three regions of Vietnam in which seven samples
gave the positive results on firinolytic enzyme activity. Miso (MS) and Green Chili (GC)
samples had the highest firinolytic enzyme activities (1.81 and 0.77 FU/g, respectively).
According to morphological features, four strains of bacteria were isolated and all of them
were found to produce firinolytic enzymes. The enzyme activities produced by four isolated
strains were in a range of 29.7 - 77.9 FU/g after culturing on solid state media for 24 h. The
isolated strains were identifid as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using 16 rRNA sequence and
phylogenetic analysis with 99% similarity
Storage Life of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum in Vermiculite B...IJEAB
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is ubiquitous soil borne fungi which provide an intimate link between soil and nutrient absorbing organs of plants. AMF fungi optimize the uptake of phosphorus in plant which results in increase in yield. Production of AMF inoculum and the storage in a viable condition for a longer period of time is still a serious constraint. This study describes the survival capability and infectivity of AMF spores under different storage conditions. The vermiculite based AMF inoculum contained spores of AMF namely Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., Scutellospora sp., Entrophospora sp., and Acaulospora sp., identified from the rhizosphere soil collected from the maize crop cultivated at Mellur block of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, India and the mixed AMF colonized host root bits as propagules. The AMF inoculum spore count was 5-6 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was 100% in the roots of maize plant at the time of packing of the inoculum for storage. During storage, at the end of 180 days the AMF spore count was reduced to 2-5 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was reduced to 90-95%. But the AMF inoculum stored with 10% moisture content at 20ºC - 30ºC and under the light intensity of 1500 lux maintained the same initial spore count of 5-6 / 100g inoculum and infectivity of 99% for the storage period of 150 days (5 months). The results of the present study suggest that AMF propagules, spores and hyphae colonized root bits in the form of vermiculite based culture maintained with 10% moisture content at temperature range of 20ºC - 30ºC and under light condition of 1500 lux for 5 months can be expected to be viable for infectivity in crop plants.
Use of date syrup as alternative carbon source for microbial cultivationPremier Publishers
In the present work, date syrup and date fruit soaked water as alternative carbon source for biomass production of Bacillus megaterium as model organism was optimized. Maximum biomass production was obtained on 2.8, 4.1 g/l for molasses and date fruits soaked respectively. This source was substantially greater than could be attained on media that used various other carbon sources. The optimal medium for producing the biomass was a mineral medium formulated with 8% of date syrup as the carbon source and 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4as the nitrogen source. At optimal fermentation time of 48 hrs, at 30oC.Water soaked and date syrup can be used to inexpensively produce biomassin batch fermentations using B. megaterium as phosphorus solubilizing soil bacteria. Farther more studies should be focused on agriculture cheapest sources as nature alternatives for carbon ear nitrogen sources.
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INVESTIGATE THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS OF FUMONISIN B1
1. I.J.A.B.R, VOL. 5(3) 2015: 209-215 ISSN 2250 – 3579
209
INVESTIGATE THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS OF FUMONISIN B1
FROM LOCAL ISOLATION OF FUSARIUM VERTICILLIOIDES
Sinai W. Mohammed, b
Khalid A. Habib & c
Salim R. Al-Obaidie
aTropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq
bDepartment of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq
cDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides in food and feed and it has been
related with high rates of human esophageal cancer and with increased incidences of neural tube defects in infants of mothers
consuming maize-based products contaminated with this toxin. Therefore the study aimed to investigate the optimal condition
of FB1 production by F. verticillioides. Thirteen local isolates of F. verticillioides isolated from maize screened for their ability
to produce FB1 using ELISA and TLC techniques. Among these isolates, FV1was the most efficient one in production of FB1
(175.39 ppb) on patty maize media, while the concentration of FB1 for the other isolates were ranged between (21.31-
170.51ppb). The optimum production conditions of FB1 using solid state fermentation included: patty maize medium with 30%
moisturizing ratio at 20ºC incubation temperature for twenty one days.
KEYWORDS: Fusarium, FB1, maize, optimal condition.
INTRODUCTION
Several Fusarium species are capable of producing
fumonisins, the most important species are F. verticillioides
(formerly: moniliforme) and F. proliferatum, both included
in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Also,
fumonisins can be produced by F. oxysporum, F.
beomiforme, F. napiforme, F. dlamini, F. globosum, F.
nygamai, F. anthophilum, F. polyphialidicum, F.
subglutinans and F. thapsinum, and Alternaria alternata
(WHO, 2000; Kumar et al., 2008; Yazar & Omurtag, 2008).
As well as, Aspergillus niger has been found to produce
fumonisins such as FB2, FB4 and new series FB6 have been
identified from this fungus (Huffman et al., 2010).
Fumonisins are polyketide mycotoxins found mainly in corn
crop, and in other grains such as: rice, wheat and oat
(Mallmann et al., 2001; Park et al., 2005). Fumonisins
consumption has been related with esophageal cancer in
humans and some other tumors in animals (Creppy, 2002;
Zain, 2011). FB1 produced by Fusarium species have been
first isolated from maize by Bezuidenhout et al. in 1988, and
then maize based products (Sydenham et al., 1991), such as
tortillas (Stack, 1998), and beer (Scott & Lawrence, 1995),
as well as other commodities like rice (Park et al., 2005),
black tea leaves (Martins et al., 2001), asparagus (Logrieco
et al., 1998), and pine nuts (Marin et al., 2007). Many
factors affect the production of FB1 by Fusarium spp. have
been well studied including; solid substrates and liquid
substrates (Vismer et al., 2004), temperature (Marin et al.,
1999; Dilkin et al., 2002), water activity (aw) (Marin et al.,
1999; Samapundo et al., 2005), pH (Keller et al., 1997),
addition of nitrogen repressor (Shim & Woloshuk, 1999),
aeration of the substrate (Keller et al., 1997), and addition of
FB1 precursors (Branham and Plattner, 1993). The study
aimed to investigate optimal condition of FB1 production by
F. verticillioides using ELISA and TLC technique.
MATERIALS & METHODS
Isolation of F. verticillioides
Thirteen local isolates of F. verticillioides isolated form
maize samples that collected from local markets and silos in
Baghdad. Identification of these local isolates based on
colony morphology and microscopic appearance on potato
dextrose agar (PDA), Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA)
and Carnation Leaf Agar (CLA) according to the fungal keys
of Booth (1977) and Leslie & summerell (2006) and the
diagnosis confirmed by species specific PCR according to
Mule et al., (2004) primers.
Spore Suspension
Spore suspension for F. verticillioides prepared according to
the method described by Acharlyakul (2000).
Screening of F. verticilioides isolates for FB1 production
FB1 production on patty maize medium was achieved
according to Vismer et al. (2004). Whole grains were ground
into a fine powder by coffee grinder. Thirty gram of each
grains was taken in Pyrex Petri dishes (15cm diameter) and
thirty ml of distilled water was added. The preparation was
autoclaved at 121o
C for 30min. and allowed to stand
overnight. The sterilization was repeated next day for 30min.
Each of the thirteen isolates was cultured on patty maize
medium in duplicate for each isolate; media were inoculated
2. Production conditions of fumonisin B1 from local isolation of Fusarium verticillioides
210
with 1ml of spore suspension of each tested isolates.
Inoculated Patties were incubated in dark at 25o
C for four
weeks. After which they were dried in a hot air oven at 50o
C
for overnight. Harvested dry patties were grinded by using a
coffee grinder to a fine powder stored in deep freezer (-20°C)
and used for FB1 analysis.
DETERMINATION CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR
FB1 PRODUCTION
1. Effect of different substrates on FB1 production
Selected isolate of F. verticilliodes was grown in each of
three different media (maize, rice and wheat patties).
Duplicate cultures of each media were inoculated with one
ml of spore suspension and then incubated at 25°C for 28
days. At the end of incubation period, they were dried in a
hot air oven at 50o
C for overnight. Harvested dry patties
were grinded by using a coffee grinder to a fine powder
stored in deep freezer (-20 °C) and used for FB1 analysis.
2. Effect of Different Temperature on FB1 production
Three different temperatures (20, 25 and 30) ºC were used to
determine the optimum temperature for FB1 production on
patty maize. Each plate was inoculated with one ml of spore
suspension. All plates were incubated for 28 day, at the end
of incubation period; they were dried in a hot air oven at
50o
C for overnight. Harvested dry patties were grinded by
using a coffee grinder to a fine powder stored in deep freezer
(-20 °C) and used for FB1 analysis.
3.Effect of Different Incubation Period on FB1
Production
Four different time period (7, 14, 21 and 28) days were used
to determine the optimum incubation period for FB1
production on patty maize. Each plate was inoculated with
one ml of spore suspension and incubated at 20ºC for
specific day. At the end of incubation period; they were
dried in a hot air oven at 50o
C for overnight. Harvested dry
patties were grinded by using a coffee grinder to a fine
powder stored in deep freezer (-20°C) and used for FB1
analysis.
4.Effect of Different Moisturizing ratio on FB1
production
Various amount of sterile water (30, 40 and 50%) were used
to determine the optimum moisturizing ratio for FB1
production on patty maize. Each plate was inoculated with
one ml of spore suspension. All plates were incubated for 21
day at 20ºC, after the end of incubation period; they were
dried in a hot air oven at 50o
C for overnight. Harvested dry
patties were grinded by using a coffee grinder to a fine
powder stored in deep freezer (-20 °C) and used for FB1
analysis.
DETECTION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE FB1
1. Thin Layer Chromatography analysis
Ten grams of grinded patty maize culture sample was
weighed and transferred into a 250ml beaker and mixed with
50ml of acetonitrile: water (50:50, v/v). The beaker was
covered with aluminum foil and shaken for 30min. The
mixture was filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter paper. The
filtered solution was evaporated to dryness at 50°C. Dried
extracts stored at 4°C until TLC analysis (Sreenivasa et al.,
2012). TLC plate was activated at 110˚C for 1hr., 2cm from
the bottom and 2cm from the other sides of the plate was left.
Each of crude extract and FB1 standard (5mg) were dissolved
in acetonitrile: water (50:50, v/v) separately. Ten μl of each
standard and crude extract were applied separately on the
same plate. Two replicates were done and allowed the spots
to dry.
The plate was placed in a developing tank which developed
with a solvent system of acetonitrile: water (85:15 v/v) as
described by (Desjardins et al., 1994). When the solvent
system reached to 2cm from the bottom of the plate, the
plate was removed from the tank and allowed to dry. The
plate was sprayed with; 0.5% P-anisaldehyde in (methanol:
sulfuric acid: acetic acid, 90:5:1, v/v/v) and heated at 100ºC
for 5min (Bailly et al., 2005).
2. ELISA analysis
Sample extraction and measure the concentration of FB1
according to manufacture instruction of Biooscientific/ USA.
Preparation of standard FB1
Standard FB1 (Enzolife Science/ USA) was prepared by
dissolving 5 mg of FB1 in 5 ml of acetonitrile: water (50:50,
v/v) and then kept at -20°C.
Purification of FB1
all extracts were combined, evaporated and dissolved in 4ml
of ACN: H2O (50:50, v/v) and filtered through a millipore
filters 0.45 μm and then two ml of filtered extract was added
to 6ml of 1% KCl and loaded into a C18 clean-up column,
which preconditioned with 2ml ACN followed by 1% KCl.
The column was rinsed with 2ml of 1% KCl followed by
2ml of ACN/ H2O (85+15, v/v). The rinses were discarded,
and air was forced through the column to expel all the rinse
solution. FB1was eluted from the column with 2ml of ACN:
H2O (70+30, v/v), and then the eluted was transferred to
small glass vial and evaporated to dryness, then freeze-
stored until analysis (Sreenivasa et al., 2012).
Statistical analysis
All analysis was performed using the statistical package
(SPSS) version thirteen; the data were expressed as mean,
standard deviation SD, percentage. ANOVA was used to
analyze repeated measurement. Results were determined as
very high significant at (P≤ 0.001), high significant (P˂0.01)
and significant at (P˂ 0.05) and non significant at (P˃ 0.05).
RESULTS
The ability of thirteen isolates of F. verticillioides for FB1
production was determined using patty maize medium as a
solid state fermentation as shown in Figure (1), the
production of FB1 in thirteen isolates was detected by
ELISA. Results in Table (1) showed that all F. verticillioides
isolates were FB1 producer. The high level of FB1
production was 175.39 ppb for isolate FV1 on patty maize
media, while the other isolates were ranged between (21.31-
170.51ppb). According to these results, isolate FV1 was
selected to study optimal production condition of FB1, since
it gave the highest productivity.
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211
FIGURE 1: Patty maize culture; A- before inoculation, B -after inoculation
TABLE 1: FB1 production by of F. verticillioides isolates on patty maize media after 28 days, growth at 25ºC.
FB1 ppb (Mean+SD)**Source*Isolates
175.39+3.55a
MFV1
170.51+4.27b
SFV2
168.30+5.68b
MFV3
167.16+5.09b
SFV4
167.19+2.84b
MFV5
165.49+3.88c
MFV6
124.27+3.04d
SFV7
124.29+3.66d
SFV8
121.54+2.27d
MFV9
86.19+2.91d
SFV10
62.46+2.26e
SFV11
34.31+2.58f
SFV12
21.31+2.18g
SFV13
*M= local markets, S= Silo
** Different letter within the same column are significantly different (P≤0.05)
Optimal Condition for FB1 Production
1. Effect of the Substrate
Three substrates were used: rice, wheat and maize, which
have been used as carbon source able to support the growth
and stimulate the production of FB1 by F. verticillioides
strain FV1. The results in Table (2) revealed that the
substrates varied in their ability to induce FB1 production. In
this study high production of FB1 occurs in maize (169.48
ppb) followed by wheat (155.55 ppb) and then rice (148.06).
TABLE 2: FB1 production on different substrate media after 28 days, growth at 25ᵒC
Substrate FB1 ppb (Mean+SD)**
Maize 169.48+4.74a
Wheat 155.55+5.43b
Rice 148.06+3.55c
**Different letter within the same column are significantly different (P≤0.05).
2. Effect of Temperature
Temperature is one of important factors that influence on
FB1 production, therefore it needs to be optimized, and FB1
production was achieved at various temperatures (20, 25 and
30 º C). The optimum temperature for FB1 production by
FV1 isolate was found to be 20°C (157.02 ppb). However,
the increase in the incubation temperature lead to decrease
toxin production as it was illustrated in Table (3).
Table (3): FB1 Production at different temperature after 28 days, on patty maize media
Temperature (ºC) FB1 ppb (Mean+SD)**
20 157.02+7.59a
25 154.46+4.94ab
30 147.29+3.74b
**Different letter within the same column are significantly different (P≤0.05)
3. Effect of Incubation Period
4. Production conditions of fumonisin B1 from local isolation of Fusarium verticillioides
212
FB1 production by FV1 isolate was observed during; 7, 14,
21, 28 days. The results revealed that maximum FB1
production (154.16 ppb) was achieved after 21 days;
however it decreased down to (149.29 ppb) when prolong
incubation to 28 days as shown in Table (4).
TABLE 4: FB1 production for different incubation period at 20ᵒC on patty maize media
Incubation period (day) FB1 ppb (Mean+SD)
7 138.21+2.61a
14 145.40+3.54b
21 154.16+4.26c
28 149.29+3.06b
**Different letter within the same column are significantly different (P≤0.05)
4. Effect of Moisturizing Ratio
Table (5) showed the effect of different moisturizing ratio on
FB1 production by the isolate FV1. A moisturizing ratio of
30% allowed higher levels of toxin accumulation in patty
maize cultures than 40% (123.18ppb) and 50% (115.15ppb).
TABLE 5: FB1 production in different water content on patty maize media at 20ᵒC for 21 Days
Water content (%) FB1 ppb (Mean+SD)**
30 154.13+4.96a
40 123.18+2.83b
50 115.15+3.21c
**Different letter within the same column are significantly different (P≤0.05)
Production and Purification of FB1
FB1 have been produced under optimal condition, using
patty maize culture with moisturizing percentage of 30%,
and incubated at 20ºC for twenty one days. The extracts of
inoculated patty maize substrate with FV1 were analyzed for
FB1 content using both TLC and ELISA kit techniques.
Figure (4-11) showed TLC plate revealed the FB1 spot after
spraying with a mixture of 0.5% p-anisaldehyde, having Rf
values of 0.46 appeared as brown spots under visible light.
FIGURE 2: Detection of crude and standard FB1 by TLC under visible light, St: standard FB1, S1, S2 and S3: samples of
purified FB1
DISCUSSION
The ability of thirteen F. verticillioides isolates for FB1
production was determined using patty maize medium as a
solid state fermentation at 25°C after 28 days of incubation.
ELISA technique was used to measure the concentration of
FB1. A number of studies found that ELISA is suitable for
the rapid detection of FB1 in food and feed samples, because
it is sensitive, quick and accurate (Barna-Vetro et al., 2000;
Wang et al., 2011). The study observed that all thirteen
isolates of F. verticillioides had the ability to produce FB1 in
different concentration, because these isolates had fum1 gene
(PKA gene), which required for FB1 biosynthesis (Proctor et
al.,1999). The high level of FB1 production by F.
verticillioides FV1 isolate was used to study the factors that
affect the production of FB1.
FB1 spot
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213
In this study the first factor studied was the effect of
different substrates (maize, rice and wheat) were used as
cultures media to support the growth and stimulate the
production of FB1 by F. verticillioides FV1 isolate.
According to ELISA analysis found that patty maize
medium gave good production of FB1 as compared with rice
and wheat patties media. The highest production of FB1 by
F. verticillioides was obtained from patty maize medium,
(Vismer et al., 2004; Bailly et al. 2005), therefore, patty
maize medium is the best medium for screening large
numbers of F. verticillioides isolates which produce FB1,
because it is simple, inexpensive and available. The
concentration of FB1 depends on the origin of isolates
including: a host plant and a geographic region. Under
laboratory conditions; isolates of F. verticillioides which
obtained from maize synthesis more FB1on maize culture
than these which obtained from wheat or barley (Visconti &
Doko, 1994). The research study by Nelson et al. (1991) also
showed that strains of F. verticillioides isolated from various
substrates and geographic areas, for FB1 production, found
that the most strains from maize-based feed (16/20) were
high producers, while among the strains isolated from millet
and sorghum grain, were low producers (4/15). Temperature
is one of important factors that affect FB1 production, so it
need to be optimized; FB1 production was achieved at
various temperature (20, 25and 30 ºC), the optimum
temperature for FB1 production by FV1 isolate was found to
be 20 ºC, as noticed in Table (3), the same result obtained by
Hinojo et al. (2006). Several studies found the optimum
temperature for FB1 production range between 20-25ºC
(Marin et al., 2004; Bailly et al., 2005; Mogensen et al.,
2009; Medina et al., 2013). The increase in the incubation
temperature lead to decrease FB1 production because
temperature can effects all vital events in the cell directly
through influence in the genetic material, enzymes and lipids
in the cell membrane and lead to influence in; fungal growth,
germination, metabolites formation and sporulation, also the
activity of fungi declined exponentially when the
temperature for growth, reached more than optimum
temperature (Raghvarao et al., 2003). The study observed
that incubation period, also effect on FB1 production. The
optimum FB1 production was 21 days at 20 ºC and then
decrease when prolonged the incubation period to 28 days.
Similar with Alberts et al.(1990) that found the higher FB1
production at 21days.. Other studies reported that the
incubation period for FB1 production by F. verticillioides on
corn cultures was range between fourteen days to five weeks
(Vismer et al., 2004; Bailly et al., 2005).The decrease in
FB1 contents after several weeks of culture may be due to
both; the decrease of metabolic precursors and enzymatic
cleavage of the toxins within the culture medium (Le Bars et
al., 1994). Another important factor that effect on the FB1
production observed in this study was moisturizing ratio.
The optimum moisture content obtained at 30%. Solid
substrates used in solid state fermentation are insoluble in
water therefore; water will have to be absorbed on to the
substrate particles, which could be used by the fungi for
growth and metabolic activity. Therefore the degree of
hydration of the substrate plays an important role on the
growth fungi and then the toxin production (Pandey, 1992).
The importance of water for solid state fermentation is
attributed to the fact that the majority of microbial cells
require about 70-80% moisture content for new cell
biosynthesis. Furthermore, moisture level is very important
factors affecting stability, biosynthesis and secretion of
fungal metabolites (Pandey et al., 1999).
The optimum moisture is depended on some other
parameters such as nature of substrate, microorganism and
studied metabolite. Low moisture may reduce the solubility
and swelling capacity of substrate causing high-water
tension, decreasing growth and metabolite production. A
reduction in metabolite biosynthesis at higher moisture than
the optimum is due to hindrance of microorganisms growth
through reduction in inter particle space, decreased porosity,
gummy texture, alteration in particles of substrate structure
and impaired oxygen transfer (Rathakrishnan and Nagarajan,
2011).
Marin, et al. (2004) found that temperature and moisturizing
ratio of substrate are important factors for growth of
mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp., that are mostly mesophilic
and hygrophilic fungal strains and acting as parasites on
living plants.Infection of maize with Fusarium spp. and
contamination by different mycotoxins are generally
affected by many factors including environmental conditions
(temperature, humidity) and pre-and postharvest handling.
These factors do not influence infection independently but
most often there are complex interactions. The higher
concentration of nutrients and the loss of consistency due to
the temperature treatment may enable the moulds to colonize
the corn easily also, the moisture conditions during the
growing season as well as during storage are often pointed
out to affect maize infection by Fusarium spp. and
mycotoxins synthesis (Fodor et al., 2006). Acetonitrile and
methanol are the best extraction solvents for the fumonisins,
because FBs are very polar, therefore the solubility of FBs
are consistent in methanol, acetonitrile and their aqueous
forms (WHO, 2000). In this work, the extraction of FB1 was
performed with acetonitrile-water (50:50). The major
important of using ACN:H2O for extraction is due to lower
toxicity of this solvent compared with other solvent,
therefore could be used as oral administration for
experimental animals without further purification of FB1
(Bailly et al., 2005).TLC considered an economical
analytical method that was used for the detection of FB1
production by Fusarium species. It is an important tool in
countries that often produce and export agricultural
commodities, because do not have expensive equipment at
their disposal, it is a relatively simple and useful technique
(Maheshwar and Janardhana, 2010).
CONCLUSION
Our findings demonstrate that the optimal production
conditions for FB1 by using patty maize culture with 30%
moisturizing ratio at 20ºC incubation temperature for twenty
one days.
6. Production conditions of fumonisin B1 from local isolation of Fusarium verticillioides
214
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