The temporal bone contributes to the base and lateral wall of the skull. It is divisible into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The squamous part forms the temporal fossa and articulates with other bones. The mastoid part projects backward and houses air cells. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The tympanic part forms parts of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic cavity. The temporal bone articulates with surrounding bones and contains numerous structures important for hearing and cranial nerve transmission.
Lateral skull base anatomy and applied science by Dr, bomkar bamBomkar Bam
the lateral skull base is complex anatomy that is usually students finds difficult to understand. here concise literature is made to understand the skull base more easily.
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Cochlear Fluid is the one of the most important fluid not only for hearing sensation but also for the balance of human body. It is very important to know the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of cochlear fluid mechanism to know the various pathological conditions of inner ear.
Lateral skull base anatomy and applied science by Dr, bomkar bamBomkar Bam
the lateral skull base is complex anatomy that is usually students finds difficult to understand. here concise literature is made to understand the skull base more easily.
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Cochlear Fluid is the one of the most important fluid not only for hearing sensation but also for the balance of human body. It is very important to know the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of cochlear fluid mechanism to know the various pathological conditions of inner ear.
Infratemporal fossa a systematic approachAugustine raj
infratemporal fossa is a irregular space with numerous neurovascular structures. an attempt has been made by me to decode all the boundaries and structures in a systematic way. sincere thanks to Dr. Viren Karia for his awesome video.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
Infratemporal fossa a systematic approachAugustine raj
infratemporal fossa is a irregular space with numerous neurovascular structures. an attempt has been made by me to decode all the boundaries and structures in a systematic way. sincere thanks to Dr. Viren Karia for his awesome video.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
This presentation deals with the inside of the skull (cranial cavity) and description of some separate bones. There is another presentation “Skull - the normas” that describes norma verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis and is necessary to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
Head & Neck Anatomy the EYEBALL lec 7.pdfssuser386649
In the study of head and neck anatomy, the focus is on the structure and function of the eyeball and its surrounding parts. This topic covers anatomical details such as the structure of the lens, iris, vitreous body, and retina, along with supporting and protective elements like the bony orbit and surrounding tissues of the eye.
Rhinomanometry is a form of manometry used in evaluation of the nasal cavity. Rhinomanometry is a standard diagnostic tool aiming to objectively evaluate the respiratory function of the nose. It measures pressure and flow during normal inspiration and expiration through the nose. Increased pressure during respiration is a result of increased resistance to airflow through nasal passages (nasal blockage), while increased flow, which means the speed of airstream, is related to better patency. Nasal obstruction leads to increased values of nasal resistance. Rhinomanometry may be used to measure only one nostril at a time (anterior rhinomanometry) or both nostrils simultaneously (posterior rhinomanometry).
rhinimanometryRhinomanometry is a form of manometry used in evaluation of the nasal cavity. Rhinomanometry is a standard diagnostic tool aiming to objectively evaluate the respiratory function of the nose. It measures pressure and flow during normal inspiration and expiration through the nose. Increased pressure during respiration is a result of increased resistance to airflow through nasal passages (nasal blockage), while increased flow, which means the speed of airstream, is related to better patency. Nasal obstruction leads to increased values of nasal resistance. Rhinomanometry may be used to measure only one nostril at a time (anterior rhinomanometry) or both nostrils simultaneously (posterior rhinomanometry).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. ⚫ The paired
temporal bones
contribute to both
the base and the
lateral wall of the
skull.
⚫ For cranial cavity
each forms part of
the middle and
posterior cranial
fossae.
3. ⚫ Each bone is divisible
into the following four
parts:
1.Squamous
2.Mastoid
3.Petrous
4.Tympanic
When the pores of the
external acoustic
meatus is taken as a
point of topographical
referrence,the
squamous part is
directed upward
the mastoid part
backward
the tympanic forward
and downward
the petrous portion
medially.
4. The temporal bone articulates with :
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone.
5.
6. The Squamous Part
The squama is
a vertical
plate,the
semicircular
free border of
which is serrate
on
anterosuperior
portion and
bevelled from
within.
22. ⚫ The medial
surface:
presents a
deep groove
,the sigmoid
sulcus for
lodgement of
the sigmoid
venous sinus
of the dura
mater.
23.
24. The petrous part
⚫This part of the temporal bone is like a
three sided pyramid.
⚫The base united with the mastoid part
is inserted into the angle between
occipital and sphenoid bones.
⚫The apex is directed medially and
forward.
25.
26. The foramen lacerum intervenes between the
apex and the sphenoid bone .
Structure passing whole length:
Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal
artery
Emissary veins
Other structure partialy traversing is :
Internal carotid artery with venous and
sympathetic plexus around it.
Greater petrosal nerve unite with dep petrosal
nerve to form nerve to pterygoid canal
28. The Petrous part has got three surfaces:
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior.
29. ⚫The anterior surface:
It is smooth , forms part of the middle
cranial fossa and inclines forward and
downward.
⚫Laterally it is fused with squama at the
petrosquamous suture.
The petrous part…
30.
31. The petrous part…
⚫ The anterior margin(termed the anterior
angle) is free & roughened , with the
greater wing of the sphenoid bone bounds
an opening : the musculotubal canal
⚫ Canal is subdivided by leaflet of bone into
smaller upper part - the semicanal for the
tensor tympani muscle
and
a large lower portion the semicanal of
auditory(eustachian ) tube
32.
33. ⚫ Near the middle of the anterior surface is
the Arcuate eminence ,caused by
underlying superior semicircular canal.
⚫ Anterior and lateral to this eminence is the
tympanic tegmen,which forms the roof of
the tympanic cavity.
34.
35.
36. ⚫ In the anterior direction near the apex is
a medial opening, hiatus of the facial
canal
(it transmits the superficial petrosal
branch of the middle meningeal artery
and the greater superficial petrosal
nerve)
and
a lateral smaller opening, superior
aperture of the tympanic canaliculus(it
transmits the superior tympanic artery
and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve)
37.
38.
39. The posterior surface:
⚫ It lies in an almost vertical plane and it
faces the posterior cranial fossa.
⚫ It is bounded above at the superior angle
by the sulcus for superior petrosal sinus,
⚫ below at the posterior angle ,the pyramid
unites with the occipital bone ,along the
line of fusion accommodating the sulcus
for inferior petrosal sinus.
40.
41. ⚫ Midway between the base and apex is the
opening of internal acoustic meatus(short
canal for acoustic and facial nerves and the
internal auditory blood vessels)
⚫ Behind and above this is the subarcuate
fossa (it carries blood vessels to otic
capsule during fetal life.) it is of pin point
caliber in adults and may transmit small
veins to dura mater.
⚫ Further laterally and downward is the
vestibular aqueduct (for transmission of
endolymphatic duct and sac)
42.
43. The inferior surface :
⚫ The inferior surface of pyramid lies in horizontal
plane.
⚫ With occipital bone this surface forms the jugular
foramen
44. ⚫ The lateral
part of the
foramen
contains the
junction of
sigmoid sinus
and the
internal
jugular vein
⚫ Medial part
contains
inferior
petrosal sinus
and middle
portion
contains
cranial
nerves IX,X
and XI.
45. ⚫ In front of the lateral compartment of the
foramen is jugular fossa (for the bulb of
jugular vein).
⚫ Medial to fossa is the funnel-shaped
external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus
(containing perilymphatic duct).
⚫ In front of the fossa is the external carotid
foramen(entrance to the canal for the
internal carotid artery and its plexus of veins
and sympathetic nerves.)
46.
47. ⚫ Near the external carotid foramen small
openings ,the caroticotympanic canaliculi
are present which transmit the
caroticotympanic artery and nerves into the
middle ear.
⚫ The external carotid foramen is separated
from the jugular fossa by the carotid ridge.
On the edge of the carotid ridge is petrosal
fossula for lodgement of petrosal ganglion
of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
At the bottom of this fossula ,tympanic
canaliculus is situated ,which transmits
tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
(Jacbson’s nerve) and tympanic branch of
ascending pharyngeal artery.
48.
49. ⚫ Rough jugular surface behind the jugular
fossa articulates with the jugular process of
the occipital bone.
⚫ Lateral to this surface,a downward directed
cylindrical spur ,the styloid process is
present.
⚫ The stylomastoid foramen is present at its
base on the posterior aspect.
⚫ This is the external orifice of the facial canal
and transmits the facial nerve ,the
stylomastoid artery and in some cases the
auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
50.
51. ⚫ Mastoid
incisure/notch (for
the attachment of
the digastric
muscle) and the
temoral/occipital
groove(for the
occipital artery) is
present in the
posterior direction.
52. The Tympanic Part
⚫ The tympanic bone is thin and roughly
quadrilateral bone.
⚫ It is hollow above and concave in front
and below.
⚫ It forms all the anterior and inferior wall
and part of posterior wall of the external
acoustic meatus.
⚫ The posterosuperior surface faces the
external acoustic meatus and the
tympanic cavity.
53.
54. ⚫ The middle of anteroinferior surface is thin &
sometimes presenting a small Foramen of
Huschke.
⚫ It represents a nonossified portion of the
plate.
⚫ At the medial end a groove called tympanic
sulcus is present whichh is deficient
superiorly ,the tympanic membrane is present
in this sulcus.
⚫ The inferior surface is prolonged into a
vaginal process,which encircles the lateral
aspect of the base of the styloid process.
55.
56.
57. Sutures and Articulations
Articulations:
The temporal bone articulates with:
⚫ occipital
⚫ parietal
⚫ Sphenoid
⚫ zygomatic bones and – by a movable
joint- with the mandible.
⚫ Articulations are formed also with the
auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone
through the ligaments.
58.
59. Embryology and Ossification
⚫The skull is developed from the
mesenchyme surrounding the
developing brain.
⚫Some of the bones of skull are formed in
membrane, some in cartilage and some
partly in membrane and partly in
cartilage.
⚫The squamous and tympanic parts of the
temporal bone develop in membrane
while the petrous part in the cartilage.
⚫The squamous portion of the subsequent
temporal bone is formed from one(or
two) ossification centers which arise in
membrane in the second month of
60. ⚫ The tympanic portion has three ossification
centers which appear by ninth to tenth fetal
week.
⚫ The tympanic and squamous part unite by ninth
month of fetal life.
⚫ The petrous bone by the fifth month is
represented by the otic capsule. This bone later
ossifies in 14 centers. (petrous part is formed in
cartilage.)
⚫ squamous and petrous part fuse immediately
after birth.
⚫ The styloid process (formed in cartilage) ossifies
from six months onwards.
⚫ Zygomatic bone arises as a thin bony plate by
ossification in membrane at the end of second
month of embryonic life.
61. Applied anatomy and important
relations
⚫ Glossopharyngeal nerve lies in close relation to
styloid process and Elongated styloid process or
calcified stylohoid ligament may lead to Eagle’s
syndrome or styalgia.(characterised by pain in
tonsillar fossa and upper neck , radiating to
ipsilateral ear and aggravated on swallowing)
⚫ Mac Ewen’s triangle is a landmark for mastoid
antrum and is formed by posterosuperior wall of
external acoustic meatus ,the posterior extension
of the root of zygomatic arch and a tangent to it
joining external auditory canal.
⚫ The position of sigmoid sinus in the sigmoid
sulcus just behind and deep to the mastoid
antrum makes it vulnerable to damage in mastoid
surgeries.
62. ⚫ The anterior relation of temporomandibular joint to
external acoustic meatus is important as over
enthusiastic attempts at straightening the anterior canal
wall can lead to sagging of head of mandible in external
auditory canal.
⚫ And for the same reason a backward directed force on
the mandible can cause trauma and bleeding in
external auditory canal(either unilateral or bilateral)
⚫ The intratemporal course of the facial nerve from the
entrance of facial canal at the fundus of internal
acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen is
extremely important in ear surgeries.
⚫ The horizontal semicircular canal ,the processus
cochleariformis , the oval window , the pyramid , the
aditus , digastric ridge and the short process of incus
are few important landmarks which help to identify the
position and course of facial nerve in the temporal
bone.