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- 1. A Brief History before European Contact © Ruth Writer 2015 Western Michigan University https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710/1307460872523
- 2. There are 3 separate federally-recognized indigenous groups: 1. First Nations (Native American/Amerindian – US term “Indian” considered pejorative with use reserved for historic reference. • Most heterogeneous • South of tree line • Inuit • Most homogeneous • Arctic • Métis • Most recent • Union of Euro fur traders and Natives * This group does not receive attention here because they were not a recognized group before European contact.
- 3. • First Nations Arrived in Canada approximately 15,000 years ago • Beringia—Bering Strait Theory • Other theories abound • Hopewell Culture • Knew ecosystems well and exploited them • Hunters and Gatherers • Sparsely populated—500,000 to 2 million • Most dense on Northwest Coast and in Iroquois Nation • Sparest in Arctic • Diversity of culture • Diversity of language • Egalitarian societies with consensus the rule
- 5. 1. First Nations (Native American/Amerindian) • Newfoundland Beothuk (separate people) • Northeastern Woodland • Algonquin First • Iroquois • Plains • Plateau • Pacific [Northwest] Coastal • Subarctic 2. Inuit • Arctic locations
- 7. www.maps.com
- 9. • Similar geography • Similar resources • Similar economy • Similar language • Similar culture • Similar religious concepts • Similar lifestyles • Most diverse in Pacific Northwest—first settlements
- 11. • Majority of First Nations: nomadic hunters- gatherers/fishermen • Evolved over thousands of years • Knew resources • Exploited resources • Technology was knowledge of land not tools
- 13. • Original “Redskins” due to use of red ochre • Coastal lifestyles but isolated • Fished [sturgeon, lobster], hunted, gathered eggs • Moved inland in winter—caribou, moose • Summers along coast • Birch bark canoes, snowshoes, sleds • Homes: birch banked with dirt, central fire • Concept of personal property problematic • FINAL BEOTHUK—Shanawdithit in 1829 http://www.novaweather.net/main.html
- 15. Photos by R. Writer - Newfoundland, 2011
- 17. Atlantic Coastal First Nations
- 18. • People of the Rising Sun • Coastal—fish, sea mammals, seal, birds, walrus—90% of food • Hook, line, weirs, harpoons, traps, spearing with torch light • Canoes, snowshoes, sleds, toboggans • Homes like wigwams—portable on backs • Lacrosse likely began here • Mi’kmaq of Gaspé and Atlantic regions • Abenaki of Québec south of St. Lawrence River [blonde]
- 20. Abenaki wigwam, clothing--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki Abenaki village--http://www.cowasuckabenaki.com/timeline.html Mi’kmaq family circa 1899—www.gov.pe.ca Interactive information can be found at: https://prezi.com/uu90ln9rg4zk/the-nulhegan-abenaki-tribe
- 21. Algonquin
- 22. • Eastern Canada, Great Lakes and North of St. Lawrence • Most widespread linguistic group • Nomadic seasonally • Large band in summer with smaller groups in winter • Trade and farm by 800 A.D. • Slash and burn—moved every 10-50 years • Three sisters, rice • Land of the white pine • Male dominance in tribe • Wigwams—mobility • Ojibwa, Potawatomi, Ottawa, Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Naskapi
- 23. • 30,000 likely by 1600 (in 25 villages) • 4 to 5 nations at southern end of Georgian Bay/Lake Simcoe • Fishing • Furthest north for farming [135-142 frost free days] • 7000 acres under cultivation • Corn, beans, squash, tobacco, hemp twine • Feast of the Dead • Dead put in ossuary periodically • Trade Crossroads • Assumed the French were poor when they came to Huronia • Huron, Tobacco, Erie and Neutral tribes
- 24. Denise Boiteau, et. al. Origins: A History of Canada. Markham: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Ltd., 1989. p. 37.
- 26. • Origins in St. Lawrence region with Woodland First Nations http://filacrosse.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/indian_lacrosse_592x433.jpg
- 27. Iroquois
- 28. • South of St. Lawrence—Perhaps best known First Nations group • Less nomadic hunters and agricultural base—3 sisters • Corn, beans, squash • Slash and burn • Long houses up to 25’x200’—apartments on both sides— communal with palisades around village • Matriarchal society—moved with female, took mom’s name • Trade with Algonquin—corn and tobacco • Limited warfare—retaliation, ritualistic • Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca
- 30. Iroquois village circa 1651-- www.1st-art-gallery-com
- 33. Source and for more information: http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/appearance.html
- 34. Photos by R. Writer
- 35. • Nomadic--sparse population—1 per 10 square miles • Basis of all life—BUFFALO [drives and jumps] supermarket on hooves • Food • Shelter • Clothing • Fuel • Tools • Teepees • Horses after mid-1500s • Warfare—counting coup • Sun dance—sun origin of all life • Plains Ojibway, Crow, Plains Cree, Blackfoot, Crow, Sioux, Blood
- 36. Source: Painting by Alfred Jacob Miller http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_jump
- 38. Photos by R. Writer
- 39. • Mountains, plateaus, valleys • Desert to heavy forest • Most diverse • Stable, sedentary life with mobility and trade in summer • Pit homes—circular—or teepees made of hemp at times • Bison then later elk, deer • Fishing and gathering • Tattoos on face • Crazy Dog Society—vowed never to retreat • Salish, Kutenai, Athapaskans Crazy Dog Society Source: http://www.nativi.altervista.org/page_15.htm Pit House Source: http://wgssplateau.weebly.com
- 40. Photos by R. Writer
- 41. • Highest population density • Maritime dependent—salmon, halibut, seals, clams, cod, seaweed, kelp, urchins, whales especially on Vancouver Island • Rainforest [cedar]—dugout canoes, plank homes, totem poles • Gatherers—berries, plants, nuts • Hunting—bear, deer, elk • Complex hierarchy—chief, nobility, commoners, slaves [33%] • Potlatch—give away feasts, social status—reciprocity of tangible and immaterial goods, i.e. songs, dances, rituals • 16 languages within 5 families • Lip plugs, ear spools • Female descent—exogamous marriage in North not in South • Haida, Tlingit, Salish, Chinook, Nootka, Tsimshian
- 42. Source: Royal British Columbia Museum—photo by R. Writer
- 43. Haida house source: www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com; Chilkat weaving and Potlatch: www.wikipedia.com
- 44. Source: Royal British Columbia Museum
- 45. Exhibit - Hell’s Gate, BC
- 46. Photos by R. Writer
- 48. • Taiga and tundra • Nomadic hunters (caribou, moose, bear used like buffalo) • Some slash and burn • Least known—few traces of small nomadic bands • Barren land—few trees but lots of bugs • Teepees with banked snow in winter • Pierced nose, tattoos • Fur trade • Tagish, Carrier, Slave, Beaver, Dogrib, Chipewyan, Swampy Cree, Montagnais Photo source: www.wikipedia.com; www.furtrapper.com
- 49. Photos by R. Writer
- 52. • Northernmost (Arctic) Indigenous Peoples —most recent arrivals • Strong, rugged to cope with harsh living conditions • Main foods—meat, blubber—eaten raw • Dog sleds—distance in sleeps not miles • Kayaks and umiaks [larger for ocean travel] • Snow goggles • Igloo in winter, skin tent in summer • No source of wood—seal oil • Last to come in contact with Euro culture • Impacted by World War II
- 53. Photo Sources: http://www.tradition-orale.ca/english/photo-83.html; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_snow_goggles ; http://fortheloveofthedogblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/inuit_anddogs.jpg
- 54. Photo by R. Writer -– Taken atop Whistler Mountain after 2010 Winter Olympic Games
- 55. • All living things related—web of life • Balance between nature and man • Polytheistic—problematic with Europeans • Harmony—peaceful cooperation • Ceremonies, rituals, taboos • All powerful spirit recognized by many tribes • Shamans • False Face Society--Healing powers • Dream guessing • Worship on personal level • #4—directions, seasons, parts of plants, colors, etc.
- 56. Boiteau, Denise, et.al. Origins: A History of Canada. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1989. pg 42
- 57. • Group as well as self • Egalitarian division of labor • Consensus ruled • Communal property—problematic after European contact • Role of humor • Games and sports • Hospitable • Wars not as violent pre-contact—captives, hostages adopted • Marriage • Children center of attention—not corrected
- 58. • Culture not possible without orderly trade alliances • Good relationships • Blood ties • Value of goods and gifts but not accumulation of wealth • Acquiring prestige more important than wealth • Gift exchanges—social and diplomatic obligation • Far ranging trade routes using rivers, lakes and coastlines • Obsidian from Pacific coast found way to eastern Canada • Copper from Lake Superior mistaken by Cartier for copper on Saguenay • Chert, flint, shells, abalone, oolachon oil from Pacific • Trade languages developed then incorporated Euro
- 59. • Disease—smallpox, measles, etc. • Diet—altered dramatically • Demoralized—alcohol • Drawn into Euro conflicts—French v. English • Guns—new type of weapon • Type of genocide
- 60. • Assembly of First Nations • Status v. Non status—based on status of husband • Both Native and Canadian only in 1960s • Treaty Rights—fishing, logging, • Environment - resource use/management, XKL pipeline (Idle No More) • Land Claims back to Proclamation of 1763 - Oka in 1990/Few in BC • Economic conditions—jobs, poverty, 33% no running water • Urbanization—40% live off reserve • Justice—incarceration rates high • Health and Social Issues —TB, addiction, lack of hospitals • Education—residential schools • Self government—NUNAVUT in 1999
- 61. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 55
- 66. • The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. • Boiteau, Denise, et.al. Origins: A History of Canada. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1989. • Crompton, Samuel Willard, ed. Illustrated Atlas of Native American History. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books Inc., 1999. • Dickason, Olive Patricia. Canada’s First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1992. • Liversey, Robert and Smith, A.G. Discovering Canada: Native Peoples. Toronto: Stoddart, 1993. • Marshall, Ingeborg. The Beothuk of Newfoundland: A Vanished People. St. John’s, NL: Breakwater Books, 1989. • Morrison, R. Bruce and Wilson, C. Roderick, ed. Native Peoples: The Canadian Experience. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1995. • Morgan, Lewis Henry. League of the Iroquois. New York: Corinth Books Inc., 1962. • Trigger, Bruce G. Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s Heroic Age Reconsidered. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1985. • http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/shawnadithit_6E.html • http://drarchaeology.com/map/beringamigration.jpg • http://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/PlanYourTrip/Detail/210411
Editor's Notes
- Alternative theories
- 3 sisters—corn, beans, squash
- Origins
- Photos by R. Writer 2013
- Display at BC Museum
- Photos by R. Writer—Duncan, BC--2013
- Photo by R. Writer—Whistler 2013
- National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations