Using the examples of wave and vector diagrams, we study the conditions for the appearance of components of inactive power in an AC network, which are known as reactive power and distortion power. It is shown that the components of the active, reactive power and distortion power are mutually orthogonal and form a power balance, which can be violated mainly due to methodological errors in calculating these components under conditions of non-stationary mode parameters. It is established that the interaction of reactive power and distortion power occurs at the instantaneous power level, and changing their phase shifts allows you to adjust the shape of the resulting power without involving additional active power in the AC network. The results obtained will allow not only to correctly determine the proportion and nature of the components of inactive capacities, which is valuable for solving the problems of optimizing modes in AC networks, but also to create effective technical means of compensating for the identified inactive capacities in the future.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Study and Estimation of Energy Transfer to the Active DC-Link Capacitor Due t...Premier Publishers
Adjustable Speed Drives are extensively used in Processes Industries. To achieve optimum performance parameters and high production output, it is necessary to operate the drive systems at different speeds. Variable speed operation is realized by supplying the drive motor with variable frequency supply through DC link inverter. When the drive system is operated at varying speeds, it injects current harmonics into the DC link which are multiples of the operating fundamental frequency. These harmonics are passed on to the grid lines with frequencies which are non-integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the Grid supply. These are called as injected inter harmonics. This paper presents a methodology to estimate energy transfer to active DC link capacitor due to inter-harmonics. It is necessary to calculate the amount of energy stored in active capacitor, when the ripple energy is positive. The principle of mitigating the inter-harmonic is transferring energy to the capacitor when the ripple energy is positive and during the negative half cycle of the inter-harmonic the energy is fed back to the DC link. The work involves simulation and analytical methods for the calculation of instantaneous voltage and current of capacitor and inductor respectively.
Small Signal Modelling of a Buck Converter using State Space Averaging for Ma...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nowadays, step-down power converters such as buck scheme are widely employed in a variety of applications such as power supplies, spacecraft power systems, hybrid vehicles and power supplies in particle accelerators. This paper presents a comprehensive small-signal model for the DC-DC buck converter operated under Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) for a magnetic load. Initially, the buck converter is modeled using state-space average model and dynamic equations, depicting the converter, are derived. The proposed model can be used to design powerful, precise and robust closed loop controller that can satisfy stability and performance conditions of the DC-DC buck regulator. This model can be used in any DC-DC converter (Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost) by modifying the converter mathematical equations.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Study and Estimation of Energy Transfer to the Active DC-Link Capacitor Due t...Premier Publishers
Adjustable Speed Drives are extensively used in Processes Industries. To achieve optimum performance parameters and high production output, it is necessary to operate the drive systems at different speeds. Variable speed operation is realized by supplying the drive motor with variable frequency supply through DC link inverter. When the drive system is operated at varying speeds, it injects current harmonics into the DC link which are multiples of the operating fundamental frequency. These harmonics are passed on to the grid lines with frequencies which are non-integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the Grid supply. These are called as injected inter harmonics. This paper presents a methodology to estimate energy transfer to active DC link capacitor due to inter-harmonics. It is necessary to calculate the amount of energy stored in active capacitor, when the ripple energy is positive. The principle of mitigating the inter-harmonic is transferring energy to the capacitor when the ripple energy is positive and during the negative half cycle of the inter-harmonic the energy is fed back to the DC link. The work involves simulation and analytical methods for the calculation of instantaneous voltage and current of capacitor and inductor respectively.
Small Signal Modelling of a Buck Converter using State Space Averaging for Ma...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nowadays, step-down power converters such as buck scheme are widely employed in a variety of applications such as power supplies, spacecraft power systems, hybrid vehicles and power supplies in particle accelerators. This paper presents a comprehensive small-signal model for the DC-DC buck converter operated under Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) for a magnetic load. Initially, the buck converter is modeled using state-space average model and dynamic equations, depicting the converter, are derived. The proposed model can be used to design powerful, precise and robust closed loop controller that can satisfy stability and performance conditions of the DC-DC buck regulator. This model can be used in any DC-DC converter (Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost) by modifying the converter mathematical equations.
Representing Tap-changer Transformers in Conic Relaxation Optimal Power Flowsinventionjournals
Conic optimization has been applied optimal power flow (OPF) problem recently. Present conic relaxation OPFs only consider for the continuous decision variables, and the transformer tap ratios have not been treated as optimization variables. Based on angle relaxed branch power flow, an extended branch power flow model with tap-changer transformers is proposed. The tap-changer transformers were modeled with bilinear functions. Then the McCormick envelopes were deployed to exactly reformulate the bilinear functions with linear constrains. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained in the test systems
Harmonic Minimization using PSO of meld μgird-MLCIIJERA Editor
Microgrids are new approach of electrical systems consisting of distributed generators, renewable energy sources and sensitive loads. The objective of microgrid operation is to serve reliable and high-quality electric power regardless of faults or abnormal operating conditions. A transformation is being observed to advance the part of distributed generations from alternate the constitutional source in the network of microgrid. In this paper Microgrid with three important distributed generators & an effective solution for protection of sensitive loads against voltage disturbances in power distribution system are considered. The main objective is to lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the cascaded multilevel inverter, which is an optimization problem and can be clear up by applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach are considered in the paper. The simulation outcome fair that the prospective PSO method is truly adept of concluding outstanding attributes of the decision to eliminate the 3rd, 5th and 7th order harmonics and within the range of modulation index the total harmonic distortion must be reduced for meld μgrid-MLCI.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
A Novel Hybrid Dstatcom Topology for Load Compensation with Non-Stiff SourceIJERA Editor
The distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt active filter, which injects currents into the point
of common coupling (PCC) (the common point where load, source, and DSTATCOM are connected) such that
the harmonic filtering, power factor correction, and load balancing can be achieved. The distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) is used for load compensation in power distribution network. A new topology for
DSTATCOM applications with non-stiff source is proposed. The proposed topology enables DSTATCOM to
have a reduced dc-link voltage without compromising the compensation capability. It uses a series capacitor
along with the interfacing inductor and a shunt filter capacitor. With the reduction in dc-link voltage, the
average switching frequency of the insulated gate bipolar transistor switches of the D-STATCOM is also
reduced. Consequently, the switching losses in the inverter are reduced. Detailed design aspects of the series and
shunt capacitors are discussed in this paper. A simulation study of the proposed topology has been carried out
using MATLAB environment and the results analyzed.
With the purpose of rein in the high voltage of flexible power systems, renovation and
amendment of multi-level structures aimed at acquisition of high quality voltage is certainly required. In this
regard, robust topology must be occupied that encompass the maximum output voltage levels along with
minimum of switch number, of course, with taking into account of Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV). In this
paper, a neoteric high-performance multilevel cascaded inverter is suggested up to the problem of
repetitive output levels to be unraveled and also number of output voltage levels to be maximized. It has
been constructed by series-connected multilevel inverters blocks and three-level inverter. The simulation
results along with experimental results extracted by manufactured prototype have transparently approved
high efficiency of proposed inverter as well as its feasibility. Apart from above, new mathematical approach
has been presented to calculate and define the DC voltage sources magnitudes in asymmetric converter.
The Interaction between Load Circuits and Decision of Frequency for Efficient ...IJECEIAES
This paper derives an expression of efficiency of wireless power transfer on a situa- tion that there are two devices towards one AC power supply. The interaction between a power supply and load is paid attention on a conventional wireless power transfer system, in contrast, the interaction between loads must be taken account of on the situation too. This is attributed to a possibility that a load disturbs the energy transmitted from a power supply to another load. Moreover each load needs different frequency of power supply for the ideal transfer since they have different natural frequencies on many situations. This paper models a circumstance that there are a power supply and two loads with a state space equation, and proposes how to decide a frequency of power supply to realize efficient transfer for each load.
Calculating Voltage Instability Using Index Analysis in Radial Distribution ...IJMER
This paper presents analysis of voltage stability index by a simple and efficient load flow
method to find out the magnitude of voltage at each node in radial distribution system in that network. It
shows the value of voltage stability index at each node in radial distribution network and predicts which
node is more sensitive to voltage collapse. This paper also presents the effect on voltage stability index
with variation in active power, reactive power, active and reactive power both. The voltage and VSI and
effect of load variation on VSI for 33-node system & 28-node system are calculated in this paper with
results shown
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Representing Tap-changer Transformers in Conic Relaxation Optimal Power Flowsinventionjournals
Conic optimization has been applied optimal power flow (OPF) problem recently. Present conic relaxation OPFs only consider for the continuous decision variables, and the transformer tap ratios have not been treated as optimization variables. Based on angle relaxed branch power flow, an extended branch power flow model with tap-changer transformers is proposed. The tap-changer transformers were modeled with bilinear functions. Then the McCormick envelopes were deployed to exactly reformulate the bilinear functions with linear constrains. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained in the test systems
Harmonic Minimization using PSO of meld μgird-MLCIIJERA Editor
Microgrids are new approach of electrical systems consisting of distributed generators, renewable energy sources and sensitive loads. The objective of microgrid operation is to serve reliable and high-quality electric power regardless of faults or abnormal operating conditions. A transformation is being observed to advance the part of distributed generations from alternate the constitutional source in the network of microgrid. In this paper Microgrid with three important distributed generators & an effective solution for protection of sensitive loads against voltage disturbances in power distribution system are considered. The main objective is to lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the cascaded multilevel inverter, which is an optimization problem and can be clear up by applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach are considered in the paper. The simulation outcome fair that the prospective PSO method is truly adept of concluding outstanding attributes of the decision to eliminate the 3rd, 5th and 7th order harmonics and within the range of modulation index the total harmonic distortion must be reduced for meld μgrid-MLCI.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
A Novel Hybrid Dstatcom Topology for Load Compensation with Non-Stiff SourceIJERA Editor
The distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt active filter, which injects currents into the point
of common coupling (PCC) (the common point where load, source, and DSTATCOM are connected) such that
the harmonic filtering, power factor correction, and load balancing can be achieved. The distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) is used for load compensation in power distribution network. A new topology for
DSTATCOM applications with non-stiff source is proposed. The proposed topology enables DSTATCOM to
have a reduced dc-link voltage without compromising the compensation capability. It uses a series capacitor
along with the interfacing inductor and a shunt filter capacitor. With the reduction in dc-link voltage, the
average switching frequency of the insulated gate bipolar transistor switches of the D-STATCOM is also
reduced. Consequently, the switching losses in the inverter are reduced. Detailed design aspects of the series and
shunt capacitors are discussed in this paper. A simulation study of the proposed topology has been carried out
using MATLAB environment and the results analyzed.
With the purpose of rein in the high voltage of flexible power systems, renovation and
amendment of multi-level structures aimed at acquisition of high quality voltage is certainly required. In this
regard, robust topology must be occupied that encompass the maximum output voltage levels along with
minimum of switch number, of course, with taking into account of Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV). In this
paper, a neoteric high-performance multilevel cascaded inverter is suggested up to the problem of
repetitive output levels to be unraveled and also number of output voltage levels to be maximized. It has
been constructed by series-connected multilevel inverters blocks and three-level inverter. The simulation
results along with experimental results extracted by manufactured prototype have transparently approved
high efficiency of proposed inverter as well as its feasibility. Apart from above, new mathematical approach
has been presented to calculate and define the DC voltage sources magnitudes in asymmetric converter.
The Interaction between Load Circuits and Decision of Frequency for Efficient ...IJECEIAES
This paper derives an expression of efficiency of wireless power transfer on a situa- tion that there are two devices towards one AC power supply. The interaction between a power supply and load is paid attention on a conventional wireless power transfer system, in contrast, the interaction between loads must be taken account of on the situation too. This is attributed to a possibility that a load disturbs the energy transmitted from a power supply to another load. Moreover each load needs different frequency of power supply for the ideal transfer since they have different natural frequencies on many situations. This paper models a circumstance that there are a power supply and two loads with a state space equation, and proposes how to decide a frequency of power supply to realize efficient transfer for each load.
Calculating Voltage Instability Using Index Analysis in Radial Distribution ...IJMER
This paper presents analysis of voltage stability index by a simple and efficient load flow
method to find out the magnitude of voltage at each node in radial distribution system in that network. It
shows the value of voltage stability index at each node in radial distribution network and predicts which
node is more sensitive to voltage collapse. This paper also presents the effect on voltage stability index
with variation in active power, reactive power, active and reactive power both. The voltage and VSI and
effect of load variation on VSI for 33-node system & 28-node system are calculated in this paper with
results shown
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Auto tuning of frequency on wireless power transfer for an electric vehicleIJECEIAES
In these days, electric vehicles are enthusiastically researched as a countermeasure to air pollution, although these do not have practicality compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. The aim of this study is to transport energy wirelessly and efficiently to an electric vehicle. To accomplish this, we focused on frequency of an alternating current (AC) power supply, and suggested a method which determined the value of it constantly. In particular, a wireless power transfer circuit and a lithium-ion battery in an electric vehicle were expressed with an equivalent circuit, and efficiency of energy transfer was calculated. Furthermore, the optimal frequency which maximizes efficiency was found, and the behavior of voltage was demonstrated on a secondary circuit. Finally, we could obtain the larger electromotive force at the secondary inductor than an input voltage.
Artificial neural network based unity power factor corrector for single phas...IJECEIAES
Due to the negative effects of the non-linear semiconductor devices and the passive electrical components (inductor and capacitor) in the converter circuits, and that are deteriorating the power factor (PF) and total harmonics distortion (THD) of grid current, this study proposes a novel unity PF correction controller based on a new algorithm of neural network to improve the performance of a single phase boost DC-DC converter with respect to the mentioned concerns. The controller guarantees stable load voltage. The PF corrector, firstly measures the phase shift between grid voltage and grid current waveforms, then through a new artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm, a suitable duty cycle is predicted to guide and control the converter to reduce the phase shift between grid voltage and grid current as possible to have maximum PF which is unity PF, and to improve the THD level of grid current. The proposed system is simulated and evaluated via Simulink of MATLAB, the simulation results are collected at constant duty cycle and at controlled duty cycle through the proposed PF controller using different loads. The presented PF controller guarantees the unity power factor, and enhances the grid alternating current THD.
Dynamic Power Factor Correction in a Non Linear Environmentiosrjce
Electric power quality mainly refers to maintaining a near sinusoidal power distribution bus voltage
at rated magnitude and frequency. In modern electric power supply distribution systems, there is a sharp rise in
use of both single phase and three-phase non-linear loads and due to these non-linear loads, non-sinusoidal
unbalanced current is drawn from ac mains resulting in harmonic injection, burden of reactive power, more
neutral currents and unbalanced loading of ac mains. In this paper the simulation of ideal shunt active power
filter is carried out to eliminate harmonics and also improving the power factor for three-phase, three-wire
system. In addition to this, simulation of shunt APF for three-phase, three-wire distribution system using time
domain p-q theory has been carried out to eliminate harmonics. Also an attempt is made to find out various
power quality problems and among these problems most prominent and frequently occurring problem
harmonics is analyzed and its causes, effects and mitigating or improving techniques are explained in detail. A
case study using ideal shunt AF and Shunt AF using p-q theory is also carried out in this paper.
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Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical EngineeringEkeedaPvtLtd
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This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PV) used as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to provide the power factor correction, harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and to simultaneously supply power from a PV system to the utility. A direct power control (DPC) method is used for controlling the system to feed the photovoltaic energy in synchronization with grid and provide power quality improvement. The PI parameters of DC-link voltage controller are tuned using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm without the need for an exact mathematical model of system. This PI-PSO controller gives better results for robustness, harmonic minimization and reduces the overshoot and undershoots of PI controller. The overall control of system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, the simulations results demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of proposed method.
Analysis of power quality improvement in grid connected wind driven induction...eSAT Journals
Abstract As a promising renewable alternative, the wind power is one of the significant sources of generation. Reactive power compensation and harmonic reduction in a low voltage distribution networks for integration of wind power to the grid are the main issues addressed in this paper. This paper proposes a control scheme based on instaneous Pq theory for compensating the reactive power requirement of a three phase grid connected wind driven induction generator as well as the harmonics produced by the non linear load connected to the PCC using STATCOM. The proposed control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The Simulation results are presented in this paper. Keywords- wind power, distribution network, induction generator, STATCOM, reactive power.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power Quality Indices for Electrical Power Systems under Non-Stationary Distu...KonstantinosChristod10
This paper presents a methodology to evaluate power quality indices using Wavelet Packet Transform in electrical power systems, in the presence of harmonics, under stationary, non-stationary and short-circuit occurrence conditions, in order to achieve efficient monitoring of power systems. Results on several test systems and various disturbances simulated by Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Unbalanced Voltages Impacts on the Energy Performance of Induction Motors IJECEIAES
This paper presents the results of a study about the effects of unbalanced voltages on the energy performance of three-phase induction motors. The principal contribution of this paper is that presents a detailed analysis of the influence of positive and negative sequence voltage components and the angle between them on several characteristics such as: line currents, losses, efficiency and power factor under different voltage unbalanced conditions. A three-phase induction motor of 3 HP was used as a case study. The results of the investigation show that the positive sequence voltage must be considered together with the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) or percent voltage unbalance (PVU) index to evaluate the performance of the induction motor. It is also shown that the behavior of the motor load influences on the positive sequence parameters next to the voltage, while in the case of negative sequence only influences the negative sequence voltage.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
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logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
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, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
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tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
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ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
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significantly reduced.
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Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 966~974
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp966-974 966
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Inactive power detection in AC network
Nickolay I. Schurov, Sergey V. Myatezh, Alexandr V. Myatezh,
Boris V. Malozyomov, Alexandr A. Shtang
Department of Electro-technical Complexes, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jan 28, 2020
Revised Jul 31, 2020
Accepted Aug 8, 2020
Using the examples of wave and vector diagrams, we study the conditions for
the appearance of components of inactive power in an AC network, which
are known as reactive power and distortion power. It is shown that the
components of the active, reactive power and distortion power are mutually
orthogonal and form a power balance, which can be violated mainly due to
methodological errors in calculating these components under conditions of
non-stationary mode parameters. It is established that the interaction of
reactive power and distortion power occurs at the instantaneous power level,
and changing their phase shifts allows you to adjust the shape of the resulting
power without involving additional active power in the AC network. The
results obtained will allow not only to correctly determine the proportion and
nature of the components of inactive capacities, which is valuable for solving
the problems of optimizing modes in AC networks, but also to create
effective technical means of compensating for the identified inactive
capacities in the future.
Keywords:
Form correction
Harmonics orthogonality
Inactive power
Instant power
Power balance
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Boris V. Malozyomov
Department of Electro-technical Complexes
Novosibirsk State Technical University
20 Marx avenue, Novosibirsk, 630073 Russia
Email: mbv5@mail.ru
1. INTRODUCTION
Optimization of modes in AC networks leads to the need to compensate for all power components
that are not able to perform useful work, i.e., which are not active power by definition. In real conditions, AC
electric networks do not have sinusoidal phase voltages, and most modern loads have sharply nonlinear
current-voltage characteristics (CVC). As a result of this, non-sinusoidal currents )
(t
i flow in networks with
non-sinusoidal voltages )
(t
u . This causes an excess of the total power S over the active power P , which
cannot be explained by the occurrence of only one component of inactive power, known as reactive power Q .
In the scientific literature, this circumstance is explained by the appearance of the second component of
inactive power, which is called the distortion power D . Under certain conditions in an AC network, D
power can be formed as the only component of inactive power [1-4].
In scientific practice, there is no universally accepted expression for the direct determination of
power D and an unambiguous interpretation of its physical meaning, as is done for P and S capacities
[5-8]. Moreover, among individual scientific schools there is no clear understanding of the physical meaning
of the total reactive power for electric networks in which non-sinusoidal voltages and currents operate. This
is evidenced by the adopted IEEE 1459-2010 standard [9], which introduced the concept of inactive power,
but the definition of Q power is limited only by the first harmonic.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Inactive power detection in AC network (Nickolay I. Schurov)
967
In one of the first theories of inactive powers, the power Q was determined [10] for all harmonics in
the AC network. It was there that the D value was first described, characterized as the power of distortion,
thereby indicating that it occurs when the current shape is distorted relative to the voltage shape. However,
comments on this theory [11] remain, which relate primarily to unresolved issues of determining the power
of D and the interpretation of the physical meaning of its components.
Scientific works are known in which the analysis of the properties of the capacities Q and D is
based on spectral methods [12, 13], or integrated methods for estimating capacities using the summation of
instantaneous values of )
(t
i and )
(t
u [14, 15]. Methods for separating currents into separate components for
expressing inactive powers in special coordinates [16-18] or in individual energy flows in the form of
orthogonal components [19, 20] have gained some development. Unfortunately, these works are
contradictory with respect to the physical meaning of the components of inactive capacities, which in practice
causes problems in their analysis and calculation.
Therefore, in this paper, the task is to show how the interaction of combinations of harmonics )
(t
i
and )
(t
u leads to the appearance of power components i
Q and j
D , whose indices i and j are determined by
the serial numbers of these harmonics. This will allow a better understanding of the process of the occurrence
of inactive capacities in AC networks, their analysis and calculation. Such results are necessary to create
rational methods and construct algorithms for compensating inactive capacities by technical means [21, 22]
that do not consume additional power from the network. In this case, the correction of the forms of curves of
instantaneous consumer power in the AC network will be possible due to the redistribution of individual
inactive components i
Q and j
D .
2. WAVE AND VECTOR DIAGRAMS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF
INACTIVE POWER
In the theory of electrical engineering, the reasons for the appearance of power in an alternating
current network with loads possessing linear CVC, but having a reactive nature are described quite well
[5-8]. If the load current vector 1
I
lags or is ahead of the supply voltage vector 1
U
by the angle , then,
characterizing these quantities as )
sin(
)
( 1m wt
U
t
u and )
sin(
)
( 1
wt
I
t
i m
, the instantaneous load power
)
i(t
u(t)
p(t)
is conditionally divided into a constant component
p and an alternating component ~
p .
~
1
1
1
1 )
2
cos(
)
cos(
2
)
sin(
)
sin( p
p
wt
I
U
wt
I
wt
U
p(t) m
m
m
m
(1)
The integral sum of the components
p and ~
p for the period T corresponding to the complete
revolution of the vectors 1
I
and 1
U
can form the active power 1
P , determined by the argument 1
)
cos(
2
)
(
)
(
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
m
m
T
I
U
dt
t
i
t
u
T
P
, or, going to the valid values
2
1
1
m
U
U ,
2
1
1
m
I
I ,
)
cos( 1
1
1
1
I
U
P (2)
with P
dt
p
T
T
0
1 , 0
1
0
~
T
dt
p
T
. The appearance of the alternating p(t) in the combination of the
components
p and ~
p for the period T characterizes the effect of the exchange or reactive power Q
between the elements of the AC network, for example, the source and the load. The change of sign p(t), as
follows from expression (1), will occur with a frequency of wt
2 twice during period T .
The value of 1
Q is traditionally expressed through the imbalance of the total power 1
1
1 I
U
S and
,
1
P using the well-known property of orthogonality of the components Q and P
2
2
2
P
S
Q
)
sin(
)
(
cos
1 1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
I
U
I
U
Q
(3)
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968
As the vector 1
I
lags with respect to the vector 1
U
, the component
p decreases and a range of
negative p(t) values appears, indicating that component 1
P decreases to zero and the growing component
1
Q appears. An imbalance between the capacities 1
S and 1
P in an alternating current network with a
sinusoidal voltage source can also be observed when the load is operated with a purely active character, but
non-linear CVC [5-7].
3. REACTIVE POWER OF ACTIVE LOAD IN AC NETWORK
It is known that it is enough to allow an artificial delay in opening electronic keys in an alternating
current circuit supplying a purely active load in order to form a spectrum of higher current harmonics
[23-25]. From this spectrum, only the first harmonic of the current will create the component 1
Q . As an
example, Figure 1 shows the oscillograms and the spectral composition of the load current at 1
R r.u. in a
network with a sinusoidal voltage source 100
U r.u. and frequency 50Hz
f , when the delay in opening
electronic keys was about 70%, that is, 0.007s. Spectral composition of active load current shown in Table 1.
Figure 1. Oscillograms: 1-supply voltage; 2-active load current
In this network with a sinusoidal voltage of the power supply, a load with a purely active character
causes a phase shift of the main harmonic of the current of 54.8 degrees, as if the electric circuit of the load
contained an inductive element. Formally, using the expression (3), one can calculate the reactive power of
such an element.
Table 1. Spectral composition of active load current
No of harmonic harmonic frequency, i
f (Hz) amplitude
i
m
I , (A) phase shift, i
1 50 24.46 -54.8°
3 150 20.11 16.9°
5 250 13.28 94.2°
7 350 7.16 188.5°
9 450 5.03 -51.6°
11 550 5.02 53.8°
13 650 4.12 150.8°
15 750 3.12 260.0°
- - - -
However, to consider that in this and similar circuits there are reactive elements that exchange
power with the power source, of course, is erroneous. Moreover, in separate works, for example [26-28],
it was noted that the concept of reactive power, which “characterizes the energy pumped from the source to
the reactive elements of the receiver, and then returned by these elements back to the source during one
oscillation period, referred to this period” does not fully reflect the physical meaning.
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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969
4. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF INACTIVE POWER
Consider the action that each harmonic of the load current individually produces. The action of the
first harmonic of the current lagging relative to the voltage, in accordance with (1), is characterized by the
active component
p , capable of performing work, and the inactive component of power. Their interaction
leads to the appearance of an alternating (t)
p1
formed by the first harmonic of the current. If other current
harmonics did not exist in this example, it could be assumed that a reactive element with a power of Q is
present in the network, which exchanges energy with a sinusoidal voltage source [5-8]. However, the higher
harmonics of the current form their instantaneous power (t)
pi , which, adding together arithmetically, will
create a more complex picture of the behavior of the instantaneous power in the network
1
i
i(t)
p
p(t) . (4)
The vectors of the higher harmonics of the current rotating on the complex plane will constantly be
ahead of the existing main harmonic of the voltage. So, in Figure 2(a) vector of the third harmonic of the
current 3
I
, constructed according to the data in Table 1, in one period T is three times ahead of the voltage
vector 1
U
.
The orthogonality property of the components [13, 18] of the higher harmonics of the current and
the supply voltage, due to the multiplicity of frequencies 1
U
and 3
I
, leads to the fact that during the working
period T this current harmonic is not able to perform work, since the power.
0
)
(
)
(
1
0
3
1
3
T
dt
t
i
t
u
T
P .
Therefore, this power does not make sense in the future to decompose into the components
p and ~
p .
Therefore, ripples of alternating instantaneous power (t)
p3
are distributed in such a way that the
total area bounded by the curve (t)
p3
in Figure 2(b) with positive values is equal to the total area bounded by
this curve with negative values, and the total power formed by the main voltage harmonic and the third
current harmonic, will be 3
1
3 I
U
S , and will determine the so-called distortion power 3
3 D
S .
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 2. Third harmonic load current, (a) vector diagrams, (b) wave diagrams, (c) power supply voltage
Similarly, the interaction of the remaining i -x higher harmonics of the current with a voltage U
,
which leads to the appearance of the corresponding power values
i
i
i I
U
D
S 1
(5)
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970
for which
0
)
(
)
(
1
0
1
T
i
i dt
t
i
t
u
T
P . (6)
Figure 3 shows wave diagrams explaining the formation of powers (t)
pi subsequent harmonics the
fifth and seventh and obtaining the total instantaneous power according to expression (4). Thus, the effect of
the reactive component 1
Q in (t)
p1
from the first harmonic of the current at time intervals when the
electronic switch is open is almost completely neutralized by instantaneous values of (t)
pi higher harmonics.
This example shows that the power )
sin( 1
1
1
1
I
U
Q from the first harmonic of the current is not the
prerogative of the manifestation of the properties of reactive elements in an alternating current network, but
can be considered as an imbalance in the instantaneous values of (t)
pi , which caused a shift of the
components
p and ~
p .
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3. Instantaneous power values from various harmonics, (a) fifth, (b) seventh,
(c) synthesis of total instantaneous power
Thus, the power 1
Q interacts with the power components i
D , however, this happens only at the level
of redistribution of the total instantaneous values of p(t), since the values of the components 1
Q and i
D
remain unchanged and cannot be mutually compensated [23-25]. This is due to the fact that one harmonic,
characterizing a certain power component, as follows from the properties of the Fourier series, cannot be
completely obtained or compensated by a combination of other harmonics.
This explains the possibility of correcting the shape of the p(t) curve of any AC consumer by
adjusting the phase shifts of the (t)
pi values created using a special technical device, which will not consume
additional power from the network due to properties (6). Such a technical device may be an automatic
inactive power compensator with zero active power [21, 22].
The set of effective i
D values with orthogonal harmonics and taking into account expression (5) can
be written as
2
2
2
1
2
2
i
i
i
i I
U
D
D . (7)
This expression is calculated as
...
2
7
2
5
2
3
1
I
I
I
U
D according to Table 1
2 2 2 2
100 20,11 13,28 7,16 5,03
... 1347,4
2 2 2 2 2
D VA
.
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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971
Separately calculated values of orthogonal components
1 1 1
100 24,46
cos( ) cos(54,7) 712 W
2 2
P U I
and
1 1 1
100 24,46
sin( ) sin(54,7) 1005
2 2
Q U I VA
provide power balance [10].
2
2
2
D
Q
P
S
, (8)
Since
2 2 2 2
100 24,46 20,11 13,28 7,16
... 1825,46
2 2 2 2 2
S U I VA
Thus, the computed 2
2
2
4
,
1347
1005
712
46
,
1825
components form a balance. This confirms the idea that
the powers of P , Q , and D are mutually orthogonal [10, 29], and the value of 2
2
P
S determines the set
of inactive powers of 2
2
2
2
P
S
D
Q
.
5. VIOLATION OF THE POWER BALANCE IN THE AC NETWORK
The question remains - why in a number of studies, for example, in [1, 11-14], the authors find that
in practice expression (8) is not true for all values of consumer operation modes measured in an alternating
current network. For the conditions considered, when the network has only one voltage source 1
U , a power
balance violation (8) will occur if the previously accepted theoretical provisions are not fulfilled, and, first of
all, the power property (6) based on the orthogonality of the components. This is possible if the parameters of
the higher harmonics of the current (amplitude, phase shift) are not stationary during the working period T ,
which will lead to a violation of the equality of the areas limited by the (t)
pi
curves for positive and negative
values in Figure 3.
In such cases, higher harmonics of the current with non-stationary parameters, interacting with the
voltage of the network 1
U , are able to do the work, because for them 0
i
P . Taking, for example, the
condition that )
3
sin(
)
( 3
3
3
wt
I
t
i , if 0
)
(
)
( 1
3
t
u
t
i and 0
)
(
3
t
i , if 0
)
(
)
( 1
3
t
u
t
i , we obtain a pulsating,
but positive power (t)
p3
in Figure 2(c). As a result of the accepted condition, in curve )
(
3 t
i in Figure 2(c)
appears, in addition, the harmonic component )
(
1 t
i , whose lagging character with respect to )
(
1 t
u creates an
additional component 8
,
31
1
Q VA. As can be seen from Table 2, even a small non-stationarity of the
parameters of a single current harmonic (in the considered example, this is the third harmonic) makes one of
the known expressions for determining the power balance in an alternating current network unjust.
In practice, the lack of stationarity of the parameters of the harmonic composition during the T
working period is typical for modern AC consumers. Switching high-speed electronic keys in the power
circuits of such consumers is capable of repeatedly changing the amplitudes of the higher harmonics of the
current in one T period.
In such cases, algorithms for calculating conventional means of measuring and analyzing the
spectral composition of currents are not always able to correctly analyze, arranging these currents in Fourier
series, since they do not have constant amplitudes and phase shifts [1, 2, 6-8]. The powers P , Q , and i
D
determined from such data will not have a balance. Of course, this only testifies to the fact that in fact the
power balance always exists, and the most reliable information on the operating modes of consumers is
provided by the instantaneous p(t) capacities [18-20], by which it is necessary to methodologically
correctly determine the i
P , i
Q and i
D components that will give an idea of the nature of the course of
energy processes.
In such cases, and in particular, if the AC network has non-sinusoidal voltage sources, it will be
more efficient to analyze the spectrum and then calculate the operating modes of consumers using additional
capabilities of the mathematical apparatus of spectral analysis, for example, the Wavelet transform [30],
which may be the subject of a separate study.
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
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972
Table 2. Power i
P , i
Q , i
D and i
S of active nonlinear load in a network with voltage 1
U
No of
harmonic
)
(t
ii i
P , W i
Q , VA i
D , VA i
S , VA
1 )
8
,
54
sin(
46
,
24
wt 712 1005 - 1231,6
3
0
)
sin(
)
9
,
16
3
sin(
,
0
0
)
sin(
)
9
,
16
3
sin(
),
9
,
16
3
sin(
11
,
20
wt
wt
if
wt
wt
if
wt
417 31,8 711,8 825
5 )
2
,
94
5
sin(
28
,
13
wt 0 - 664 664
7 )
5
,
188
7
sin(
16
,
7
wt 0 - 358 358
9 )
6
,
51
9
sin(
03
,
5
wt 0 - 251,5 251,5
11 )
8
,
53
11
sin(
02
,
5
wt 0 - 251 251
13 )
8
,
150
13
sin(
12
,
4
wt 0 - 206 206
15 )
0
,
260
15
sin(
12
,
3
wt 0 - 156 156
- - - - - -
Totals
1129
1
i
i
P
P
8
,
1036
Q
2
,
1145
2
2
i
i
D
D
8
,
1732
2
2
i
i
S
S
Balance check
2
2
2
D
Q
P
S
, because
2
2
2
2
,
1145
8
,
1036
1129
1913,4
8
,
1732
6. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of wave and vector diagrams, it is shown that the power Q should not be
unambiguously characterized as a quantitative indicator of the rate of energy exchange between reactive
elements of the electric network, as was previously shown in the scientific literature. A new sign of
determining the power Q , which is expressed in the formation of an alternating instantaneous power p(t),
pulsating twice during the working period in the analyzed electric circuit, is proposed. Consequently, not
only reactive elements, but also elements with nonlinear CVC, for example, semiconductors, can participate
in the creation of Q power, since they are also able to create a phase shift between the harmonic current and
voltage with the same numbers. Thus, it is proposed to consider the twofold alternating ripple p(t) caused
by the interaction of the voltage harmonic and current harmonic with the same numbers as the only sign of
the difference between the inactive power Q and the inactive power D .
The analysis and calculations confirm the validity of the Budeanu's theory regarding the
orthogonality of P , Q , and D components and achieving a power balance in a network with non-linear
CVC load, despite the lack of a rigorous definition of D power in the scientific literature. It is shown in the
work that the power D is also created by an alternating ripple p(t), however, unlike the power Q , the
multiplicity of the ripple frequency p(t) in this case is always greater than two and is determined not only by
the mutual phase shift of the harmonics of the voltage i
U and current j
I , but also by their serial numbers ,
moreover, j
i , which is a hallmark of the power of D .
It is shown that a dynamic change in the amplitudes and phase shifts of individual harmonics of
current and voltage in a time shorter than the working period T in practice complicates the calculation of the
actual values of the powers Q and D , and can lead to calculation errors. Since the zero average values of
the Q and D powers allow the compensating device not to consume additional active power from the
network by correcting the p(t) curve shape of the AC consumer, this power property is proposed to be used
as a simple but effective criterion for the absence of calculation errors in the control system. Thus, it is
proposed in the work to automatically check for errors on the basis of achieving zero calculated i
Q and i
D
values when (t)
pi
is formed from higher harmonics and there is no violation of the power balance produced
by the control system of the compensating device.
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Inactive power detection in AC network (Nickolay I. Schurov)
973
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Nikolay I. Schurov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of
Electrotechnical Complexes of Novosibirsk State Technical University. He was born in 1947 and
graduated from Novosibirsk State Technical University in 1969. In 2003, he defended his
doctoral dissertation. He has over 90 scientific publications. His research area is related to
energy efficiency in electric transport and energy systems, energy conversion in electrical
complexes and systems.
Sergey V. Myatezh Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of
Electrotechnical Complexes of Novosibirsk State Technical University. He was born in 1975 and
graduated from Novosibirsk State Technical University in 1998. In 2003, he defended his thesis
on “Transformer phase number converters with improved energy performance.” He has over 70
scientific publications. His research area is related to energy saving and ensuring
electromagnetic compatibility in static devices for converting electrical energy parameters.
Alexandr V. Myatezh Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department
of Electrotechnical Complexes of Novosibirsk State Technical University. He was born in 1982
and graduated from Novosibirsk State Technical University in 2005. In 2009, he defended his
thesis on “Regulation of voltage in the power supply system using fuzzy logic”. He has over 40
scientific publications. His research area is related to energy conservation, power electronics and
static power converters.
Boris V. Malozyomov Candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the Department of
Electrical Engineering Complexes of Novosibirsk State Technical University. He was born in
1972 and graduated from Novosibirsk State Technical University in 1994. In 2005, he defended
his thesis on the topic "Assessment of reliability and prediction of the operability of electric
transport systems (using the example of a trolleybus)." He has over 90 scientific publications.
His research area is related to energy saving, diagnostics and improving the reliability of
complex electrical systems.
Alexandr A. Shtang was born in Novosibirsk in 1979. He received engineer degree in electric
engineering in 2001 and Candidate of Science (tech.) degree in electrotechnical complexes and
systems from Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia, in 2006. He also
passed professional training in the field of IT management in Novosibirsk State Technical
University, Russia in 2003. Since 2003 he was an Assistant lecturer, since 2006 Assistant
professor, since 2015 dean of Mechatronics and Automation faculty and since 2017 he has been
a deputy pro-rector for scientific research in Novosibirsk State Technical University,
Novosibirsk, Russia. He is the author of two textbooks and more than 70 articles and
proceedings. His research interests cover transport energetics in various aspects including energy
storage devices, electric vehicles, renewable energy sources and oil and gas technology.